| Revision as of 02:00, 9 February 2014 editيوسف حسين (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users875 editsNo edit summary← Previous edit | Revision as of 02:02, 9 February 2014 edit undoيوسف حسين (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users875 editsm intermittently ruling zabid and its surrounding. Zabid is in the tihama region but it is not THE tihama.Next edit → | ||
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| '''Najahid dynasty''' ({{lang-ar|بنو نجاح}}; Banū Najāḥ) was a ] dynasty that |
'''Najahid dynasty''' ({{lang-ar|بنو نجاح}}; Banū Najāḥ) was a black ] dynasty that intermittently ruled the city of ] from 1021 to 1158.<ref name="Stone">{{cite book|last=Stone|first=Francine|title=Studies on the Tihāmah: the report of the Tihāmah Expedition 1982 and related papers|date=1985|publisher=Longman|isbn=0582783879|page=32|url=http://www.google.com/books?id=QU4rAAAAMAAJ&redir_esc=y}}</ref><ref>G. Rex Smith "Politische Geschichte des islamischen Jemen bis zur ersten türkischen Invasion", p. 138.</ref> The rulers were former slaves from the Jazali group of ].<ref name="Casiet">{{cite book|last=Tamrat|first=Taddesse|title=Church and State in Ethiopia, 1270-1527|date=1972|publisher=Clarendon Press|page=86|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=8ZNyAAAAMAAJ}}</ref> | ||
| ==Dynastic establishment== | ==Dynastic establishment== | ||
Revision as of 02:02, 9 February 2014
| Najahid dynasty Banū Najāḥ بنو نجاح | |
|---|---|
| Country | Yemen |
| Founded | 1021 |
| Founder | al-Mu'ayyad Najah |
| Final ruler | al-Fatiq III |
| Titles | King |
| Dissolution | 1158 |
Najahid dynasty (Template:Lang-ar; Banū Najāḥ) was a black Mamluk dynasty that intermittently ruled the city of Zabid from 1021 to 1158. The rulers were former slaves from the Jazali group of Ethiopia.
Dynastic establishment
The dynasty was originally founded in 1021−22 by Najah, a Mamluk wazir under the Ziyadid dynasty. The Ziyadids fell in 1018 and a power struggle broke out between Najah and his foster brother Nafis who had murdered the last Ziyadid ruler by immuring him in a wall. Najah was able to triumph after years of fighting and could enter the capital Zabid. The corpse of Nafis was built into the same wall where his victim had once been immured. The new ruler assumed royal titles, struck coins in his own name, and had his name mentioned after that of the caliph in the khutba. A diploma of official recognition was supposedly issued by the Abbasid caliph in Baghdad. The Najahid dynasty consisted of former slaves from the Jazali group of Ethiopia, who served in the army. The Najahids soon came to dominate the Tihama lowlands, with local control routinely passing from the Najahid dynasty to Ali as-Sulayhi's Sulayhid dynasty based in the San'a highlands. During the summer, the Najahids would tax Tihama's population, while the Sulayhids would do the same during the winter. Hard-contested battles were fought between the two powers, which only ended when Najah was poisoned in 1060 in al-Kadrā and the Sulayhids occupied Zabid.
Struggles with Sulayhids and Zaydis
Nevertheless, one of the sons of Najah, Sa'id, hid in Zabid and prepared for revenge. Together with his brother Jayyash he attacked and killed Ali as-Sulayhi in either 1067 or 1081 when the latter was on his way to Mecca. The inhabitants of Zabid once again recognized the Najahid Dynasty as their rulers. The following decades were marked by a life-and-death struggle with the Sulayhids. Sa'id was driven out of Zabid in 1083 and sought refuge on the Red Sea island Dahlak, but could come back again in 1086. Finally the Sulayhid queen Arwa al-Sulayhi arranged for the murder of Sa'id in 1088. His brother Jayyash fled to India but was able to return disguised as an Indian. He easily gained power in the Tihama in 1089. After his demise in 1105 or 1107, political conditions were unsettled. His second successor al-Mansur was installed as the vassal of the Sulayhids in 1111 but was poisoned by his own wazir Mann Allah in 1123. Mann Allah reduced the new Najahid incumbent to a figurehead and managed to defeat a Fatimid invasion from Egypt. Mann Allah himself was murdered in 1130 at the instigation of the widow queen 'Alam (d. 1150). The following decades saw a play of power between a succession of Mamluk strongmen and queen 'Arwa. The last Najahid ruler al-Fatiq III was attacked by a new and vigorous regime, the Mahdids, in 1157. The Zaidiyyah imam al-Mutawakkil Ahmad intervened on the behalf of the crestfallen regime and entered Zabid. However, al-Fatiq was soon killed, either by the imam or by his own slave soldiers. With this event, the Najahid dynasty's rule ended.
List of rulers
- al-Mu'ayyad Najah 1021−1060
- Sa'id al-Ahwal 1067/1081−1088 (son)
- Abu't-Tami Jayyash 1089−1105/1107 (brother)
- al-Fatiq I 1105/1107−1109 (son)
- al-Mansur 1111−1123 (son)
- al-Fatiq II 1123−1137 (son)
- al-Fatiq III 1137−1158 (first cousin)
External links
References
- ^ Stone, Francine (1985). Studies on the Tihāmah: the report of the Tihāmah Expedition 1982 and related papers. Longman. p. 32. ISBN 0582783879.
- G. Rex Smith "Politische Geschichte des islamischen Jemen bis zur ersten türkischen Invasion", p. 138.
- ^ Tamrat, Taddesse (1972). Church and State in Ethiopia, 1270-1527. Clarendon Press. p. 86.
- ^ Encyclopaedia of Islam, Brill Online 2013, http://www.encquran.brill.nl/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/nadjahids-SIM_5717?s.num=2
- Encyclopaedia of Islam, Brill Online 2013, http://www.encquran.brill.nl/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/nadjahids-SIM_5717
- Robert W. Stookey, Yemen; The Politics of the Yemen Arab Republic. Boulder 1978, p. 98; H.C. Kay, Yaman: Its early medieval history, London 1892, pp. 128-9, 317.
Literature
- G. Rex Smith "Politische Geschichte des islamischen Jemen bis zur ersten türkischen Invasion", in Werner Daum Jemen, Umschau-Verlag, Frankfurt/Main, ISBN 3-7016-2251-5, pp. 136-154.