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Gallia Narbonensis was a Roman province located in what is now Languedoc and Provence, in southern France.

It became a province in 121 BC, originally under the name of Gallia Transalpina (Transalpine Gaul). The Romans called it Provincia Nostra ("our province") or simply Provincia ("the province"), a name which has survived in the modern name of the region, Provence. The name Gallia Narbonensis stems from the Roman colony of Narbo Martius (Narbonne) which was founded on the coast in 118 BC.

Bordering directly on Italy, control of the province gave the Roman state several advantages, such as control of the land route between Italy and the Iberian peninsula; a buffer against attacks on Italy by tribes from Gaul; and control of the lucrative trade routes of the Rhone valley, over which commercial goods flowed between Gaul and the trading center of Massalia, modern Marseille.

Transalpine Gaul

Transalpine Gaul was a Roman province whose name was chosen to distinguish it from Cisalpine Gaul. Transalpine means "the far side of the Alps", while Cisalpine would mean "this side of the Alps". Cisalpine Gaul was on the east of the Alps range, in the nowadays northern of Italia; while Transalpine Gaul was to the west, in the nowadays south-east of France. Together, the regions made up the region of Gaul, which was called Gallia by the Romans. The region that Transalpine Gaul contained is now most of France. Cisalpine Gaul included areas in France and Northern Italy.

The Latin name for this province was Gallia Transalpina. It became a Roman province in 121 BC. Later it was renamed Gallia Narbonensis, after its capital the Roman colony of Narbo Martius (Narbonne), which was founded on the coast in 118 BC.

Template:Roman provinces 120 AD

• Ancient Roman provinces
• Ancient Gauls
• Roman Gaul
• 121 BC establishments