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Sydney (pronounced /ˈsɪd.niː/) is the state capital of New South Wales, located on the east coast of Australia. The city was established in 1788 at Sydney Cove by Arthur Phillip who led the First Fleet from Britain. With a metropolitan population of over 4 million people, it is the most populous city in the country.

Built around Port Jackson which is renowned for its beauty, the city of Sydney has been called the "Harbour City". It is Australia's main financial centre and is an international tourist destination, notable for being the centre for a warm climate, culture, entertainment, media, beaches, and architectural landmarks like the Sydney Opera House and the Sydney Harbour Bridge. Sydney is also home to some of the Australia's most prominent universities, research faculties, theaters, and museums.

Sydney was the host city of the 2000 Olympics. It has been classified as a "Beta" global city by the Globalization and World Cities Study Group and Network.

A resident of Sydney is sometimes referred to colloquially as a Sydneysider.

History

The Sydney region has been occupied by Indigenous Australians for at least 30 000 years, and at the time of the arrival of the First Fleet in 1788, 4000 - 8000 Aboriginal people lived in the region. There were three different language groups in the Sydney region, these were further refined into dialects spoken by smaller clans. The principal languages were Darug; the Cadigal, the original inhabitants of the City of Sydney, spoke a coastal dialect of Darug; Dharawal and Guringai. Each clan had a territory, the location of that territory determined the resources available. Although urbanisation has destroyed most evidence of these settlements (such as shell middens), there are still rock carvings in several locations.

European interest in Australia arose with the sighting of Botany Bay by Lieutenant James Cook in 1770. Under instruction from the British government, a convict settlement was founded by Arthur Phillip in 1788. Phillip founded the colony at Sydney Cove on Port Jackson. He named it after the British Home Secretary, Thomas Townshend, Lord Sydney, in recognition of Sydney's role in issuing the charter authorising Phillip to establish a colony. In April 1789 a disease, thought to be smallpox decimated the Indigenous population of Sydney; a conservative estimate says that 500 to 1000 Aboriginal people died in the area between Broken and Botany Bay affecting Kuringgai and Darug. There was violent resistance to British settlement, notably by the warrior Pemulwuy in the area around Botany Bay, and conflicts were common in the area surrounding the Hawkesbury River. By 1820 there were only a few hundred Aborigines and Governor Macquarie had begun initiatives to 'civilise, christianise and educate' the Aborigines by removing them from their clans.

Macquarie's tenure as Governor of New South Wales was a period when Sydney was improved from its basic beginnings. Roads, bridges, wharves and public buildings were constructed by convicts, and by 1822 the town had banks, markets, well-established thoroughfares and an organised constabulary. The 1830s and 1840s were periods of urban development, including the development of the first suburbs, as the town grew rapidly when ships began arriving from the British Isles with immigrants looking to start a new life in a new country. The first of several gold rushes started in 1851, and the port of Sydney has since seen many waves of people arriving from around the world. Rapid suburban development began in the last quarter of the 19th century with the advent of steam powered tramways and railways. With industrialisation Sydney expanded rapidly, and by the early 20th century it had a population well in excess of one million. The Great Depression hit Sydney badly. One of the highlights of the Depression Era however, was the completion of the Sydney Harbour Bridge in 1932.

Throughout the 20th century Sydney continued to expand with various new waves of European and (later) Asian immigration, resulting in its highly cosmopolitan atmosphere. The majority of Sydneysiders are of British and Irish background. More recent arrivals have included Italians, Greeks, Jews, Lebanese, South Africans, South Asians (including Indians, Sri Lankans and Pakistanis), Sudanese, Turks, Macedonians, Croatians, Serbs, South Americans (Brazilians, Chileans and Argentinians), Armenians, Eastern Europeans (Czech, Poles, Russians, Ukrainians and Hungarians) and East Asians (including Chinese, Koreans and Vietnamese).

Geography

Sydney is located in a coastal basin between the Pacific Ocean to the east and the Blue Mountains to the west. The city features the largest natural harbour in the world, Port Jackson, and more than 70 harbour and ocean beaches, including the famous Bondi Beach. Sydney's urban area of 1687 km² (651 mi²) is similar to that of Greater London. The metropolitan area (Sydney Statistical Division) is 12 145 km² (4,689 mi²); a significant portion of this area is national park and other unsettled land.

Sydney occupies two geographical regions: the Cumberland Plain, a relatively flat or rolling region lying to the south and west of the harbour, and the Hornsby Plateau, a plateau north of the harbour, up to 200 metres (656 ft) in elevation, dissected by forested valleys. The oldest parts of the city are located in the flat areas; the Hornsby Plateau, known as the North Shore, was slower to develop because of its hilly topography, and was mostly a quiet backwater until the Sydney Harbour Bridge was opened in 1932, linking it to the rest of the city.

Climate

Sydney has an oceanic climate with warm summers and cool winters, with rainfall spread throughout the year. The weather is moderated by proximity to the ocean, and more extreme temperatures are recorded in the inland western suburbs. The warmest month is January, with an average air temperature range on the coast of 18.6 °C–25.8 °C and an average of 14.6 days a year over 30 °C. The maximum recorded temperature was 45.3 °C on 1939-01-14 at the end of a 4 day nationwide heat wave. The winter is mildly cool, with temperatures rarely dropping below 5 °C in coastal areas. The coldest month is July, with an average range of 8.0 °C–16.2 °C. The lowest recorded minimum was 2.1 °C. Rainfall is fairly evenly divided between summer and winter, but is slightly higher during the first half of the year, when easterly winds dominate. The average annual rainfall, with moderate to low variability, is 1217.0 mm, falling on an average 138.0 days a year.. Snowfall last occurred in the Sydney City area in the 1830's.

Although the city does not suffer from cyclones or significant earthquakes, the El Niño Southern Oscillation plays an important role in determining Sydney's weather patterns: drought and bushfire on the one hand, and storms and flooding on the other, associated with the opposite phases of the oscillation. Many areas of the city bordering bushland have experienced bushfires, notably in 1994 and 2002 – these tend to occur during the spring and summer. The city is subject to infrequent severe hail storms and wind storms.

Urban structure

The extensive area covered by urban Sydney is formally divided into more than 300 suburbs (for addressing and postal purposes), and administered as 38 local government areas (in addition to the extensive responsibilities of the Government of New South Wales and its agencies). The City of Sydney itself covers a fairly small area comprising the central business district and neighbouring inner-city suburbs. In addition, there are a number of regional descriptions which are used informally to conveniently describe large sections of the urban area. However it should be noted that there are many suburbs which are not conveniently covered by any of the following informal regional categories. The regions are Eastern Suburbs, Hills District, Inner West, Lower North Shore, Northern Beaches, North Shore, Southern Sydney, South-eastern Sydney, South-western Sydney, Sutherland Shire and Western Sydney

Sydney's central business district (CBD) extends southwards for about 2 kilometres (1.25 mi) from Sydney Cove, the point of the first European settlement. Densely concentrated skyscrapers and other buildings including historic sandstone buildings such as the Sydney Town Hall and Queen Victoria Building are interspersed by several parks such as Wynyard and Hyde Park. The Sydney CBD is bounded on the east side by a chain of parkland that extends from Hyde Park through the Domain and Royal Botanic Gardens to Farm Cove on the harbour. The west side is bounded by Darling Harbour, a popular tourist and nightlife precinct while Central station marks the southern end of the CBD. George Street serves as the Sydney CBD's main north-south thoroughfare.

Although the CBD dominated the city's business and cultural life in the early days, other business/cultural districts have developed in a radial pattern since World War II. As a result, the proportion of white-collar jobs located in the CBD declined from more than 60% at the end of World War II to less than 30% in 2004. The five most significant outer business districts are Parramatta in the central-west, Blacktown in the west, Liverpool in the southwest, Chatswood to the north, and Hurstville in the south.

Governance

Historically, Sydney was governed by Cumberland County (1945-1964). Today there is no overall governing body for the Sydney metropolitan area. Local affairs for the metropolitan area are run by bodies known as local government areas (LGAs). These areas all have elected councils and are responsible for a range of functions delegated to them by the New South Wales State Government.

The City of Sydney includes the central business area and some adjoining inner suburbs, and has in recent years been expanded through amalgamation with adjoining local government areas, such as South Sydney. It is led by the elected Lord Mayor of Sydney and a council. The Lord Mayor, however, is sometimes treated as a representative of the whole city.

The 38 LGAs in Sydney are:

Most citywide government activities are controlled by the state government. These include public transport, main roads, traffic control, policing, education above preschool level, and planning of major infrastructure projects. Because a large proportion of New South Wales' population lives in Sydney, state governments have traditionally been reluctant to allow the development of citywide governmental bodies, which would tend to rival the state government. For this reason, Sydney has always been a focus for the politics of both State and Federal Parliaments. For example, the boundaries of the City of Sydney LGA have been significantly altered by state governments on at least four occasions since 1945, with expected advantageous effect to the governing party in the New South Wales Parliament at the time.

Economy

Main Artcile: Economy of Sydney

As of September 2003, the unemployment rate in Sydney was 5.3%. As of December 2005, Sydney has the highest median house price of any Australian capital city at $485 000. According to The Economist Intelligence Unit's Worldwide cost of living survey, Sydney is the sixteenth most expensive city in the world, while a UBS survey ranks Sydney as 26th in the world in terms of net earnings.

According to a report published by the OECD in November 2005, Australia has the most overvalued houses in the Western world, with prices 52 percent higher than that justified by rental values.

The largest sectors of Sydney's economy with the largest percentage of employed persons include property and business services, retail, manufacturing and health and community services. Since the 1980s, jobs have moved from manufacturing to the services and information sectors.

Sydney is now established as the corporate and financial capital of Australia and is also an important financial centre in the Asia-Pacific. Sydney is home to the Australian Stock Exchange and the Reserve Bank of Australia, a number of major Australian banks, and many major Australian corporations, it also serves as the regional headquarters for numerous multinational corporations. 20th Century Fox has large Sydney studios.

Sydney is a significant tourism hub with well over 20 million visitors a year and is also one of the most visited cities in the world (along with Paris, Los Angeles, London, Tokyo and Hong Kong).

Demographics

As of 2003 there were 4,198,543 people living in Sydney, commonly referred to as Sydneysiders, and a population density of 345.7 persons per square kilometre for the metropolitan area. Inner Sydney is the most densely populated place in Australia with 4023 persons per square kilometre.

In the 2001 census, the most common self-described ancestries identified for Sydney residents were Australian, English and Irish. The Census also recorded that 1% of Sydney's population identified as being of indigenous origin and 31.2% were born overseas. The three major sources of immigrants are the United Kingdom, China and New Zealand. Significant numbers of immigrants also came from Vietnam, Lebanon, Italy, India and the Philippines. Most Sydneysiders are native speakers of English; many have a second language, the most common being Chinese languages, Arabic (including Lebanese) and Greek.

Some ethnic groups are associated with the suburbs where they first settled: the Italians with Leichhardt, Greeks with Rockdale and Hurstville, Lebanese with Lakemba and Bankstown, Koreans with Campsie, Jews with Bondi and Rose Bay, Indians with Westmead and Parramatta, Chinese with Haymarket (where Sydney's Chinatown has emerged) and Vietnamese with Cabramatta. Redfern has a high concentration of indigenous Australians.

The median age of a Sydney resident is 34, 12% of the population is over 65 years. 15.2% of Sydney residents have educational attainment equal to at least a bachelor's degree, which is lower than the national average of 19%. Approximately 67% of Sydney residents describe themselves as Christian, the most common denominations being Catholic and Anglican. About 9% of the population practice a non-Christian religion, the most common being Buddhism, and about 12% are not religious.

Education

Sydney is home to some of Australia's most prominent Universities , and is also the site of Australia's first university, the University of Sydney, established in 1850. There are five other public universities operating primarily in Sydney; the University of New South Wales, Macquarie University, the University of Technology, Sydney, the University of Western Sydney, and the Australian Catholic University (two out of six campuses). Other universities which operate secondary campuses in Sydney include the University of Notre Dame Australia and the University of Wollongong.

There are four multicampus government funded Technical and Further Education (TAFE) institutes in Sydney which provide vocational training at a tertiary level; the Sydney Institute of Technology, North Sydney Institute of TAFE, Western Sydney Institute of TAFE and South Western Sydney Institute of TAFE.

Sydney has public, denominational, and independent schools. Public schools, including pre-schools, primary and secondary schools, and special schools are administered by the New South Wales Department of Education and Training. There are four state administered education areas in Sydney, that together coordinate 919 schools. Selective schools are high schools that admit students on the basis of certain criteria, usually academic testing.

Culture

Arts and entertainment

Sydney has local musical and theatrical institutions including the Sydney Symphony Orchestra, the Sydney Theatre Company, and the Sydney Dance Company. Annual cultural events include the Archibald Prize, an exhibition organised by the Art Gallery of New South Wales and the Sydney Festival, a celebration of music, theatre and visual arts, held in January.

The Sydney Opera House, has five theatres capable of hosting a range of performance styles. For seven months of the year, it is the home of Opera Australia, the third busiest opera company in the world. Other venues include the Sydney Town Hall, City Recital Hall, the State Theatre and the Wharf Theatre.

The Sydney Symphony Orchestra performs at the Sydney Opera House. The Sydney Dance Company, under the leadership of Graeme Murphy during the late 20th century has also gained acclaim. Australian rock bands which formed in Sydney include Midnight Oil, INXS, Radio Birdman, indie rockers The Clouds and The Crystal Set, electronic music pioneers Severed Heads, Single Gun Theory and Itch-E and Scratch-E. Jazz groups such as the Sydney-based The Necks have performed at The Basement and the Harbourside Brasserie.

The Sydney Theatre Company has a regular roster of local plays, such as noted playwright David Williamson, classics and international playwrights. Sydney's label of the "Emerald City" comes from the David Williamson play of the same name. Other important theatre companies in Sydney include Company B and Griffin Theatre Company. From the 1940s through to the 1970s the Sydney Push, a group of authors and political activists whose members included Germaine Greer, existed.

Sydney hosts many different festivals including the Sydney Festival, a celebration involving both indoor and free outdoor performances throughout January; the Big Day Out, a travelling rock music festival which originated in Sydney; the Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras along Oxford Street; the Sydney Film Festival and many other smaller festivals such as Tropfest.

Sydney has produced visual artists including Lloyd Rees, Jeffrey Smart, Brett Whiteley and John Olsen. Olsen's depiction of Australian Poet Kenneth Slessor's poem set on Sydney Harbour Five Bells is on display at the Sydney Opera House); and Australian pop artist Martin Sharp, whose work includes a seventies version of the famous face for Sydney's Harbourside Amusement park - Luna Park.

Sydney has several museums. The biggest are the Australian Museum (natural history and anthropology), the Powerhouse Museum (science, technology and design), the Art Gallery of New South Wales, the Museum of Contemporary Art and the Australian National Maritime Museum.

Parks and Gardens

Sydney is well endowed with open spaces, and has many natural areas, and open spaces, even within the city centre. These include the Chinese Garden of Friendship and Hyde Park (which is named after London's Hyde Park). The metropolitan area contains several national parks, including the Royal National Park, the second oldest national park in the world (after Yellowstone National Park), which occupies an area of 132 sq km. Completing Sydney's wide array of green spaces — the leader is the Royal Botanical Gardens, with it's large amount of green spaces, lush plants and colourful flowers.

Media

Main Article: Media in Sydney

Sydney has two main daily newspapers. The Sydney Morning Herald is a centrist broadsheet, and is Sydney's newspaper of record with extensive coverage of domestic and international news, culture and business. It is also the oldest extant newspaper in Australia, having been published regularly since 1831. The Herald's competitor, The Daily Telegraph, is a populist and often sensationalist News Corporation-owned tabloid. Both papers have tabloid counterparts published on Sunday, The Sun-Herald and the Sunday Telegraph respectively.

The three commercial television networks (Seven, Nine and Ten), as well as the government national broadcast services (ABC and SBS) each have a presence in Sydney. Historically, the networks have been based on the north shore, but the last decade has seen several move to the inner city. Nine have kept their headquarters north of the harbour, in Willoughby. Ten have their studios in a redeveloped section of the inner-city suburb of Pyrmont, and Seven also have headquarters in Pyrmont as well as a new purpose built news studio in the CBD. The ABC has a large headquarters and production facility in the neighbouring suburb of Ultimo and SBS have their studios at Artarmon. Foxtel and Optus both supply pay-TV over their cable services to most parts of the urban area. The five free-to-air networks have provided Digital Free-to-air TV transmissions in Sydney since January 2001. Additional services recently introduced include ABC's Second Channel ABC2 (Channel 21), SBS's world news service SBS2, an on-air program guide (Channel 4), ABC news, sport, and weather items (Channel 41), ChannelNSW: Government and Public Information (Channel 45), Australian Christian Channel (Channel 46), MacquarieBank TV (Channel 47), SportsTAB (Channel 48), Expo Home Shopping (Channel 49), and Federal parliamentary broadcasts.

Many AM and FM government, commercial and community radio services broadcast in the Sydney area. The local ABC radio station is 702 ABC Sydney (formerly 2BL). The talkback radio genre is dominated by the perennial rivals 2GB and 2UE. Vega is a new talk radio station on the FM band. Popular music stations include Triple M, 2Day FM and Nova 96.9. Triple J, 2SER and FBi Radio provide a more independent, local and alternative sound. There are also a number of community stations broadcasting to a particular language group or local area. For a full list see here.

Sport

Sydney is the headquarters of Australian Rugby League and home to 8 of the 15 National Rugby League (NRL) teams (Sydney Roosters, South Sydney Rabbitohs, Parramatta Eels, Cronulla Sharks, Wests Tigers, Penrith Panthers, Canterbury Bulldogs and Manly-Warringah Sea Eagles), and the northern home of the St George Illawarra Dragons is here (this team is half-based in Wollongong).

In addition to the NRL Sydney has teams in most national competitions including the Sydney Swans - AFL, Sydney FC - A-League, Sydney Kings and the West Sydney Razorbacks - National Basketball League, Sydney Uni Flames - Women's National Basketball League, Sydney Blues - Australian Major League Baseball and the Sydney Swifts in Australian Netball's Commonwealth Bank Trophy. The New South Wales teams New South Wales Blues - First-class cricket and the New South Wales Waratahs - Super 14 Rugby union team are also based in Sydney.

Sydney hosted the 1938 British Empire Games and the 2000 Summer Olympics. Sydney's most famous sports grounds include Sydney Olympic Park which includes Telstra Stadium, home to such events as the NRL grand final, the rugby league State of Origin series and most recently the football (soccer) World Cup qualifier between Australia and Uruguay. It also hosted the final of the 2003 Rugby World Cup. Sydney Football Stadium (also known as Aussie Stadium) is home to such clubs as Sydney Roosters, Sydney FC and the NSW Waratahs, and the neighbouring Sydney Cricket Ground has been home to numerous sports for over a century, but is the main home for cricket and Australian rules football in the city. The Sydney Swans play most of their home games on the Sydney Cricket Ground.

Sydney Harbour is famous for its yacht racing, the Boxing Day start of the Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race and 18 foot (5.5 m) skiffs. The harbour is used for recreational boating, racing small yachts, recreational fishing, and occasional Dragon Boat racing. Sydney's beaches are popular recreation and sporting locations with both tourists and locals. Famous Sydney beaches include Bondi Beach, Manly Beach, Palm Beach and Cronulla Beach .

Infrastructure

Health

The Government of New South Wales operates 13 public hospitals in the sydney metropolitan region. Management of these hospitals and other specialist health facilities are coordinated by 4 health services, Sydney South West (SSWAHS), Sydney West (SWAHS), Northern Sydney and Central Coast (NSCCAHS) and the South Eastern Sydney and Illawarra (SESIAHS) Area Health Services. There are also a number of private hospitals in the city, many of which are aligned with religious organisations.

Transport

Most Sydney residents travel by car through the system of roads, freeways and tollways (known as motorways). The most important trunk routes in the urban area form the Metroad system. Sydney is also served by extensive train, bus and ferry networks. Sydney trains are run by CityRail, a corporation of the New South Wales State Government. Trains run as suburban commuter rail services in the outer suburbs, then converge in an underground city loop service in the CBD.

In the years following the 2000 Olympics, CityRail's performance declined significantly. In 2005, CityRail introduced a revised timetable and employed more drivers. A large infrastructure project, the Clearways project, is scheduled to be completed by 2010.

Sydney has one privately operated light rail line, the Metro Light Rail, running from Central Station to Lilyfield along a former goods train line. There is also a large monorail which runs in a loop around the main shopping district and Darling Harbour. Sydney was formerly served by an extensive tram network, which was progressively closed in the 1950s and 1960s. Most parts of the metropolitan area are served by buses, many of which follow the pre-1963 tram routes. In the city and inner suburbs the state-owned Sydney Buses has a monopoly. In the outer suburbs, service is divided between many private bus companies. Sydney Ferries, another State government-owned organisation, runs numerous commuter and tourist ferry services on Sydney Harbour and the Parramatta River.

Kingsford Smith International Airport, located in the suburb of Mascot, is Sydney's main airport, and the oldest continuously operating commercial airport in the world. The smaller Bankstown Airport mainly serves private and general aviation. There are light aviation airfields at Hoxton Park and Camden. RAAF Base Richmond lies to the north-west of the city. The question of whether Sydney needs a second international airport has raised much controversy. A 2003 study found that Kingsford Smith can manage as Sydney's sole international airport for 20 years with a significant increase in airport traffic predicted. The resulting expansion of the airport will have a substantial impact on the community, including additional aircraft noise affecting residents. Land has been acquired at Badgerys Creek for a second airport and alternative sites have been mooted.

Utilities

Water storage and supply for Sydney is managed by the Sydney Catchment Authority, which is an agency of the NSW Government that sells bulk water to Sydney Water and other agencies. Water in the Sydney catchment is chiefly stored in dams in the Upper Nepean Scheme, the Blue Mountains, Woronora Dam, Warragamba Dam and the Shoalhaven Scheme. Historically low water levels in the catchment have led to water use restrictions and the NSW government is investigating alternative water supply options, including grey water recycling and the construction of a seawater reverse osmosis desalination plant at Kurnell. Sydney Water also collects the wastewater and sewerage produced by the city.

Three companies supply natural gas and electricity to Sydney, they are Energy Australia, AGL and Integral Energy. Numerous telecommunications companies operate in Sydney providing terrestrial and mobile telecommunications services.

Tourist Attractions

Among the most important places of interest are:

• Sydney Harbour Bridge
• Sydney Opera House
• Luna Park Sydney
• Sydney Chinatown
• Sydney Mint
• Sydney Tower
• Sydney Aquarium
• Port Jackson
• Bondi Beach
• Art Gallery of NSW

Other tourist attractions:

• IMAX Theater
• Queen Victoria Building
• Royal Botanic Gardens
• Sydney Monorail
• Darling Harbour
• Taronga Zoo
• Fox Studios Australia
• Sydney Town Hall
• The Rocks
• Powerhouse Museum
• Sydney Observatory
• Australian National Maritime Museum
• Art Gallery of NSW
• Museum of Sydney
• Rocks district
• Oceanworld, Manly

See also

• Sydney Riot of 1879
• 2005 Sydney race riots
• Crime in Sydney
• 2000 Olympics
• Westies (people)
• Easties (people)
• World Youth Day 2008
• List of attractions in Sydney
• List of parks in Sydney
• Skyscrapers in Sydney
• List of Art Deco buildings in Sydney
• List of notable shopping malls in Sydney

References

1. Beaverstock, J.V. et alA Roster of World Cities
2. Kohen, J. L. 2000. First and last people: Aboriginal Sydney. In J. Connell (Ed.). Sydney the emergence of a global city. pp 76-95. Oxford University Press ISBN 0195507487, pp 76-78
3. Ibid, pp 81-82
4. Ibid, pp 83
5. Bureau of Meteorology. 2006. Climate summary for Sydney, January 2006
6. Australian Bureau of Meterology. 2005. Climate averages.
7. Ellyard, D. 1994. Droughts and Flooding Rains. Angus & Robertson ISBN 0207185573
8. MacDonnell, Freda. Thomas Nelson (Australia) Limited, 1967. Before King’s Cross
9. Department of Local Government. Local Council Boundaries Sydney Outer (SO)
10. ^ Australian Bureau of Statistics. 2005. Sydney Statistical Division.
11. Real Estate Institute of Australia. December 14 2005. Still strong confidence in the housing market, Press Release
12. http://www.citymayors.com/economics/richest_cities.html
13. Boilling, M. February 2 2006. City among most costly, Herald Sun
14. ^ Australian Bureau of Statistics. 2002. Sydney - Basic Community Profile and Snapshot - 2001 Census�UNIQ300dbde1712a4c97-HTMLCommentStrip1e910d095d4787b00000004
15. Daly, M. T. and Pritchard, B. 2000. Sydney:Australia's financial and commercial capital. In J. Connell (Ed.). Sydney the emergence of a global city. pp 76-95. Oxford University Press ISBN 0195507487, pp 167-188
16. about.com, Strine and Aussie Slang. Sanger to Sydneysider
17. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 2005. National Regional Profile: Sydney
18. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 2005. National Regional Profile: Inner Sydney
19. The City of Sydney Community Profile - Sydney Statistical Division. 2006. What are our qualifications?, profile.id
20. The Australian Education Network University and College Guide. 2005. Rankings of Australian universities.
21. Peter Conrad, Boyer Lectures, Lecture 6: Oz, Radio National, 19 December 2004
22. Mel Gussow, Review/Theater; Skewering the Movies With Australia as Oz, New York Times, November 30, 1988
23. Eric Shackle, Seattle and Sydney are Emerald Cities
24. NPWS website, Royal National Park
25. NSW Health. December 2005. Services
26. CityRail (2002). Rail Clearways Plan
27. Kerr, J. and A. Smith. July 22 2004. Panic stations over CityRail driver exodus. Sydney Morning Herald
28. Kerr, J. December 4 2004. Terminal dilemma. Sydney Morning Herald
29. Sydney Catchment Authority. History of Sydney's water supply
30. Sydney Water. Sydney's desalination project

External links

• WikiSatellite view of Sydney at WikiMapia
• Australian Museum: Aboriginal people of coastal Sydney
• Sydney Metropolitan Strategy - A NSW State Government initiative to guide growth and change in the Sydney Metropolitan Area over the next 30 years.
• Sydney Weather: Current temparatures and Forecast (NSW Government)
• Sydney Weather Forecast (Bureau of Met)
• Template:Wikitravel
• Google Maps: Sydney (satellite photographs)
• Historic photographs of Sydney buildings

33°52′06″S 151°12′31″E / 33.86833°S 151.20861°E / -33.86833; 151.20861

• Australian capital cities
• Cities in New South Wales
• Coastal cities in Australia
• Host cities of the Summer Olympic Games
• Metropolis
• Metropolitan areas of Australia
• Port cities
• Sydney
• Host cities of the Commonwealth Games