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==Synthesis and properties== ==Synthesis and properties==
Benzidine is prepared in a two step process from ]. First, the nitrobenzene is converted to 1,2-diphenylhydrazine, usually using iron powder as the reducing agent. Treatment of this hydrazine with mineral acids induces a ] to 4,4'-benzidine. Smaller amounts of other isomers are also formed.<ref name=Ullmann>{{ cite encyclopedia | author = Schwenecke, H.; Mayer, D. | title = Benzidine and Benzidine Derivatives | encyclopedia = Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry | year = 2005 | publisher = Wiley-VCH | location = Weinheim }}</ref> The '''benzidine rearrangement''', which proceeds intramolecularly, is a classic ] puzzle in ].<ref>{{ cite book | author = March, J. | title = Advanced Organic Chemistry | edition = 5th | publisher = J. Wiley and Sons | year = 1992 | location = New York | isbn = 0-471-60180-2 }}</ref> Benzidine is prepared in a two step process from ]. First, the nitrobenzene is converted to 1,2-diphenylhydrazine, usually using iron powder as the reducing agent. Treatment of this hydrazine with mineral acids induces a ] to 4,4'-benzidine. Smaller amounts of other isomers are also formed.<ref name=Ullmann>{{ cite encyclopedia | author = Schwenecke, H.; Mayer, D. | title = Benzidine and Benzidine Derivatives | encyclopedia = Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry | year = 2005 | publisher = Wiley-VCH | location = Weinheim | doi = 10.1002/14356007.a03_539 }}</ref> The '''benzidine rearrangement''', which proceeds intramolecularly, is a classic ] puzzle in ].<ref>{{ cite book | author = March, J. | title = Advanced Organic Chemistry | edition = 5th | publisher = J. Wiley and Sons | year = 1992 | location = New York | isbn = 0-471-60180-2 }}</ref>
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A variety of derivatives of 4,4’-benzidine are commercially produced on the scale of one to a few thousand kilograms per year, mainly as precursors to dyes and pigments.<ref name=Ullmann/> These derivatives include, in order of scale, the following: A variety of derivatives of 4,4’-benzidine are commercially produced on the scale of one to a few thousand kilograms per year, mainly as precursors to dyes and pigments.<ref name=Ullmann/> These derivatives include, in order of scale, the following:


* ]
* 3,3'-dichlorobenzidine (CAS# 91-94-1, m.p.&nbsp;132–133 °C)
* ] (2,2'-dimethyl-4,4’-benzidine, CAS# 119-93-7, m.p.&nbsp;130 °C) * ] (2,2'-dimethyl-4,4’-benzidine
* ''o''-dianisidine (2,2'-dimethoxy-4,4’-benzidine, CAS# 119-90-4, m.p.&nbsp;133 °C) * ''o''-dianisidine (2,2'-dimethoxy-4,4’-benzidine, CAS# 119-90-4, m.p.&nbsp;133 °C)
* ] (CAS# 91-95-2, m.p.&nbsp;178 °C) is a precursor to ], a high-strength, flame-resistant material. * ] (CAS# 91-95-2, m.p.&nbsp;178 °C) is a precursor to ], a high-strength, flame-resistant material.

Revision as of 04:36, 8 February 2014

Template:Chembox Other
Benzidine
Names
IUPAC name 4,4'-diaminobiphenyl
Other names Benzidine, di-phenylamine, diphenylamine
Identifiers
CAS Number
3D model (JSmol)
ChEMBL
ChemSpider
ECHA InfoCard 100.002.000 Edit this at Wikidata
KEGG
PubChem CID
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
InChI
  • InChI=1S/C12H12N2/c13-11-5-1-9(2-6-11)10-3-7-12(14)8-4-10/h1-8H,13-14H2Key: HFACYLZERDEVSX-UHFFFAOYSA-N
  • InChI=1/C12H12N2/c13-11-5-1-9(2-6-11)10-3-7-12(14)8-4-10/h1-8H,13-14H2Key: HFACYLZERDEVSX-UHFFFAOYAX
SMILES
  • c2c(c1ccc(N)cc1)ccc(N)c2
Properties
Chemical formula C12H12N2
Molar mass 184.24 g/mol
Appearance Grayish-yellow, reddish-gray, or white crystalline powder
Density 1.25 g/cm
Melting point 122-125 °C
Boiling point 400 °C
Solubility in water 0.94 g/100 mL at 100 °C
Hazards
Occupational safety and health (OHS/OSH):
Main hazards carcinogenic
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C , 100 kPa). checkY verify (what is  ?) Infobox references
Chemical compound

Benzidine (trivial name), also called 4,4'-diaminobiphenyl (systematic name), is the solid organic compound with the formula (C6H4NH2)2. This aromatic amine is a component of a test for cyanide and also in the production of dyes. Benzidine has been linked to bladder and pancreatic cancer. Since August 2010 benzidine dyes are included in the EPA's List of Chemicals of Concern.

Synthesis and properties

Benzidine is prepared in a two step process from nitrobenzene. First, the nitrobenzene is converted to 1,2-diphenylhydrazine, usually using iron powder as the reducing agent. Treatment of this hydrazine with mineral acids induces a rearrangement reaction to 4,4'-benzidine. Smaller amounts of other isomers are also formed. The benzidine rearrangement, which proceeds intramolecularly, is a classic mechanistic puzzle in organic chemistry.

The conversion is described as a sigmatropic reaction.

Benzidine rearrangement mechanism

In terms of its physical properties, 4,4'-benzidine is poorly soluble in cold water but can be recrystallized from hot water, where it crystallises as the monohydrate. It is dibasic, the deprotonated species has Ka values of 9.3 × 10 and 5.6 × 10. Its solutions react with oxidizing agents to give deeply coloured quinone-related derivatives.

Applications

As with some other aromatic amines such as 2-Naphthylamine, benzidine has been significantly withdrawn from use in most industries because it is so carcinogenic.

In the past, benzidine was used to test for blood. An enzyme in blood causes the oxidation of benzidine to a distinctively blue-coloured derivative.

The test for cyanide relies on similar reactivity.

Such applications have largely been replaced by methods using phenolphthalein/hydrogen peroxide and luminol.

Related 4,4’-benzidines

A variety of derivatives of 4,4’-benzidine are commercially produced on the scale of one to a few thousand kilograms per year, mainly as precursors to dyes and pigments. These derivatives include, in order of scale, the following:

References

  1. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2011-04-04
  2. "Known and Probable Carcinogens". American Cancer Society. 2011-06-29.
  3. "Benzidine Dyes Action Plan Summary". U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2010-08-18.
  4. ^ Schwenecke, H.; Mayer, D. (2005). "Benzidine and Benzidine Derivatives". Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a03_539.{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  5. March, J. (1992). Advanced Organic Chemistry (5th ed.). New York: J. Wiley and Sons. ISBN 0-471-60180-2.
  6. Shine, H. J.; Zmuda, H.; Park, K. H.; Kwart, H.; Horgan, A. G.; Collins, C.; Maxwell, B. E. (1981). "Mechanism of the benzidine rearrangement. Kinetic isotope effects and transition states. Evidence for concerted rearrangement". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 103 (4): 955–956. doi:10.1021/ja00394a047.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link).
  7. Shine, H. J.; Zmuda, H.; Park, K. H.; Kwart, H.; Horgan, A. G.; Brechbiel, M. (1982). "Benzidine rearrangements. 16. The use of heavy-atom kinetic isotope effects in solving the mechanism of the acid-catalyzed rearrangement of hydrazobenzene. The concerted pathway to benzidine and the nonconcerted pathway to diphenyline". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 104 (9): 2501–2509. doi:10.1021/ja00373a028.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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