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⚫ '''Sudan stains''' and '''Sudan dyes''' are synthetic ]s that are used as dyes for various plastics and are also used to stain '''sudanophilic''' biological samples, usually ]s. ], ], ], ], and ]) are important members of this class of chemical compounds (see images below).
{{Merge to|Sudan dye|discuss=Talk:Sudan dye|date=May 2014}}
{{Unreferenced|date=December 2009}}
⚫ '''Sudan staining''' is the use of Sudan dyes to stain '''sudanophilic''' substances, usually ]s. Sudan ]s (], ], ], ], and ]) are used.


==Staining==
Sudan dyes have high affinity to fats, therefore they are used to demonstrate ]s, ]s, and ]s. Sudan dyes have high affinity to fats, therefore they are used to demonstrate ]s, ]s, and ]s. Alcoholic solutions of Sudan dyes are usually used, however ] solutions can be used in some situations as well.

Alcoholic solutions of Sudan dyes are usually used, however ] solutions can be used in some situations as well.


'''Sudan stain test''' is often used to determine the level of ] to diagnose ]. A small sample is dissolved in water or saline, ] is added to hydrolyze the insoluble salts of ]s, a few drops of alcoholic solution of Sudan III are added, the sample is spread on a microscopic slide, and heated twice to boil. Normally a stool sample should show only a few drops of red-orange stained fat under the microscope. The method is only semiquantitative but, due to its simplicity, it is used for ]. '''Sudan stain test''' is often used to determine the level of ] to diagnose ]. A small sample is dissolved in water or saline, ] is added to hydrolyze the insoluble salts of ]s, a few drops of alcoholic solution of Sudan III are added, the sample is spread on a microscopic slide, and heated twice to boil. Normally a stool sample should show only a few drops of red-orange stained fat under the microscope. The method is only semiquantitative but, due to its simplicity, it is used for ].


==Dying==
⚫ {{Stains}}
Since they are characteristically "oil-and fat-soluble," Sudan dyes are also useful for dying plastics and fabrics.<ref name="Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry">{{cite book|last=Booth|first=Gerald|title=Dyes, General Survey|year=2000|publisher=Wiley-VCH |doi=10.1002/14356007.a09_073}}</ref> Sudan dyes I-IV and Sudan Red G consist of ]-substituted ]s. Such compounds are known to exist as a pair of ]s:
:]

==Examples==
<gallery caption="Selected Sudan dyes" widths="180px" heights="120px" perrow="3">
File:Sudan I.svg|]
File:Sudan II.svg|]
File:Sudan III.svg|]
File:Sudan IV.svg|]
File:Sudan_Black_B.svg|]
File: Sudan Red G.png|]
</gallery>

==Safety==
Some spices exported from Asia are adulterated with Sudan dyes, especially Sudan I and Sudan III to enhance their colors. This finding has led to controversy because some Sudan dyes are carcinogenic in rats.<ref>Larsen, John Chr. "Legal and illegal colors" Trends in Food Science & Technology (2008), 19(Suppl. 1), S60-S65. {{DOI|10.1016/j.tifs.2008.07.008}}</ref>

==References==
<references />



{{DEFAULTSORT:Sudan Stain}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Sudan Stain}}
] ]
] ]
]
]
]
]
]
⚫ {{Stains}}

Revision as of 18:26, 26 May 2014

Sudan stains and Sudan dyes are synthetic organic compounds that are used as dyes for various plastics and are also used to stain sudanophilic biological samples, usually lipids. Sudan II, Sudan III, Sudan IV, Oil Red O, and Sudan Black B) are important members of this class of chemical compounds (see images below).

Staining

Sudan dyes have high affinity to fats, therefore they are used to demonstrate triglycerides, lipids, and lipoproteins. Alcoholic solutions of Sudan dyes are usually used, however pyridine solutions can be used in some situations as well.

Sudan stain test is often used to determine the level of fecal fat to diagnose steatorrhea. A small sample is dissolved in water or saline, glacial acetic acid is added to hydrolyze the insoluble salts of fatty acids, a few drops of alcoholic solution of Sudan III are added, the sample is spread on a microscopic slide, and heated twice to boil. Normally a stool sample should show only a few drops of red-orange stained fat under the microscope. The method is only semiquantitative but, due to its simplicity, it is used for screening.

Dying

Since they are characteristically "oil-and fat-soluble," Sudan dyes are also useful for dying plastics and fabrics. Sudan dyes I-IV and Sudan Red G consist of arylazo-substituted naphthols. Such compounds are known to exist as a pair of tautomers:

Examples

Safety

Some spices exported from Asia are adulterated with Sudan dyes, especially Sudan I and Sudan III to enhance their colors. This finding has led to controversy because some Sudan dyes are carcinogenic in rats.

References

  1. Booth, Gerald (2000). Dyes, General Survey. Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a09_073.
  2. Larsen, John Chr. "Legal and illegal colors" Trends in Food Science & Technology (2008), 19(Suppl. 1), S60-S65. doi:10.1016/j.tifs.2008.07.008
Microbial and histological stains
Iron/hemosiderin
Lipids
Carbohydrates
Amyloid
Bacteria
Connective tissue
Other
Tissue stainability
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