| Revision as of 02:58, 17 July 2014 editTechnophant (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users, Pending changes reviewers, Rollbackers4,780 edits not sure where image was taken← Previous edit | Revision as of 03:34, 17 July 2014 edit undoTechnophant (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users, Pending changes reviewers, Rollbackers4,780 edits some biographical changesNext edit → | ||
| Line 6: | Line 6: | ||
| | alt = | | alt = | ||
| | caption = Image of Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi made during 2004 detention by US Forces | | caption = Image of Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi made during 2004 detention by US Forces | ||
| | name = Ibrahim<ref name="Abraham"/> | | name = Caliph Ibrahim<ref name="Abraham"/> | ||
| | title = | | title = | ||
| | full name = Ibrahim Awwad Ibrahim Ali al-Badri al-Samarrai <br> {{lang-ar|إبراهيم عواد إبراهيم البدري القرشي السامرائي}}<br><small>(nom de guerre Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi<br> {{lang-ar|أبو بكر البغدادي)}}</small> | | full name = Ibrahim Awwad Ibrahim Ali al-Badri al-Samarrai <br> {{lang-ar|إبراهيم عواد إبراهيم البدري القرشي السامرائي}}<br><small>(nom de guerre Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi<br> {{lang-ar|أبو بكر البغدادي)}}</small> | ||
| | birth_date = |
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1971}}<ref name="personal">{{cite web|url= http://www.webcitation.org/62d4QbpRM |title= Security council al-qaida sanctions committee adds ibrahim awwad ibrahim ali al-badri al-samarrai to its sanctions list |publisher= UN Security Council Department of Public Information | date=5 October 2011 |accessdate= 8 October 2011 }}</ref> | ||
| | birth_place = Near ], ]<ref name="personal" /> | | birth_place = Near ], ]<ref name="personal" /> | ||
| | death_date = | | death_date = | ||
| Line 27: | Line 27: | ||
| | predecessor3 = ] | | predecessor3 = ] | ||
| }} | }} | ||
| '''Ibrahim Awwad Ibrahim Ali al-Badri al-Samarrai''' ({{lang-ar|إبراهيم بن عواد بن إبراهيم بن علي بن محمد البدري السامرائي}}), formerly also known as '''Dr. Ibrahim''' and '''Abu |
'''Ibrahim Awwad Ibrahim Ali al-Badri al-Samarrai''' ({{lang-ar|إبراهيم بن عواد بن إبراهيم بن علي بن محمد البدري السامرائي}}), formerly also known as '''Dr. Ibrahim''' and '''Abu Du'a''' ({{lang|ar|أبو دعاء}}),<ref name="announcement">{{cite web|url= http://www.webcitation.org/62Hxw9AqD |title= Wanted: Abu Du'a; Up to $10 Million |publisher= ''Rewards for Justice'' |date= |accessdate=8 October 2011 }}</ref> most commonly known by the ] '''Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi''' ({{lang|ar|أبو بكر البغدادي}}),<ref name="Abu"/> and in an attempt to claim him as a descendant of Prophet ], more recently as '''Abu Bakr Al-Baghdadi Al-Husseini Al-Qurashi''' ({{lang-ar|أبو بكر البغدادي الحسيني القرشي}}) and now as '''] Caliph Ibrahim'''<ref name="Abraham">{{cite news|last1=Rubin|first1=Alissa J.|title=Militant Leader in Rare Appearance in Iraq|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/06/world/asia/iraq-abu-bakr-al-baghdadi-sermon-video.html|accessdate=6 July 2014|publisher=The New York Times|date=5 July 2014}}</ref><ref name="Ibrahim"/> ({{lang|ar|أمير المؤمنين الخليفة إبراهيم}}), has been named the ]—] and ] ]—of the self-proclaimed ] located in western ] and north-eastern ]. He is the former leader of the ] (ISIL), alternatively translated as the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS).<ref name="names">{{cite web|url= http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2014/05/226067.htm |title= Terrorist Designations of Groups Operating in Syria |publisher=U.S. Department of State |date=14 May 2014 |accessdate=13 June 2014}}</ref> | ||
| On 4 October 2011, the ] listed al-Baghdadi as a ] and announced a reward of US$10 million for information leading to his capture or death.<ref name="state">{{cite web|url= http://www.webcitation.org/62HxbVjBF |title= Terrorist Designation of Ibrahim Awwad Ibrahim Ali al-Badri |publisher= United States Department of State |date=4 October 2011 |accessdate=8 October 2011 }}</ref> Only ], chief of the global ] organization, merits a larger reward (US$25 million).<ref name="ayman">{{cite news|title=IRAQ: U.S. offers $10-million reward for Al Qaeda in Iraq leader|url=http://www.webcitation.org/62I0kqNH3|accessdate=8 October 2011|work=Los Angeles Times|date=7 October 2011}}</ref> | On 4 October 2011, the ] listed al-Baghdadi as a ] and announced a reward of US$10 million for information leading to his capture or death.<ref name="state">{{cite web|url= http://www.webcitation.org/62HxbVjBF |title= Terrorist Designation of Ibrahim Awwad Ibrahim Ali al-Badri |publisher= United States Department of State |date=4 October 2011 |accessdate=8 October 2011 }}</ref> Only ], chief of the global ] organization, merits a larger reward (US$25 million).<ref name="ayman">{{cite news|title=IRAQ: U.S. offers $10-million reward for Al Qaeda in Iraq leader|url=http://www.webcitation.org/62I0kqNH3|accessdate=8 October 2011|work=Los Angeles Times|date=7 October 2011}}</ref> | ||
| Line 73: | Line 73: | ||
| There has been much debate across the Muslim world about the legitimacy of these moves. | There has been much debate across the Muslim world about the legitimacy of these moves. | ||
| The declaration of a caliphate has been heavily criticized by Middle Eastern governments and other jihadist groups,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/theyre-delusional-rivals-ridicule-isis-declaration-of-islamic-state |title="They're delusional": Rivals ridicule ISIS declaration of Islamic state |publisher=CBS News |date= 30 June 2014 |accessdate=4 July 2014}}</ref> and by ] theologians and historians. ], a prominent scholar living in Qatar stated: " declaration issued by the Islamic State is void under sharia and has dangerous consequences for the Sunnis in Iraq and for the revolt in Syria", adding that the title of caliph can "only be given by the entire Muslim nation", not by a single group.<ref name="Caliph address">{{cite news|last1=Hannah Strange|title=Islamic State leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi addresses Muslims in Mosul|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/iraq/10948480/Islamic-State-leader-Abu-Bakr-al-Baghdadi-addresses-Muslims-in-Mosul.html|accessdate=6 July 2014|publisher=''Daily Telegraph''|date=5 July 2014}}</ref> | The declaration of a caliphate has been heavily criticized by Middle Eastern governments and other jihadist groups,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/theyre-delusional-rivals-ridicule-isis-declaration-of-islamic-state |title="They're delusional": Rivals ridicule ISIS declaration of Islamic state |publisher=CBS News |date= 30 June 2014 |accessdate=4 July 2014}}</ref> and by ] theologians and historians. ], a prominent scholar living in Qatar stated: " declaration issued by the Islamic State is void under ] and has dangerous consequences for the Sunnis in Iraq and for the revolt in Syria", adding that the title of caliph can "only be given by the entire Muslim nation", not by a single group.<ref name="Caliph address">{{cite news|last1=Hannah Strange|title=Islamic State leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi addresses Muslims in Mosul|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/iraq/10948480/Islamic-State-leader-Abu-Bakr-al-Baghdadi-addresses-Muslims-in-Mosul.html|accessdate=6 July 2014|publisher=''Daily Telegraph''|date=5 July 2014}}</ref> | ||
| On 2 July 2014, al-Baghdadi announced that ISIS would march on ] in its quest to establish an Islamic State from the Middle East across ], saying that he would conquer both Rome and Spain in this endeavor.<ref name="ISIS Head Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi Warns 'We Will Conquer Rome' ">{{cite news | url=http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2014/07/02/rome-conquer-islam_n_5550646.html?utm_hp_ref=mostpopular | title=ISIS Head Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi Warns 'We Will Conquer Rome' | publisher=''The Huffington Post''| date=2 July 2014 | accessdate=3 July 2014 | author=Elgot, Jessica}}</ref> | On 2 July 2014, al-Baghdadi announced that ISIS would march on ] in its quest to establish an Islamic State from the Middle East across ], saying that he would conquer both Rome and Spain in this endeavor.<ref name="ISIS Head Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi Warns 'We Will Conquer Rome' ">{{cite news | url=http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2014/07/02/rome-conquer-islam_n_5550646.html?utm_hp_ref=mostpopular | title=ISIS Head Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi Warns 'We Will Conquer Rome' | publisher=''The Huffington Post''| date=2 July 2014 | accessdate=3 July 2014 | author=Elgot, Jessica}}</ref> | ||
Revision as of 03:34, 17 July 2014
 | The neutrality of this article is disputed. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met. (July 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message) |
| Caliph Ibrahim | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Image of Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi made during 2004 detention by US Forces | |||||
| Caliph of the Islamic State | |||||
| Reign | 29 June 2014 – present | ||||
| Emir of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant | |||||
| In office | 8 April 2013 – 29 June 2014 | ||||
| Successor | Office abolished | ||||
| Emir of the Islamic State of Iraq | |||||
| In office | 16 May 2010 – 7 April 2013 | ||||
| Predecessor | Abu Omar al-Baghdadi | ||||
| Born | 1971 (age 52–53) Near Samarra, Iraq | ||||
| |||||
| Religion | Sunni Islam | ||||
Ibrahim Awwad Ibrahim Ali al-Badri al-Samarrai (Template:Lang-ar), formerly also known as Dr. Ibrahim and Abu Du'a (أبو دعاء), most commonly known by the nom de guerre Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi (أبو بكر البغدادي), and in an attempt to claim him as a descendant of Prophet Muhammad, more recently as Abu Bakr Al-Baghdadi Al-Husseini Al-Qurashi (Template:Lang-ar) and now as Amir al-Mu'minin Caliph Ibrahim (أمير المؤمنين الخليفة إبراهيم), has been named the Caliph—head of state and theocratic absolute monarch—of the self-proclaimed Islamic State located in western Iraq and north-eastern Syria. He is the former leader of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL), alternatively translated as the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS).
On 4 October 2011, the US State Department listed al-Baghdadi as a Specially Designated Global Terrorist and announced a reward of US$10 million for information leading to his capture or death. Only Ayman al-Zawahiri, chief of the global al-Qaeda organization, merits a larger reward (US$25 million).
Background
Al-Baghdadi is believed to have been born near Samarra, Iraq, in 1971. Reports suggest that he was a cleric in a mosque at around the time of the US-led invasion of Iraq in 2003. He earned a master's degree and a PhD in Islamic studies from the University of Islamic Sciences in the Baghdad suburb of Adhamiya.
Militant activity
| Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi | |
|---|---|
| Allegiance | al-Qaeda (formerly) |
| Commands | Islamic State of Iraq Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant |
| Battles / wars | Iraqi Insurgency Syrian Civil War 2014 Northern Iraq offensive |
After the US invasion of Iraq in 2003, al-Baghdadi reportedly led several smaller militant groups before being promoted to a seat on the Majlis al-Shura of the mujahideen and the judicial council of the Islamic State of Iraq.
According to US Department of Defense records, al-Baghdadi was held at Camp Bucca as a 'civilian internee' by US Forces-Iraq from early February 2004 until early December 2004, when he was released. A Combined Review and Release Board recommended an 'unconditional release' of al-Baghdadi and there is no record of him being held at any other time.
As leader of the Islamic State in Iraq
The Islamic State of Iraq (ISI)—also known as Al-Qaeda in Iraq or AQI—was the Iraqi division of the international Islamist militant organization al-Qaeda. Al-Baghdadi was announced as leader of the ISI on 16 May 2010, following the death of his predecessor Abu Omar al-Baghdadi in a raid the month before.
As leader of the ISI, al-Baghdadi was responsible for managing and directing large-scale operations such as the 28 August 2011 attack on the Umm al-Qura mosque in Baghdad that killed prominent Sunni lawmaker Khalid al-Fahdawi. Between March and April 2011, the ISI claimed 23 attacks south of Baghdad, all of which were alleged to have been carried out under al-Baghdadi's command.
Following the US commando raid on 2 May 2011 in Abbottabad, Pakistan that killed al-Qaeda supreme leader Osama bin Laden, al-Baghdadi released a statement eulogizing bin Laden and threatened violent retaliation for his death. On 5 May 2011, al-Baghdadi claimed responsibility for an attack in Hilla that killed 24 policemen and wounded 72 others.
On 15 August 2011, a wave of ISI suicide attacks beginning in Mosul resulted in 70 deaths. Shortly thereafter, the ISI pledged on its website to carry out 100 attacks across Iraq in retaliation for bin Laden's death. It stated that this campaign would feature various methods of attack, including raids, suicide attacks, roadside bombs and small arms attacks, in all cities and rural areas across the country.
On 22 December 2011, a series of coordinated car bombings and IED attacks struck over a dozen neighborhoods across Baghdad, killing at least 63 people and wounding 180; the assault came just days after the US completed its troop withdrawal from the country. On 26 December, the ISI released a statement on jihadist internet forums claiming credit for the operation, stating that the targets of the Baghdad attack were "accurately surveyed and explored" and that the "operations were distributed between targeting security headquarters, military patrols and gatherings of the filthy ones of the al-Dajjal Army", referring to the Mahdi Army of Shia Muqtada al-Sadr.
On 2 December 2012, Iraqi officials claimed that they had captured al-Baghdadi in Baghdad following a two-month tracking operation. Officials claimed that they had also seized a list containing the names and locations of other al-Qaeda operatives. However, this claim was rejected by the ISI. In an interview with Al Jazeera on 7 December 2012, Iraq's Acting Interior Minister said that the arrested man was not al-Baghdadi, but rather a section commander in charge of an area stretching from the northern outskirts of Baghdad to Taji.
As leader of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant
Al-Baghdadi remained leader of the ISI until its formal expansion into Syria in 2013, when in a statement on 8 April 2013, he announced the formation of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL)—alternatively translated from the Arabic as Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS). As the leader of ISIS, al-Baghdadi took charge of running all ISIS activity in Iraq and Syria.
When announcing the formation of ISIS, al-Baghdadi stated that the Syrian Civil War jihadist faction, Jabhat al-Nusra—also known as Al-Nusra Front—had been an extension of the ISI in Syria and was now to be merged with ISIS. The leader of Jabhat al-Nusra, Abu Mohammad al-Jawlani, disputed this merging of the two groups and appealed to al-Qaeda emir Ayman al-Zawahiri, who issued a statement that ISIS should be abolished and that al-Baghdadi should confine his group's activities to Iraq. Al-Baghdadi, however, dismissed al-Zawahiri's ruling and took control of a reported 80% of Jabhat al-Nusra's foreign fighters. In January 2014, ISIS expelled Jabhat al-Nusra from the Syrian city of Raqqa, and in the same month clashes between the two in Syria's Deir ez-Zor Governorate killed hundreds of fighters and displaced tens of thousands of civilians. In February 2014, al-Qaeda disavowed any relations with ISIS.
According to several Western sources, Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi and ISIS received financing and recruited fighters through Saudi Arabian and Qatari citizens recruitment drives.
As caliph of the Islamic State
On 29 June 2014, ISIS announced the establishment of a caliphate, al-Baghdadi was named its caliph, to be known as Caliph Ibrahim, and the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant was renamed the Islamic State. There has been much debate across the Muslim world about the legitimacy of these moves.
The declaration of a caliphate has been heavily criticized by Middle Eastern governments and other jihadist groups, and by Sunni Muslim theologians and historians. Yusuf al-Qaradawi, a prominent scholar living in Qatar stated: " declaration issued by the Islamic State is void under sharia and has dangerous consequences for the Sunnis in Iraq and for the revolt in Syria", adding that the title of caliph can "only be given by the entire Muslim nation", not by a single group.
On 2 July 2014, al-Baghdadi announced that ISIS would march on Rome in its quest to establish an Islamic State from the Middle East across Europe, saying that he would conquer both Rome and Spain in this endeavor.
On 5 July 2014, a video was released apparently showing al-Baghdadi making a speech at the Great Mosque of al-Nuri in Mosul, northern Iraq. A representative of the Iraqi government denied that the video was of al-Baghdadi, calling it a "farce". However, both the BBC and the Associated Press quoted unnamed Iraqi officials as saying that the man in the video was believed to be al-Baghdadi. In the video al-Baghdadi declared himself the world leader of Muslims and called on Muslims everywhere to support him.
References
- ^ Rubin, Alissa J. (5 July 2014). "Militant Leader in Rare Appearance in Iraq". The New York Times. Retrieved 6 July 2014.
- ^ Withnall, Adam. "Iraq crisis: Isis changes name and declares its territories a new Islamic state with 'restoration of caliphate' in Middle East". The Independent. Retrieved 30 June 2014.
- ^ "Iraqi Insurgent Group Names New Leaders". Los Angeles Times. 16 May 2010. Retrieved 13 June 2014.
- ^ "Security council al-qaida sanctions committee adds ibrahim awwad ibrahim ali al-badri al-samarrai to its sanctions list". UN Security Council Department of Public Information. 5 October 2011. Retrieved 8 October 2011.
- "Wanted: Abu Du'a; Up to $10 Million". Rewards for Justice. Retrieved 8 October 2011.
{{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|publisher=(help) - ^ "BBC News - Profile: Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi". BBC News. 11 June 2014. Retrieved 16 June 2014.
- ^ "ISIS Spokesman Declares Caliphate, Rebrands Group as "Islamic State"". SITE Institute. 29 June 2014. Retrieved 29 June 2014.
{{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|publisher=(help) - "Terrorist Designations of Groups Operating in Syria". U.S. Department of State. 14 May 2014. Retrieved 13 June 2014.
- ^ "Terrorist Designation of Ibrahim Awwad Ibrahim Ali al-Badri". United States Department of State. 4 October 2011. Retrieved 8 October 2011.
- "IRAQ: U.S. offers $10-million reward for Al Qaeda in Iraq leader". Los Angeles Times. 7 October 2011. Retrieved 8 October 2011.
- ^ Chulov, Martin (6 July 2014). "Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi emerges from shadows to rally Islamist followers". theguardian.com. Retrieved 6 July 2014.
- Carter, Chelsea, ; Hamdi, Alkhshali (6 July 2014). "Does video show ISIS leader? Iraq works to find out". CNN. Retrieved 8 July 2014.
{{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|publisher=(help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - Lister, Tim (13 June 2013). "ISIS: The first terror group to build an Islamic state?". CNN. Retrieved 14 July 2014.
- ^ Sly, Liz. "Al-Qaeda disavows any ties with radical Islamist ISIS group in Syria, Iraq". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2014-06-14.
- Beaumont, Peter (12 June 2014). "Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi: The ISIS chief with the ambition to overtake al-Qaida". The Guardian. Retrieved 14 June 2014.
- "Fox's Pirro: Obama set ISIS leader free in 2009". PolitiFact.com. Tampa Bay Times. 14 June 2014. Retrieved 20 June 2014.
- "Counterterrorism 2014 Calendar". National Counterterrorism Center. Retrieved 15 July 2014.
- ^ "Al Qaeda in Iraq claims Baghdad suicide attack, bombings". The Long War Journal. 27 December 2011. Retrieved 29 December 2011.
- "Iraq's 'al-Qaeda chief' arrested". Aljazeera. 2 December 2012. Retrieved 2 December 2012.
- "High-ranking al Qaeda in Iraq figure arrested, officials say". CNN. 2 December 2012. Retrieved 2 December 2012.
- Roggio, Bill (7 December 2012). "Islamic State of Iraq denies its emir captured". The Long War Journal. Retrieved 7 December 2012.
- "Detained man is not al-Qaeda in Iraq leader". Ajazeera. 7 December 2012. Retrieved 13 December 2012.
{{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|publisher=(help) - ^ "ISI Confirms That Jabhat Al-Nusra Is Its Extension in Syria, Declares 'Islamic State of Iraq And Al-Sham' As New Name of Merged Group". MEMRI. 8 April 2013. Retrieved 16 June 2014.
{{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|publisher=(help) - "Islamic State of Iraq and al-Shām « JIHADOLOGY". Jihadology.net. Retrieved 2013-12-08.
- Mroue, Bassem (11 June 2013). "Syria And Iraq Al Qaeda Merger Annulment Announced By Ayman Al Zawahri". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 13 July 2014.
- Abdul-Ahad, Ghaith (10 July 2013). "Syria's al-Nusra Front – ruthless, organised and taking control". The Guardian. Retrieved 8 December 2013.
- Holmes, Oliver (12 May 2014). "This disowned Al Qaeda branch is killing more Al Qaeda fighters in Syria than anyone else". Thomson Reuters. GlobalPost. Retrieved 13 June 2014.
- Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi (23 August 2013). "Bay'ah to Baghdadi: Foreign Support for Sheikh Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi and the Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham". Middle East Forum. Retrieved 6 July 2014.
{{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|publisher=(help) - Hauslohner, Abigail (13 June 2014). "Jihadist Expansion in Iraq puts Persian Gulf states in a tight spot". The Washington Post. Retrieved 6 July 2014.
{{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|publisher=(help) - Keating, Joshua (16 June 2014). "Why the Iraq Mess Is So Awkward for Saudi Arabia". Slate. Retrieved 6 July 2014.
{{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|publisher=(help) - "ISIL targets Saudi Arabia in recruitment drive". The National. 16 June 2014. Retrieved 6 July 2014.
{{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|publisher=(help) - ""They're delusional": Rivals ridicule ISIS declaration of Islamic state". CBS News. 30 June 2014. Retrieved 4 July 2014.
- ^ Hannah Strange (5 July 2014). "Islamic State leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi addresses Muslims in Mosul". Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 6 July 2014.
{{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|publisher=(help) - Elgot, Jessica (2 July 2014). "ISIS Head Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi Warns 'We Will Conquer Rome'". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 3 July 2014.
{{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|publisher=(help) - "Isis video 'shows al-Baghdadi alive' after death rumours". BBC News. 5 July 2014. Retrieved 6 July 2014.
- "Video purportedly shows extremist leader in Iraq". Associated Press. 5 July 2014. Retrieved 6 July 2014.
- "ISIS leader calls for global Muslim obedience". Middle East Star. 5 July 2014. Retrieved 7 July 2014.
