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	{{Other uses\|România Mare (disambiguation){{!}}România Mare}}		{{Other uses\|România Mare (disambiguation){{!}}România Mare}}
	]		]

			The term '''Greater Romania''' ({{lang-ro\|România Mare}}) both refers to the territories of the ] in the interwar period and a ]<ref>Peter Truscott, , I.B.Tauris, 1997, p. 72</ref> and ] idea.
	'''Greater Romania''' ({{lang-ro\|România Mare}}) refers to the territory of the ] between 1919 and 1940. In 1918, at the end of World War I, ], ] and ] united with the ]. It was the largest geographical extent of the Romanian state and its largest peacetime extent ever (295,049 km²).

			The main goal of the concept is the creation of a nation-state which would incorporate all Romanian speakers.<ref name="Holocaust en Genocide Studies">{{cite web\|url=http://dare.uva.nl/document/478015 \|title=The Romanian Holocaust in Memory and Commemoration, The Jewish fate during World War II in postwar commemoration \|publisher=University of Amsterdam \|date=2012 \|accessdate=2014-05-21}}</ref><ref name="Livezeanu">Irina Livezeanu, , Cornell University Press, 2000, p. 4 and p. 302</ref>
			<ref name="Ivan T. Berend"/><ref>Lavinia Stan, Lucian Turcescu, , Oxford University Press, 2007 p. 53</ref><ref name="Arbatov"/> The term is also strongly associated with the ] between 1918 and 1940, often considered the realization of the pan-Romanian goal. In 1918, after the incorporation of ], ] and ], the Romanian state reached its largest peacetime geographical extent ever(295,049 km²). Nowadays, the concept serves a guiding principle for the ].

			]
			The idea is comparable to other similar conceptions such as ], ], ], ], ], ], as well as ].<ref>Giuseppe Motta, , Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2013, p. 11</ref><ref>Klaus Roth, Ulf Brunnbauer, , LIT Verlag Münster, 2008, p. 52</ref>

	==Ideology==		==Ideology==
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	===Before World War I===		===Before World War I===
	{{See also\|National awakening of Romania}}		{{See also\|National awakening of Romania}}
	]]]		]]]
	]		]
	The union of ], who ruled over the three principalities with Romanian population (], ] and ]) for a short period of time,<ref name="Juliana Geran Pilon"/> was viewed in later periods as the precursor of a modern ], a thesis which was argued with noted intensity by ]. This theory became a point of reference for ], as well as a catalyst for various Romanian forces to achieve a single Romanian state.<ref>{{cite book \| last = Giurescu \| first = Constantin C. \| authorlink = Constantin C. Giurescu \| author2 = \| title = Istoria Românilor \| origyear = 1935 \| year = 2007 \| location = Bucharest \| publisher = Editura All \| isbn = \| oclc = }}, p. 211–13.</ref>		The union of ], who ruled over the three principalities with Romanian population (], ] and ]) for a short period of time,<ref name="Juliana Geran Pilon"/> was viewed in later periods as the precursor of a modern ], a thesis which was argued with noted intensity by ]. This theory became a point of reference for ], as well as a catalyst for various Romanian forces to achieve a single Romanian state.<ref>{{cite book \| last = Giurescu \| first = Constantin C. \| authorlink = Constantin C. Giurescu \| author2 = \| title = Istoria Românilor \| origyear = 1935 \| year = 2007 \| location = Bucharest \| publisher = Editura All \| isbn = \| oclc = }}, p. 211–13.</ref>

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	===Interwar Romania===		===Interwar Romania===
	]		]
	The concept of ''"Greater Romania"'' materialized as a geopolitical reality after the ].<ref name="Berteanu"/> Romania gained control over ], ] and ]. The borders established by the treaties concluding the war did not change until 1940. The resulting state, often referred to as "România Mare" or, alternatively, as {{lang-ro\|România Întregită}} (roughly translated in English as "Romania Made Whole," or "Entire Romania"), was seen as the 'true', ''whole'' Romanian state, or, as Tom Gallagher states, the "] of ]".<ref name= "Gallagher" >{{cite book \|author=Gallagher, Tom \| title= Modern Romania: the end of communism, the failure of democratic reform, and the theft of a nation \| publisher= ] \| location=New York \|year= 2005 \| pages= 28 \| isbn= 0-8147-3172-4 \| oclc= \| doi=}}</ref> Its constitution, proclaimed in 1923, "largely ignored the new ethnic and cultural realities".<ref name="Hitchins">Keith Hitchins, , Cambridge University Press, 2014, p. 183, ISBN 9781107782709 </ref>		The concept of ''"Greater Romania"'' materialized as a geopolitical reality after the ].<ref name="Berteanu"/> Romania gained control over ], ] and ]. The borders established by the treaties concluding the war did not change until 1940. The resulting state, often referred to as "România Mare" or, alternatively, as {{lang-ro\|România Întregită}} (roughly translated in English as "Romania Made Whole," or "Entire Romania"), was seen as the 'true', ''whole'' Romanian state, or, as Tom Gallagher states, the "] of ]".<ref name= "Gallagher" >{{cite book \|author=Gallagher, Tom \| title= Modern Romania: the end of communism, the failure of democratic reform, and the theft of a nation \| publisher= ] \| location=New York \|year= 2005 \| pages= 28 \| isbn= 0-8147-3172-4 \| oclc= \| doi=}}</ref> Its constitution, proclaimed in 1923, "largely ignored the new ethnic and cultural realities".<ref name="Hitchins">Keith Hitchins, , Cambridge University Press, 2014, p. 183, ISBN 9781107782709 </ref>

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	====Territorial changes====		====Territorial changes====
	]		]
	=====Bessarabia=====		=====Bessarabia=====
	{{Main\|Union of Bessarabia with Romania}}		{{Main\|Union of Bessarabia with Romania}}
	{{See also\|Tatarbunary Uprising}}		{{See also\|Tatarbunary Uprising}}
	Bessarabia declared its sovereignty as the ] in 1917 by the newly formed "Council of the Country" ("]") The state was faced with the disorderly retreat through its territory of ]n troops from disbanded units. ~~According to Romanian historiography, in~~ January 1918, the "Sfatul Ţării" called on Romanian troops to protect the province from the ]s who were spreading the ].<ref>], ''Istoria Basarabiei'', Cernăuți, 1923, reprinted Chișinău, Cartea Moldovenească, 1991 and ], Bucharest, 1991. ISBN 973-28-0283-9</ref><ref>Charles Upson Clark, </ref><ref>Pantelimon Halippa, Anatolie Moraru, ''Testament pentru urmași'', Munich, 1967, reprinted Chișinău, Hyperion, 1991, p. 143</ref> After declaring independence from Russia on 24 January 1918, the "Sfatul Ţării" voted for union with Romania on 9 April 1918. Of the 138 deputies in the council, 86 voted for union, 3 against, 36 abstained (mostly the deputies representing minorities, 36% of the population at the time) <ref></ref> and 13 were not present. The ], ], ] and ] recognized the incorporation of Bessarabia through the ]. The ] and the ] however refused to do so, the latter maintaining a claim to the territory for the whole interwar period. Furthermore, Japan failed to ratify the treaty, which therefore never entered into force.		Bessarabia declared its sovereignty as the ] in 1917 by the newly formed "Council of the Country" ("]") The state was faced with the disorderly retreat through its territory of ]n troops from disbanded units. In January 1918, the "Sfatul Ţării" called on Romanian troops to protect the province from the ]s who were spreading the ].<ref>], ''Istoria Basarabiei'', Cernăuți, 1923, reprinted Chișinău, Cartea Moldovenească, 1991 and ], Bucharest, 1991. ISBN 973-28-0283-9</ref><ref>Charles Upson Clark, </ref><ref>Pantelimon Halippa, Anatolie Moraru, ''Testament pentru urmași'', Munich, 1967, reprinted Chișinău, Hyperion, 1991, p. 143</ref> After declaring independence from Russia on 24 January 1918, the "Sfatul Ţării" voted for union with Romania on 9 April 1918. Of the 138 deputies in the council, 86 voted for union, 3 against, 36 abstained (mostly the deputies representing minorities, 36% of the population at the time) <ref></ref> and 13 were not present. The ], ], ] and ] recognized the incorporation of Bessarabia through the ]. The ] and the ] however refused to do so, the latter maintaining a claim to the territory for the whole interwar period. Furthermore, Japan failed to ratify the treaty, which therefore never entered into force.

	=====Bukovina=====		=====Bukovina=====
	In Bukovina, after being occuppied by the Romanian Army,<ref>Volodymyr Kubijovyč, Arkadii Zhukovsky, , in "Encyclopedia of Ukraine", Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies, 2001</ref><ref>Sherman David Spector, "Rumania at the Paris Peace Conference: A Study of the Diplomacy of Ioan I. C. Brătianu", Bookman Associates, 1962, p. 70</ref> a National Council voted for union with Romania. While the Romanian, German, and Polish deputies unanimously voted for union,<ref name="Livezeanu2000"/> the Ukrainian deputies (representing 38% of the population according to the 1910 Austrian census)<ref>Donald Peckham, Christina Bratt Paulston, "Linguistic Minorities in Central and Eastern Europe"), Multilingual Matters, 1998, p. 190</ref> and Jewish deputies did not attend the council.<ref name="Livezeanu2000">{{cite book\|author=]\|title=Cultural Politics in Greater Romania: Regionalism, Nation Building, and Ethnic Struggle, 1918–1930\|year=2000\|publisher=Cornell University Press\|isbn=978-0-8014-8688-3\|page=59}}</ref> ~~The new border was confirmed internationally by the ].~~		In Bukovina, after being occuppied by the Romanian Army,<ref>Volodymyr Kubijovyč, Arkadii Zhukovsky, , in "Encyclopedia of Ukraine", Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies, 2001</ref><ref>Sherman David Spector, "Rumania at the Paris Peace Conference: A Study of the Diplomacy of Ioan I. C. Brătianu", Bookman Associates, 1962, p. 70</ref> a National Council voted for union with Romania. While the Romanian, German, and Polish deputies unanimously voted for union,<ref name="Livezeanu2000"/> the Ukrainian deputies (representing 38% of the population according to the 1910 Austrian census)<ref>Donald Peckham, Christina Bratt Paulston, "Linguistic Minorities in Central and Eastern Europe"), Multilingual Matters, 1998, p. 190</ref> and Jewish deputies did not attend the council.<ref name="Livezeanu2000">{{cite book\|author=]\|title=Cultural Politics in Greater Romania: Regionalism, Nation Building, and Ethnic Struggle, 1918–1930\|year=2000\|publisher=Cornell University Press\|isbn=978-0-8014-8688-3\|page=59}}</ref>

	=====Transylvania=====		=====Transylvania=====
	{{Main\|Union of Transylvania with Romania}}{{See also\|Hungarian-Romanian War of 1919}}		{{Main\|Union of Transylvania with Romania}}{{See also\|Hungarian-Romanian War of 1919}}

	Transylvania (the last of the three regions to join) joined Romania by the "Proclamation of Union" of ] adopted by the Deputies of the Romanians of Transylvania, and supported one month later by the vote of the Deputies of the ].<ref name="Hupchick1995">{{cite book\|author=Dennis P. Hupchick\|title=Conflict and chaos in Eastern Europe\|year=1995\|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan\|isbn=978-0-312-12116-7\|page=83}}</ref> The Hungarian-speakers of Transylvania, about 32% at the time (including a large Hungarian-speaking Jewish community), and the Germans of ] did not elect deputies upon the dissolution of ], since they were considered represented by the ] government of Hungary. The incorporation of the regions of Transylvania, Maramureș, Crișana and Banat within the Romanian Kingdom was ratified in 1920 by the ], signed by Romania, Hungary and the ] (excluding the United States).		Transylvania (the last of the three regions to join) joined Romania by the "Proclamation of Union" of ] adopted by the Deputies of the Romanians of Transylvania, and supported one month later by the vote of the Deputies of the ].<ref name="Hupchick1995">{{cite book\|author=Dennis P. Hupchick\|title=Conflict and chaos in Eastern Europe\|year=1995\|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan\|isbn=978-0-312-12116-7\|page=83}}</ref> The Hungarian-speakers of Transylvania, about 32% at the time (including a large Hungarian-speaking Jewish community), and the Germans of ] did not elect deputies upon the dissolution of ], since they were considered represented by the ] government of Hungary.

	=====World War II losses=====		=====World War II losses=====
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	===Recent developments===		===Recent developments===
	{{See also\|Unification of Romania and Moldova}}		{{See also\|Unification of Romania and Moldova}}
	] of the ], displaying the ] and the words ''national identity, spiritual revolution''.]]		] of the ], displaying the ] and the words ''national identity, spiritual revolution''.]]
	The fall of the socialist regimes in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union and the economic downturn accompanying it led to a resurgence of nationalism in the region. Romania and Moldova, state comprising the bulk of Bessarabia which had become independent after the dissolution of the Soviet Union, confronted with their eastern neighbor, ]. Bucharest and ] announced territorial claims on Ukrainian lands (on parts of ] and ] regions).<ref>Bohdan Nahaylo, ,C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, 1999, pp. 408-409</ref> ] surmised that the concept of Greater Romania stood behind Romanian foreign policy toward Moldova therefore expressed concerns about possible developments on ].<ref name="Arbatov"/>		The fall of the socialist regimes in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union and the economic downturn accompanying it led to a resurgence of nationalism in the region. Romania and Moldova, state comprising the bulk of Bessarabia which had become independent after the dissolution of the Soviet Union, confronted with their eastern neighbor, ]. Bucharest and ] announced territorial claims on Ukrainian lands (on parts of ] and ] regions).<ref>Bohdan Nahaylo, ,C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, 1999, pp. 408-409</ref> ] surmised that the concept of Greater Romania stood behind Romanian foreign policy toward Moldova therefore expressed concerns about possible developments on ].<ref name="Arbatov"/>

Revision as of 22:46, 22 May 2014

For other uses, see România Mare.

Historical regions of the Kingdom of Romania (1918–1940), often identified with the ideal of "Greater Romania"

The term Greater Romania (Template:Lang-ro) both refers to the territories of the Kingdom of Romania in the interwar period and a pan-nationalist and irredentist idea.

The main goal of the concept is the creation of a nation-state which would incorporate all Romanian speakers. The term is also strongly associated with the Kingdom of Romania between 1918 and 1940, often considered the realization of the pan-Romanian goal. In 1918, after the incorporation of Transylvania, Bukovina and Bessarabia, the Romanian state reached its largest peacetime geographical extent ever(295,049 km²). Nowadays, the concept serves a guiding principle for the unification of Romania and Moldova.

The idea is comparable to other similar conceptions such as Greek Megali Idea, Großdeutschland, Greater Hungary, Greater Bulgaria, Greater Serbia, Greater Albania, as well as Greater Catalonia.

Ideology

The theme of national identity had been always a key concern for Romanian culture and politics. The Romanian ideology is a cocktail of "ancient post-colonial apprehension, of apocalyptic fears and recent historical vulnerabilities together with traditionalist arrogance and youthful, snobbish or revengeful provocation" (Erwin Kessler) and a typical example of ethnocentric nationalism. The concept of "Greater Romania" shows similarities to the idea of national state. The Romanian territorial claims were based on "primordial racial modalities", the essential goal of them was to unify the biologically defined Romanians. The nation-building based on the French model became an all time priority especially in the interwar and the Communist periods.

Evolution

Before World War I

Interwar Romania

The concept of "Greater Romania" materialized as a geopolitical reality after the First World War. Romania gained control over Bessarabia, Bukovina and Transylvania. The borders established by the treaties concluding the war did not change until 1940. The resulting state, often referred to as "România Mare" or, alternatively, as Template:Lang-ro (roughly translated in English as "Romania Made Whole," or "Entire Romania"), was seen as the 'true', whole Romanian state, or, as Tom Gallagher states, the "Holy Grail of Romanian nationalism". Its constitution, proclaimed in 1923, "largely ignored the new ethnic and cultural realities".

The Romanian ideology changed due to the demographic, cultural and social alterations, however the nationalist desire for a homogeneous Romanian state conflicted with the multiethnic, multicultural truth of Greater Romania. The ideological rewriting of the role of "spiritual victimization", turning it into "spiritual police", was a radical and challenging task for the Romanian intellectuals because they had to entirely revise the national identity and the destiny of the Romanian nation. In accordance with this view, Livezeanu states that the Great Union created a "deeply fragmented" interwar Romania where the determination of national identity met with great difficulties mainly because of the effects of the hundred years of political separation. Due to the inability of the government to solve the problems of the Transylvanian Romanians' integration and the effects of the worldwide economic depression "the population gradually lost its faith in the democratic conception of Greater Romania".

Territorial changes

Bessarabia

Main article: Union of Bessarabia with Romania See also: Tatarbunary Uprising

Bessarabia declared its sovereignty as the Moldavian Democratic Republic in 1917 by the newly formed "Council of the Country" ("Sfatul Țării") The state was faced with the disorderly retreat through its territory of Russian troops from disbanded units. In January 1918, the "Sfatul Ţării" called on Romanian troops to protect the province from the Bolsheviks who were spreading the Russian Revolution. After declaring independence from Russia on 24 January 1918, the "Sfatul Ţării" voted for union with Romania on 9 April 1918. Of the 138 deputies in the council, 86 voted for union, 3 against, 36 abstained (mostly the deputies representing minorities, 36% of the population at the time) and 13 were not present. The United Kingdom, France, Italy and Japan recognized the incorporation of Bessarabia through the Treaty of Paris. The United States and the Soviet Union however refused to do so, the latter maintaining a claim to the territory for the whole interwar period. Furthermore, Japan failed to ratify the treaty, which therefore never entered into force.

Bukovina

In Bukovina, after being occuppied by the Romanian Army, a National Council voted for union with Romania. While the Romanian, German, and Polish deputies unanimously voted for union, the Ukrainian deputies (representing 38% of the population according to the 1910 Austrian census) and Jewish deputies did not attend the council.

Transylvania

Main article: Union of Transylvania with RomaniaSee also: Hungarian-Romanian War of 1919

Transylvania (the last of the three regions to join) joined Romania by the "Proclamation of Union" of Alba Iulia adopted by the Deputies of the Romanians of Transylvania, and supported one month later by the vote of the Deputies of the Saxons of Transylvania. The Hungarian-speakers of Transylvania, about 32% at the time (including a large Hungarian-speaking Jewish community), and the Germans of Banat did not elect deputies upon the dissolution of Austria-Hungary, since they were considered represented by the Budapest government of Hungary.

World War II losses

Main article: Romania during World War II

In 1940, the Romanian state agreed to cede Bessarabia to the Soviet Union, as provided for by the Molotov-Ribbentrop pact between the Soviet Union and Germany. It also lost Northern Bukovina and the Herța region, which were not mentioned in the pact, to the Soviet Union. It lost Northern Transylvania to Hungary, through the Second Vienna Award, and the Southern Dobruja to Bulgaria by the Treaty of Craiova. In the course of World War II, Romania, which was allied with the Axis Powers, took back Bessarabia and made further territorial gains at the expense of the Soviet Union: Transnistria, western Yedisan and western Novorossiya (literally New Russia).

These territories were lost again when the tide of the war turned. After the war, Romania regained the Transylvanian territories lost to Hungary, but not territory lost to Bulgaria or the Soviet Union. In 1948 a treaty between the Soviet Union and Soviet-occupied Communist Romania also provided for the transfer of four uninhabited islands to the Soviet Union, three in the Danube Delta and Snake Island in the Black Sea.

After World War II

Recent developments

The fall of the socialist regimes in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union and the economic downturn accompanying it led to a resurgence of nationalism in the region. Romania and Moldova, state comprising the bulk of Bessarabia which had become independent after the dissolution of the Soviet Union, confronted with their eastern neighbor, Ukraine. Bucharest and Chișinău announced territorial claims on Ukrainian lands (on parts of Chernivtsi and Odessa regions). Bulgaria surmised that the concept of Greater Romania stood behind Romanian foreign policy toward Moldova therefore expressed concerns about possible developments on Dobruja.

In 1992, the issue on unification of Moldova and Romania was negotiated between Romanian and Moldovan governments and they wanted to achieve it until the end of the year. However, the "unionists" lost their dominance in Moldova in the middle of the year. Bucharest admitted the existence of the two Romanian states (Romania and Moldova) and defined priorities in reference to this matter: "the creation of a common cultural space; the creation of an economically integrated zone; and gradual political integration". The Moldovan Snegur government became more pragmatic and realized that the nationalist propaganda from Bucharest did not help their aims especially on the problem of "Soviet annexed Bessarabia". The Romanian organizations ignored the result of the Moldovan referendum on independence because the referendum did not ask Romanians in Romania. Romanian politicians blamed Russia and the Moldovan regime that unification became unreal. According to Ozhiganov the armed conflict in Moldova was thanked to the Romanian ethnic nationalism, otherwise due to "the attempt to create a unitary, ethnic state with power concentrated in the hands of ethnic nationalists in what was actually a multiethnic society."

Bucharest's behavior toward Ukraine did not change until 1997 when Romanian politicians realized that resolving border disputes were a precondition for NATO membership.

Present-day Romanian extremists (such as members of PRM) aim to take possession of territories of northern Bukovina and Bessarabia. These regions currently belong to Ukraine and Moldova. The Russian presence and the tense political situation in Moldova also inflame the demands of extremist Romanians. Nevertheless, radicals make territorial demands on Hungary too. The Great Romania Party (Partidul România Mare – PRM) is an emblematic representative of the aforesaid concept, though the conception is fostered also by other right-wing groups (e.g. the organisation of the New Right –Noua Dreaptă with paramilitary inclinations).

References and notes

Peter Truscott, Russia First: Breaking with the West, I.B.Tauris, 1997, p. 72
"The Romanian Holocaust in Memory and Commemoration, The Jewish fate during World War II in postwar commemoration". University of Amsterdam. 2012. Retrieved 2014-05-21.
^ Irina Livezeanu, Cultural Politics in Greater Romania: Regionalism, Nation Building & Ethnic Struggle, 1918-1930, Cornell University Press, 2000, p. 4 and p. 302
^ Ivan T. Berend, History Derailed: Central and Eastern Europe in the Long Nineteenth Century, University of California Press, 2013,p. 112 and p. 252
Lavinia Stan, Lucian Turcescu, Religion and Politics in Post-Communist Romania, Oxford University Press, 2007 p. 53
^ Alekseĭ Georgievich Arbatov, Managing Conflict in the Former Soviet Union: Russian and American Perspectives, MIT Press, 1997, pp. 202-204
Giuseppe Motta, Less than Nations: Central-Eastern European Minorities after WWI, Volume 1 , Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2013, p. 11
Klaus Roth, Ulf Brunnbauer, Region, Regional Identity and Regionalism in Southeastern Europe, Part 1, LIT Verlag Münster, 2008, p. 52
Michael D. Kennedy, Envisioning Eastern Europe: Postcommunist Cultural Studies, University of Michigan Press, 1994, p. 121
^ "Ideas And Ideology In Interwar Romania". www.icr.ro. 2007. Retrieved 2014-05-11.
^ Petre Berteanu, Romanian nationalism and political communication: Greater Romania Party (Partidul Romania Mare), a case-study, In: Jaroslav Hroch, David Hollan, George F. McLean, National, Cultural, and Ethnic Identities: Harmony Beyond Conflict, CRVP, 1998, pp. 161-176
Aristotle Kallis, Genocide and Fascism: The Eliminationist Drive in Fascist Europe, Routledge, 2008,p. 75
^ Tristan James Mabry, John McGarry, Margaret Moore, Brendan O'Leary, Divided Nations and European Integration, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2013, p. 113 and p. 117
^ Juliana Geran Pilon, The Bloody Flag: Post-Communist Nationalism in Eastern Europe : Spotlight on Romania , Transaction Publishers, 1982, p. 56
Giurescu, Constantin C. (2007) . Istoria Românilor. Bucharest: Editura All., p. 211–13.
Pablo Cardona, Michael J. Morley, Manager-Subordinate Trust in Different Cultures, Routledge, 2013, p. 119
Gallagher, Tom (2005). Modern Romania: the end of communism, the failure of democratic reform, and the theft of a nation. New York: New York University Press. p. 28. ISBN 0-8147-3172-4.
Keith Hitchins, A Concise History of Romania, Cambridge University Press, 2014, p. 183, ISBN 9781107782709
^ Konrad Hugo Jarausch, Thomas Lindenberger, Annelie Ramsbrock, Conflicted Memories: Europeanizing Contemporary Histories, Berghahn Books, 2007, pp. 39-42
"Siebenbürgen ohne Siebenbürger?". University of Vienna. 2013. Retrieved 2014-05-11.
Ion Nistor, Istoria Basarabiei, Cernăuți, 1923, reprinted Chișinău, Cartea Moldovenească, 1991 and Humanitas, Bucharest, 1991. ISBN 973-28-0283-9
Charles Upson Clark, Bessarabia: Russia and Roumania on the Black Sea
Pantelimon Halippa, Anatolie Moraru, Testament pentru urmași, Munich, 1967, reprinted Chișinău, Hyperion, 1991, p. 143
Results of the 1897 Russian Census at demoscope.ru: Молдавский и румынский: 469,852; 451067; total population--"Moldavian and Romanian: 920,919 people",
Volodymyr Kubijovyč, Arkadii Zhukovsky, Bukovyna, in "Encyclopedia of Ukraine", Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies, 2001
Sherman David Spector, "Rumania at the Paris Peace Conference: A Study of the Diplomacy of Ioan I. C. Brătianu", Bookman Associates, 1962, p. 70
^ Irina Livezeanu (2000). Cultural Politics in Greater Romania: Regionalism, Nation Building, and Ethnic Struggle, 1918–1930. Cornell University Press. p. 59. ISBN 978-0-8014-8688-3.
Donald Peckham, Christina Bratt Paulston, "Linguistic Minorities in Central and Eastern Europe"), Multilingual Matters, 1998, p. 190
Dennis P. Hupchick (1995). Conflict and chaos in Eastern Europe. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 83. ISBN 978-0-312-12116-7.
Bernard A. Cook, Europe Since 1945: An Encyclopedia, Volume 2, Taylor & Francis, 2001, p. 1074
^ Paul Roe, Ethnic Violence and the Societal Security Dilemma, Routledge, 2004, p. 128
Ignác Romsics, The Paris Peace Treaty of 1947, In: Storia & Diplomazia Rassegna dell’Archivio Storico del Ministero degli Affari Esteri, 2013, p. 18
Costica Bradatan, Serguei Oushakine, In Marx's Shadow: Knowledge, Power, and Intellectuals in Eastern Europe and Russia, Lexington Books, 2010, p. 225
Bohdan Nahaylo, The Ukrainian Resurgence,C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, 1999, pp. 408-409
^ "Ideas And Ideology In Interwar Romania" (PDF). University of Southern California. Retrieved 2014-05-19.
Marta Dyczok, Ukraine: Movement Without Change, Change Without Movement, Routledge, 2013, p. 108
^ "The Extreme Right in Eastern Europe and Territorial Issues". www.cepsr.com. 2009. Retrieved 2014-05-11.
"THE EXTREME RIGHT IN CONTEMPORARY ROMANIA" (PDF). http://library.fes.de/. 2012. Retrieved 2014-05-11. {{cite web}}: External link in |publisher= (help)
Uwe Backes, Patrick Moreau, The Extreme Right in Europe: Current Trends and Perspectives, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2011, p. 276

v t e Irredentism
Africa	Mauritania Morocco Somalia South Africa
North America	Canada Turks and Caicos Islands Mexico Saint Martin United States Canada Greenland Mexico Cuba Dominican Republic
South America	Argentina Chile Colombia
Western Asia	Armenia Artsakh Karabakh Assyria Azerbaijan Western Azerbaijan Cyprus Kurdistan Iran Iraq Israel Gathering of Israel Zionism Syria Turkey Aegean dispute Cyprus Pan-Turkism Yemen
Southern Asia	Bangladesh India Akhand Bharat Nepal Pakistan East Pakistan Kashmir Pashtunistan Tamil Nadu
Eastern and Southeastern Asia	Cambodia China unification with Taiwan annexation of Tibet Indonesia Japan Korea Malaysia Mongolia Philippines Thailand Timor Vietnam
Central and Eastern Europe	Belarus Czechoslovakia Hungary Moldova Poland Kresy Intermarium Romania unification with Moldova Russia annexation and occupation of Crimea proposed annexation of South Ossetia invasion and occupation of Ukraine Slovenia Ukraine
Southern Europe	Albania unification with Kosovo Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Greece Aegean dispute Cyprus Enosis Megali Idea North Macedonia Portugal Serbia Kosovo Myth partition of Kosovo Spain Galicia Yugoslavia
Italy	Italy Corfu Corsica Dalmatia Istria Italian Grisons Malta Nice Savoy Ticino
Northern Europe	Finland Karelia
Western Europe	Belgium Celtics France Wallonia Germany Austria annexation of Austria Pan-Germanism Greater Germanic Reich Lebensraum Ireland Netherlands Switzerland
Oceania	Australia Papua New Guinea Samoa
Related concepts: Border changes since 1914 · Partitionism · Reunification · Revanchism · Revisionism · Rump state

v t e Pan-nationalist concepts
Ideas	Atlanticism Afghan-Pakistani unionism Austro-Slavism Berberism Bulgarian-Romanian unionism Canada-USA unionism Central-americanism Czechoslovakism Enosis Estonian-Finnish unionism Eurasianism Fertile Crescent unionism Gaucho traditionalism [pt] Greek-Yugoslavian unionism Hungarian-Romanian unionism Gran Colombia unionism Indian-Pakistani Unionism Israeli-Palestinian unionism Latinoamericanism [es] Hellenoturkism Hispanoamericanism [es] League of East European States Neo-Ottomanism Netherlands-Indonesian unionism One China Romanian-moldovan unionism Pan-Africanism Union of African States Mali Federation Sahel-Benin Union Pan-Americanism Pan-Andinism [es] Ecuadorian-Peruvian-Bolivian unionism Peruvian-Bolivian unionism [es] Pan-Arabism Hashemite unionism United Arab States United Arab Republic Federation of Arab Republics Libyan-Syrian Union Arab Islamic Republic Jordania-Palestine unionism Union of Arab Republics (1972) Iraq-Kuwait unionism Pan-Asianism Pan-Caribbean Pan-Caucasianism Pan-Celticism Pan-Finnicism Pan-Germanism Pan-Europeanism European unionism Pan-European nationalism Panhispanism Pan-Iberism Pan-Indianism Pan-Iranism Pan-Islamism Pan-Latinism Mediterraneanism Pan-Mongolism Pan-Oceanianism Polish-Czechoslovak unionism Reintegrationism Saint Martin unionism Scandinavism Pan-Serbism Pan-Slavism Pan-Tatarism [ru; tt] Pan-Turkism Rattachism Rhodesia-Nyasaland unionism Soviet reunificationism Switzerland expansion Turanism Hungarian Turanism Yugoslavism
Territorial concepts	Abya Yala African federation Anglosphere Anglo-American unificationism Antillean Confederation Arab Union Arab world Assyria Balkan Federation Baltoscandia Basque Country British unionism Imperial Federation Cascadia movement Catalan Countries Celtic union Cossackia Danubian Confederation [de] East African Federation Federalisation of the European Union Greater Cambodia Caribbean Antilles West Indies Federation Franco-British Union Gran Colombia Greater Albania Unification of Albania and Kosovo Greater Argentina Greater Bangladesh Greater Bosnia Greater Bulgaria Greater China Greater Croatia Eritrean national identity nationalism Ethiopian national identity nationalism Greater Finland Galicia irredenta Greater Hungary Greater India Greater Indonesia Greater Iran Greater Iraq Greater Israel Greater Italy Greater Mauritania Greater Mexico Greater Moldova Greater Morocco Greater Nepal Greater Netherlands Greater Norway Greater Palestine Greater Poland Greater Portugal [pt] Greater Romania Greater Russia Greater Samoa Greater Serbia Greater Somalia Greater Spain Greater Syria Greater Tamil Nadu Great Timor Greater Ukraine Greater Vietnam Greater Yemen Greater Yugoslavia Hispanidad Indosphere Intermarium United States of Poland North American Union Latin Africa Lusosphere Malay world Maphilindo Megali Idea (Greece) Misak-ı Millî (Turkey) Kurdistan Occitania Padanian nationalism Pashtunistan Patria Grande Polynesian confederation Russian world Sahel Confederation Senegambia Confederation Sinosphere Tamazgha Triune Russia Union State United Armenia United Ireland United Macedonia Upper Peru Whole Azerbaijan Turan Zambesia
Pan-ethnic groups	Latinos, Hispanic peoples Habesha peoples

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