| Revision as of 23:08, 22 August 2014 editQuackGuru (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users79,978 edits See Talk:Chiropractor#Moved??. The content of article and title don't match.← Previous edit | Revision as of 14:17, 23 August 2014 edit undoVaulter (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users, Pending changes reviewers, Rollbackers20,662 editsm Last good versionNext edit → | ||
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| | title = Chiropractic degree | |||
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| The '''chiropractic ]''' is suggested to be obtained via three major full-time educational paths culminating in either a Doctor of Chiropractic (D.C.), DCM, BSc, or MSc degree.<ref name=WHO-guidelines/> D.C. is a degree for chiropractors in ]. | |||
| ⚫ | 1895 · ] | ||
| ⚫ | In some countries chiropractors earn a ] where training is entered after obtaining between 90 and 120 credit hours of university level work (see ]) and in most cases after obtaining a bachelors degree. The World Health Organization lists three potential educational paths involving full‐time chiropractic education |
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| ⚫ | ] | ||
| ⚫ | Upon meeting all clinical and ] requirements of chiropractic school, a degree in chiropractic is granted. However, in order to practice, chiropractors must be ]. The regulatory boards are responsible for protecting the public, standards of practice, disciplinary issues, quality assurance and maintenance of competency.<ref>], ] and parts of ].<ref name=WHO-guidelines>{{cite journal |author= World Health Organization|year=2005|title= WHO guidelines on basic training and safety in chiropractic|url=http://www.who.int/medicines/areas/traditional/Chiro-Guidelines.pdf|format=PDF|isbn= 92-4-159371-7|accessdate=2008-02-29}}</ref><ref name="2012 chiro status">{{cite web|title=The current status of the chiropractic profession|url=http://www.wfc.org/website/images/wfc/WHO_Submission-Final_Jan2013.pdf|publisher=World Federation of Chiropractic|accessdate=16 February 2013}}</ref> | ||
| ⚫ | ] | ||
| ⚫ | ] · ] | ||
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| '''Chiropractors''' practice ], a health care profession concerned with the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of disorders of the neuromusculoskeletal system and the effects of these disorders on general health.<ref name=WHO-guidelines/> Chiropractors emphasize ] for the treatment of ]s. Chiropractic is generally classified as ].<ref name=Chapman-Smith>{{cite book|author= Chapman-Smith DA, Cleveland CS III|chapter= International status, standards, and education of the chiropractic profession|pages=111–34|title= Principles and Practice of Chiropractic|edition=3rd|editor= Haldeman S, Dagenais S, Budgell B ''et al.'' (eds.)|publisher=McGraw-Hill|year=2005|isbn=0-07-137534-1}}</ref> "Doctor of Chiropractic" (D.C.) is a ] for chiropractors in ]. | |||
| ⚫ | In some countries chiropractors earn a ] where training is entered after obtaining between 90 and 120 credit hours of university level work (see ]) and in most cases after obtaining a bachelors degree. The World Health Organization lists three potential educational paths involving full‐time chiropractic education across the globe. This includes: 1 – 4 years of pre-requisite training in basic sciences at university level followed by a 4 year full‐time doctorate program; DC. A 5 year integrated ]; BSc (Chiro). A 2 - 3 year ] following the completion of a bachelor degree leads to the MSc (Chiro).<ref name=WHO-guidelines/> In South Africa the Masters of Technology in Chiropractic (M.Tech Chiro) is granted following 6 years of university. No less than 4200 student/teacher contact hours (or the equivalent) in four years of full‐time education. This includes a minimum of 1000 hours of supervised clinical training.<ref name=WHO-guidelines>{{cite journal |author= World Health Organization |year=2005 |title= WHO guidelines on basic training and safety in chiropractic |url=http://www.who.int/medicines/areas/traditional/Chiro-Guidelines.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2008-03-03}}</ref> Health professionals with advanced clinical degrees, such as medical doctors, can meet the educational and clinical requirements to practice as a chiropractor in 2200 hours, which is most commonly done in countries where the profession is in its infancy.<ref name=WHO>http://www.who.int/medicines/areas/traditional/Chiro-Guidelines.pdf</ref> | ||
| ⚫ | Upon meeting all clinical and ] requirements of chiropractic school, a degree in chiropractic is granted. However, in order to practice, chiropractors must be ]. The regulatory boards are responsible for protecting the public, standards of practice, disciplinary issues, quality assurance and maintenance of competency.<ref></ref> Currently, chiropractors practice in over 100 countries in all regions of the world, however chiropractors are most prevalent in ], ] and parts of ].<ref name=WHO-guidelines>{{cite journal |author= World Health Organization|year=2005|title= WHO guidelines on basic training and safety in chiropractic|url=http://www.who.int/medicines/areas/traditional/Chiro-Guidelines.pdf|format=PDF|isbn= 92-4-159371-7|accessdate=2008-02-29}}</ref><ref name="2012 chiro status">{{cite web|title=The current status of the chiropractic profession|url=http://www.wfc.org/website/images/wfc/WHO_Submission-Final_Jan2013.pdf|publisher=World Federation of Chiropractic|accessdate=16 February 2013}}</ref> | ||
| ==Training== | ==Training== | ||
| ], in ], ], ].]] | ], in ], ], ].]] | ||
| {{Main|Chiropractic education|List of chiropractic schools}} | {{Main|Chiropractic education|List of chiropractic schools}} | ||
| Regardless of the model of education utilized, prospective chiropractors without relevant prior health care education or experience, must spend no less than 4200 student/teacher contact hours (or the equivalent) in four years of full‐time education. This includes a minimum of 1000 hours of supervised clinical training.<ref name=WHO-guidelines>{{cite journal |author= World Health Organization |year=2005 |title= WHO guidelines on basic training and safety in chiropractic |url=http://www.who.int/medicines/areas/traditional/Chiro-Guidelines.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2008-03-03}}</ref> Health professionals with advanced clinical degrees, such as medical doctors, can meet the educational and clinical requirements to practice as a chiropractor in 2200 hours, which is most commonly done in countries where the profession is in its infancy.<ref name=WHO /> Upon meeting all clinical and didactic requirements of chiropractic school, a degree in chiropractic is granted. However, in order to legally practice, chiropractors, like all ] health care professionals, must be ]. All Chiropractic Examining Boards require candidates to complete a 12 month clinical internship to obtain licensure. Licensure is granted following successful completion of all state/provincial and national board exams so long as the chiropractor maintains ] insurance. Nonetheless, there are still some variations in educational standards internationally, depending on admission and graduation requirements. Chiropractic is regulated in North America by state/provincial ]. The regulatory boards are responsible for protecting the public, standards of practice, disciplinary issues, quality assurance and maintenance of competency.<ref></ref> | Regardless of the model of education utilized, prospective chiropractors without relevant prior health care education or experience, must spend no less than 4200 student/teacher contact hours (or the equivalent) in four years of full‐time education. This includes a minimum of 1000 hours of supervised clinical training.<ref name=WHO-guidelines>{{cite journal |author= World Health Organization |year=2005 |title= WHO guidelines on basic training and safety in chiropractic |url=http://www.who.int/medicines/areas/traditional/Chiro-Guidelines.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2008-03-03}}</ref> Health professionals with advanced clinical degrees, such as medical doctors, can meet the educational and clinical requirements to practice as a chiropractor in 2200 hours, which is most commonly done in countries where the profession is in its infancy.<ref name=WHO /> Upon meeting all clinical and didactic requirements of chiropractic school, a degree in chiropractic is granted. However, in order to legally practice, chiropractors, like all ] health care professionals, must be ]. All Chiropractic Examining Boards require candidates to complete a 12 month clinical internship to obtain licensure. Licensure is granted following successful completion of all state/provincial and national board exams so long as the chiropractor maintains ] insurance. Nonetheless, there are still some variations in educational standards internationally, depending on admission and graduation requirements. Chiropractic is regulated in North America by state/provincial ]. The regulatory boards are responsible for protecting the public, standards of practice, disciplinary issues, quality assurance and maintenance of competency.<ref></ref> | ||
| ==Regulation and accreditation== | ==Regulation and accreditation== | ||
| {{main|Councils on Chiropractic Education International}} | {{main|Councils on Chiropractic Education International}} | ||
| Regulations for chiropractic practice vary considerably from country to country. In some countries, such as. the United States of America, Canada and some European countries, chiropractic has been legally recognized and formal university degrees have been established. In these countries, the profession is regulated and the prescribed | Regulations for chiropractic practice vary considerably from country to country. In some countries, such as. the United States of America, Canada and some European countries, chiropractic has been legally recognized and formal university degrees have been established. In these countries, the profession is regulated and the prescribed | ||
| educational qualifications are generally consistent, satisfying the requirements of the respective accrediting agencies. |
educational qualifications are generally consistent, satisfying the requirements of the respective accrediting agencies. However, many countries have not yet developed chiropractic education or established laws to regulate the qualified practice of chiropractic. In addition, in some countries, other qualified health professionals and lay practitioners may use techniques of spinal manipulation and claim to provide chiropractic services, although they may not have received chiropractic training in an accredited programme. | ||
| Chiropractic is governed internationally by the Councils on Chiropractic Education International (CCEI). This body is officially recognized by the ] and the ] as the accrediting agency for schools of chiropractic across the world.<ref>{{cite web|title=Basic training and safety in chiropractic|url=http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/en/m/abstract/Js14076e/|publisher=World Health Organization|accessdate=16 February 2013}}</ref> | Chiropractic is governed internationally by the Councils on Chiropractic Education International (CCEI). This body is officially recognized by the ] and the ] as the accrediting agency for schools of chiropractic across the world.<ref>{{cite web|title=Basic training and safety in chiropractic|url=http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/en/m/abstract/Js14076e/|publisher=World Health Organization|accessdate=16 February 2013}}</ref> | ||
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| ===South Africa=== | ===South Africa=== | ||
| In South Africa there are two schools of chiropractic: the ] and the ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chiropractic.co.za/index.html?lf=1;pg=14 |title=CASA : Student Info |accessdate=2009-10-19 }}</ref> They are both 6-year full-time courses leading to an MTECH or Masters of technology in Chiropractic. It |
In SA(South Africa) there are two schools of chiropractic: the ] and the ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chiropractic.co.za/index.html?lf=1;pg=14 |title=CASA : Student Info |accessdate=2009-10-19 }}</ref> They are both 6-year full-time courses leading to an MTECH or Masters of technology in Chiropractic. It's a legal requirement that chiropractors must be registered with the the governmental statutory body in order to practice Chiropractic in SA. Being a member of the is voluntary. CASA is the only voluntary national association in the country and aims to promote the profession through publications in newspaper, interviews, internet and public enquires over the phone. | ||
| ===United Kingdom=== | ===United Kingdom=== | ||
| In 1993 Princess Diana visited the ] and became its patron by calling for legislation to prevent unqualified individuals from practicing chiropractic in the UK.<ref name=patron>{{cite journal|last=Staff|first=|title=Chiropractic Report Calls for Registry of DCs in United Kingdom|journal=Dynamic Chiropractic |volume=11|page=|issue=13|date=June 18, 1993|url=http://www.chiroweb.com/mpacms/dc/article.php?id=42352}}</ref> In 1994, Parliament passed legislation regulating the practice of |
In 1993 Princess Diana visited the ] and became its patron by calling for legislation to prevent unqualified individuals from practicing chiropractic in the UK.<ref name=patron>{{cite journal|last=Staff|first=|title=Chiropractic Report Calls for Registry of DCs in United Kingdom|journal=Dynamic Chiropractic |volume=11|page=|issue=13|date=June 18, 1993|url=http://www.chiroweb.com/mpacms/dc/article.php?id=42352}}</ref> In 1994, Parliament passed legislation regulating the practice of Chiropractic, like other health care professions, and creating the ] as the regulatory board. Since that time, it is illegal to call oneself a Chiropractor in the UK without being registered with the General Chiropractic Council.<ref>{{cite web| title = Regulation of chiropractic| url = http://www.chiropractic-uk.co.uk/default.aspx?m=3&mi=19&ms=8&title=Regulation+of+chiropractic | accessdate = 12/02/2009 }}</ref> There are three UK chiropractic colleges with chiropractic courses recognised by the ] (GCC), the statutory governmental body responsible for the regulation of chiropractic in the UK.<ref></ref> ] offers an Undergraduate Master Degree in human Chiropractic and two post-graduate Masters programmes in Animal Manipulation, plus a masters in Paediatric Chiropractic.<ref></ref> The Anglo-European College of Chiropractic and the University of Glamorgan chiropractic graduates with the Masters degree (MChiro). | ||
| ===United States=== | ===United States=== | ||
| Line 50: | Line 48: | ||
| ===New Zealand=== | ===New Zealand=== | ||
| As of 2005, the New Zealand College of Chiropractic (NZCC). obtained accreditation by the CCEA (Council on Chiropractic Education Australasia) and subsequently the CCEI. | |||
| ==Chiropractic specialities== | ==Chiropractic specialities== | ||
| Line 58: | Line 56: | ||
| ===Fellowships and other credentials=== | ===Fellowships and other credentials=== | ||
| Chiropractors, like other health care professionals, can pursue ] education in various chiropractic specialties. Most are |
Chiropractors, like other health care professionals, can pursue ] education in various chiropractic specialties. Most are 2 year post-graduates degrees in chiropractic specialities such as clinical sciences, ], radiology, ] and others. There are other chiropractic credentials that may or may not be recognized by the major health care organizations, medical or chiropractic communities. | ||
| ==Chiropractic career== | ==Chiropractic career== | ||
| Realistic median annual wage of chiropractors |
Realistic median annual wage of chiropractors was $66,160 in May 2012.<ref>Occupational Outlook Handbook, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 8 January 2014: http://www.bls.gov/ooh/healthcare/chiropractors.htm</ref> According to Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Chiropractic Student Loan Default Rates for October 1999, May 2010, and January 2012 are 54%, 53.8%, and 52.8% respectively.<ref>Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), January 2012: http://www.chirobase.org/03Edu/ | ||
| </ref> | </ref> | ||
Revision as of 14:17, 23 August 2014
Chiropractic1895 · Davenport, US
World Federation of Chiropractic
Chiropractors practice chiropractic, a health care profession concerned with the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of disorders of the neuromusculoskeletal system and the effects of these disorders on general health. Chiropractors emphasize manual and manipulative therapy for the treatment of joint dysfunctions. Chiropractic is generally classified as complementary/alternative medicine. "Doctor of Chiropractic" (D.C.) is a degree for chiropractors in North America.
In some countries chiropractors earn a professional doctorate where training is entered after obtaining between 90 and 120 credit hours of university level work (see second entry degree) and in most cases after obtaining a bachelors degree. The World Health Organization lists three potential educational paths involving full‐time chiropractic education across the globe. This includes: 1 – 4 years of pre-requisite training in basic sciences at university level followed by a 4 year full‐time doctorate program; DC. A 5 year integrated bachelor degree; BSc (Chiro). A 2 - 3 year Masters degree following the completion of a bachelor degree leads to the MSc (Chiro). In South Africa the Masters of Technology in Chiropractic (M.Tech Chiro) is granted following 6 years of university. No less than 4200 student/teacher contact hours (or the equivalent) in four years of full‐time education. This includes a minimum of 1000 hours of supervised clinical training. Health professionals with advanced clinical degrees, such as medical doctors, can meet the educational and clinical requirements to practice as a chiropractor in 2200 hours, which is most commonly done in countries where the profession is in its infancy.
Upon meeting all clinical and didactic requirements of chiropractic school, a degree in chiropractic is granted. However, in order to practice, chiropractors must be licensed. The regulatory boards are responsible for protecting the public, standards of practice, disciplinary issues, quality assurance and maintenance of competency. Currently, chiropractors practice in over 100 countries in all regions of the world, however chiropractors are most prevalent in North America, Australia and parts of Europe.
Training
Regardless of the model of education utilized, prospective chiropractors without relevant prior health care education or experience, must spend no less than 4200 student/teacher contact hours (or the equivalent) in four years of full‐time education. This includes a minimum of 1000 hours of supervised clinical training. Health professionals with advanced clinical degrees, such as medical doctors, can meet the educational and clinical requirements to practice as a chiropractor in 2200 hours, which is most commonly done in countries where the profession is in its infancy. Upon meeting all clinical and didactic requirements of chiropractic school, a degree in chiropractic is granted. However, in order to legally practice, chiropractors, like all self regulated health care professionals, must be licensed. All Chiropractic Examining Boards require candidates to complete a 12 month clinical internship to obtain licensure. Licensure is granted following successful completion of all state/provincial and national board exams so long as the chiropractor maintains malpractice insurance. Nonetheless, there are still some variations in educational standards internationally, depending on admission and graduation requirements. Chiropractic is regulated in North America by state/provincial statute. The regulatory boards are responsible for protecting the public, standards of practice, disciplinary issues, quality assurance and maintenance of competency.
Regulation and accreditation
Main article: Councils on Chiropractic Education InternationalRegulations for chiropractic practice vary considerably from country to country. In some countries, such as. the United States of America, Canada and some European countries, chiropractic has been legally recognized and formal university degrees have been established. In these countries, the profession is regulated and the prescribed educational qualifications are generally consistent, satisfying the requirements of the respective accrediting agencies. However, many countries have not yet developed chiropractic education or established laws to regulate the qualified practice of chiropractic. In addition, in some countries, other qualified health professionals and lay practitioners may use techniques of spinal manipulation and claim to provide chiropractic services, although they may not have received chiropractic training in an accredited programme.
Chiropractic is governed internationally by the Councils on Chiropractic Education International (CCEI). This body is officially recognized by the World Federation of Chiropractic and the World Health Organization as the accrediting agency for schools of chiropractic across the world. The minimum prerequisite for enrollment in a chiropractic college set forth by the CCEI is 90 semester hours, and the minimum cumulative GPA for a student entering is 3.0 on a 4.0 scale. Common prerequisite classes include those of the biological, chemical, & physical sciences, including: human anatomy and physiology, embryology, genetics, microbiology, immunology, cellular biology, exercise physiology, kinesiology, general chemistry, organic chemistry, analytical chemistry, biochemistry, toxicology/pharmacology, nutrition, nuclear medicine, physics, biomechanics, and statistics. Chiropractic programs require at least 4,200 hours of combined classroom, laboratory, and clinical experience.
Australia
In Australia, a minimum of five-years worth of chiropractic education is needed before one may register as a practicing chiropractor. Chiropractic is taught at four public universities: RMIT in Melbourne, Murdoch University in Perth, Macquarie University in Sydney and new in 2012 Central Queensland University in Mackay. The RMIT, UCQ and Macquarie programs graduate chiropractors with a bachelors degree followed by a masters degree while Murdoch University graduates attain a double bachelors degree, any of which is necessary for registration with state registration boards.
A graduate of RMIT will have attained a Bachelor of Applied Science (Chiropractic) and a Master of Clinical Chiropractic. Similarly, a typical graduate of Macquarie University will have a Bachelor of Chiropractic Science followed by a Master of Chiropractic. Murdoch University graduates possess the double-degree of Bachelor of Science (Chiropractic Science) / Bachelor of Chiropractic. Students at University of Central Queensland graduate with a Bachelor of Science (Chiropractic) followed by a Master of Chiropractic Science.
Canada
Canadian chiropractors received their Doctorate in Chiropractic (D.C.) following a minimum of 7 years of university. There are currently two schools of chiropractic in Canada: Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College, in Toronto, Ontario and the Universite du Quebec a Trois Rivieres, in Trois Rivieres, Quebec. Both programs are fully accredited by the Canadian Federation of Chiropractic Regulatory and Educational Accrediting Boards. In 2010, the majority of students (87%) entering the CMCC program had completed a baccalaureate university degree, and approximately 3% have a graduate degree.
South Africa
In SA(South Africa) there are two schools of chiropractic: the Durban Institute of Technology and the University of Johannesburg. They are both 6-year full-time courses leading to an MTECH or Masters of technology in Chiropractic. It's a legal requirement that chiropractors must be registered with the Allied Health Professions Council of SA (AHPCSA) the governmental statutory body in order to practice Chiropractic in SA. Being a member of the Chiropractic Association of SA (CASA) is voluntary. CASA is the only voluntary national association in the country and aims to promote the profession through publications in newspaper, interviews, internet and public enquires over the phone.
United Kingdom
In 1993 Princess Diana visited the Anglo-European College of Chiropractic and became its patron by calling for legislation to prevent unqualified individuals from practicing chiropractic in the UK. In 1994, Parliament passed legislation regulating the practice of Chiropractic, like other health care professions, and creating the General Chiropractic Council as the regulatory board. Since that time, it is illegal to call oneself a Chiropractor in the UK without being registered with the General Chiropractic Council. There are three UK chiropractic colleges with chiropractic courses recognised by the General Chiropractic Council (GCC), the statutory governmental body responsible for the regulation of chiropractic in the UK. McTimoney College of Chiropractic offers an Undergraduate Master Degree in human Chiropractic and two post-graduate Masters programmes in Animal Manipulation, plus a masters in Paediatric Chiropractic. The Anglo-European College of Chiropractic and the University of Glamorgan chiropractic graduates with the Masters degree (MChiro).
United States
American chiropractors received their Doctorate in Chiropractic (D.C.) following a minimum of 7 years of university. There are currently 18 schools of chiropractic in the United States. In the United States, schools of chiropractic follow either a 'mixer' or 'straight' paradigm; the two schools of thought lead to two national bodies, the International Chiropractors Association and the American Chiropractic Association. Mixers form the majority of American chiropractors; however, straight practice chiropractors are believed to have a disproportionate influence since they are "purists".
New Zealand
As of 2005, the New Zealand College of Chiropractic (NZCC). obtained accreditation by the CCEA (Council on Chiropractic Education Australasia) and subsequently the CCEI.
Chiropractic specialities
Chiropractic scientists (DC/PhD)
Chiropractors can conduct clinical and basic scientific research and publish in peer-reviewed journals during training and after graduation. Chiropractors can also pursue a Ph.D degree in various health care disciplines including epidemiology, biomechanics, neurophysiology and kinesiology.
Fellowships and other credentials
Chiropractors, like other health care professionals, can pursue post-graduate education in various chiropractic specialties. Most are 2 year post-graduates degrees in chiropractic specialities such as clinical sciences, sports chiropractic, radiology, animal chiropractic and others. There are other chiropractic credentials that may or may not be recognized by the major health care organizations, medical or chiropractic communities.
Chiropractic career
Realistic median annual wage of chiropractors was $66,160 in May 2012. According to Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Chiropractic Student Loan Default Rates for October 1999, May 2010, and January 2012 are 54%, 53.8%, and 52.8% respectively.
References
- ^ World Health Organization (2005). "WHO guidelines on basic training and safety in chiropractic" (PDF). Retrieved 2008-03-03.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) Cite error: The named reference "WHO-guidelines" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page). - Chapman-Smith DA, Cleveland CS III (2005). "International status, standards, and education of the chiropractic profession". In Haldeman S, Dagenais S, Budgell B et al. (eds.) (ed.). Principles and Practice of Chiropractic (3rd ed.). McGraw-Hill. pp. 111–34. ISBN 0-07-137534-1.
{{cite book}}:|editor=has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link) - ^ http://www.who.int/medicines/areas/traditional/Chiro-Guidelines.pdf
- Facts & FAQs
- "The current status of the chiropractic profession" (PDF). World Federation of Chiropractic. Retrieved 16 February 2013.
- Facts & FAQs
- "Basic training and safety in chiropractic". World Health Organization. Retrieved 16 February 2013.
- "Admissions Requirements - D.C". Palmer.edu. Retrieved 2012-09-16.
- RMIT Chiropractic
- Macquarie University Department of Chiropractic
- Murdoch University Chiropractic
- CQU - Bachelor of Science (Chiropractic)
- "Accreditation of Educational Programmes". Canadian Federation of Chiropractic Regulatory and Educational Accrediting Boards. Retrieved 2009-10-16.
- "An Overview of CMCC Admissions - Shortcuts: Admissions Brochure". Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College. Retrieved 2011-08-21.
- "CASA : Student Info". Retrieved 2009-10-19.
- Staff (June 18, 1993). "Chiropractic Report Calls for Registry of DCs in United Kingdom". Dynamic Chiropractic. 11 (13).
- "Regulation of chiropractic". Retrieved 12/02/2009.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|accessdate=(help) - GCC Criteria for Recognition of Degrees in Chiropractic
- McTimoney College Prospectus
- Keating JC Jr (2005). "Philosophy in chiropractic". In Haldeman S, Dagenais S, Budgell B et al. (eds.) (ed.). Principles and Practice of Chiropractic (3rd ed.). McGraw-Hill. pp. 77–98. ISBN 0-07-137534-1.
{{cite book}}:|editor=has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link) - Kaptchuk TJ, Eisenberg DM (1998). "Chiropractic: origins, controversies, and contributions". Arch Intern Med. 158 (20): 2215–24. doi:10.1001/archinte.158.20.2215. PMID 9818801.
- "Research chairs and professorships". Canadian Chiropractic Research Foundation. Retrieved 16 February 2013.
- Occupational Outlook Handbook, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 8 January 2014: http://www.bls.gov/ooh/healthcare/chiropractors.htm
- Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), January 2012: http://www.chirobase.org/03Edu/