Revision as of 14:06, 29 August 2014 editNikkimaria (talk | contribs)Autopatrolled, Extended confirmed users231,460 edits per discussion this version should be fine← Previous edit | Revision as of 19:26, 29 August 2014 edit undoPBS (talk | contribs)Autopatrolled116,854 edits Added an Aftermath section modified from the previous source but with full attribution.Next edit → | ||
Line 28: | Line 28: | ||
However, south of Paris the Grand Army had succeeded in advancing between Marshal ] and Marshal ], forcing them to establish a defensive line just {{convert|18|mi|km}} from Paris. Napoleon arrived to fight the ] on 18 February 1814. Blücher led another advance towards Paris on 24 February before being forced to withdraw on 2 March under pursuit by Napoleon. Napoleon tried to march towards Laon but was confronted by Blücher's forces in the ], where he lost over 6000 men. On 9 March the ] began; Napoleon's forces were severely outnumbered in this fight, and many of his marshals were defeated in conflicts elsewhere around Paris. Nevertheless, he gained a quick victory in a skirmish near Reims on 13/14 March and began pursuing Schwarzenberg's forces. Napoleon won a very narrow victory against the Grand Army in the ], but withdrew. A letter outlining his plan to move on the Marne was intercepted by the Coalition, which prepared to attack Paris in his absence.<ref name=guelph>{{citation|url=http://www.uoguelph.ca/~sday/napoleontour/tours/default.html|publisher=University of Guelph|title=Traveling the French Campaign of 1814}}</ref> | However, south of Paris the Grand Army had succeeded in advancing between Marshal ] and Marshal ], forcing them to establish a defensive line just {{convert|18|mi|km}} from Paris. Napoleon arrived to fight the ] on 18 February 1814. Blücher led another advance towards Paris on 24 February before being forced to withdraw on 2 March under pursuit by Napoleon. Napoleon tried to march towards Laon but was confronted by Blücher's forces in the ], where he lost over 6000 men. On 9 March the ] began; Napoleon's forces were severely outnumbered in this fight, and many of his marshals were defeated in conflicts elsewhere around Paris. Nevertheless, he gained a quick victory in a skirmish near Reims on 13/14 March and began pursuing Schwarzenberg's forces. Napoleon won a very narrow victory against the Grand Army in the ], but withdrew. A letter outlining his plan to move on the Marne was intercepted by the Coalition, which prepared to attack Paris in his absence.<ref name=guelph>{{citation|url=http://www.uoguelph.ca/~sday/napoleontour/tours/default.html|publisher=University of Guelph|title=Traveling the French Campaign of 1814}}</ref> | ||
On 2 April, the |
On 2 April, the French Senate agreed to the Coalition's terms and passed a resolution deposing Napoleon (]).{{sfn|Alison|1860|pp=187–188}} They also passed a decree dated 5 April, justifying their actions.{{sfn|Alison|1860|p=190}} Napoleon had advanced as far as ] when he learned that Paris had surrendered. When Napoleon proposed the army march on the capital, his marshals decided to mutiny.{{sfn|Gates|2003|p=259}} On 4 April, Napoleon abdicated in favour of his son, with Marie-Louise as regent.{{sfn|Alison|1860|p=197}} However, the Coalition refused to accept this. Napoleon was then forced to announce his unconditional abdication on the 6 April,{{sfn|Alison|1860|p=205}} and a few days later on 13 April under the terms of the ] Napoleon accepted a pension for his relatives and exile for himself to the island Elbe.{{sfn|Lamartine|1854|pp=202–207}} ] was restored to the French throne, but under certain conditions including that of the establishment of a French Parliament.{{sfn|Turk|1999|p=68}} | ||
==Aftermath== | |||
On 5 of May—two days after Napoleon set sail on the British brig of war ], bound for his new realm of Elba—the treaty of ] was signed by Louis XVIII's plenipotentiaries and the major Coalition powers.{{sfn|Nofi|1998|p=20}}{{sfn|Turk|1999|p=68}} France was stripped of most of her territorial gains, and reduced to its borders of November 1792.{{sfn|Turk|1999|p=68}} In addition, although she kept some of her colonies she ], ] and ]. The treaty was quite lenient (compared to the treaty which was imposed oh her the following year ]. As for the difficult question as to how the map of Europe should be redrawn, that was postponed by common consent, to be decided at the ] to be held in the autumn.{{sfn|Turk|1999|p=68}}{{sfn|Alexander|2012|pages=4–5}} | |||
The Coalition powers hoped, that by granting this lenient peace, France might be welcomed back to become a cooperating member of the European nations, but the ] were not over for the very next year Napoleon escaped from Elba and returned to France, he was opposed by the powers of the ] who ], re-invaded the country and forced him to abdicate for a second and final time.{{sfn|Alexander|2012|pages=4–5}} | |||
==Notes== | ==Notes== | ||
Line 35: | Line 40: | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
*{{Citation |last=Alison |first=Archibald |year=1860 |title=History of Europe from the Commencement of the French Revolution to the Restoration of the Bourbons in 1815|edition=ten |publisher=W. Blackwood Alison |page=}} | |||
*{{Citation |last=Alexander |first=R. S. |year=2012 |title=Europe's Uncertain Path 1814-1914: State Formation and Civil Society |edition=illustrated |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=9781405100526 |pages=–5}} | |||
*{{Citation|last=Gates|first=David|title=The Napoleonic Wars, 1803–1815|publisher=Pimlico|isbn=0-7126-0719-6|year=2003}} | *{{Citation|last=Gates|first=David|title=The Napoleonic Wars, 1803–1815|publisher=Pimlico|isbn=0-7126-0719-6|year=2003}} | ||
*{{Citation |last=Hodgson |first=William |year=1841 |title=The life of Napoleon Bonaparte, once Emperor of the French, who died in exile, at St. Helena, after a captivity of six years' duration |publisher=Orlando Hodgson |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=SOlBAAAAcAAJ}} | *{{Citation |last=Hodgson |first=William |year=1841 |title=The life of Napoleon Bonaparte, once Emperor of the French, who died in exile, at St. Helena, after a captivity of six years' duration |publisher=Orlando Hodgson |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=SOlBAAAAcAAJ}} | ||
* {{Citation |last=Lamartine |first=Alphonse de |year=1854 |title=The History of the Restoration of Monarchy in France |publisher= H. G. Bohn (New York Public Library) |pages=202–207}} | |||
*{{Citation |last=Nofi |first=Albert A. |year=1998 |title=The Waterloo Campaign, June 1815 |publisher=Da Capo Press |isbn=9780306816949 |page=}} | |||
*{{Citation |last=Turk |first=Eleanor L. |year=1999 |title=The History of Germany |edition=illustrated |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=9780313302749 |page=}} | |||
'''Attribution'''<!--See ] guideline for attribution of sources.--> | |||
* {{Wikia content|sitename=Napoleonbonaparte |articlename=1814 Campaign in France |datecopied=26 February 2014|date=March 2014}} | |||
] | ] |
Revision as of 19:26, 29 August 2014
1814 campaign in northern France | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Part of the War of the Sixth Coalition | |||||||
1814 campaign in France by Meissonier | |||||||
| |||||||
Commanders and leaders | |||||||
Schwarzenberg Blücher | Napoleon | ||||||
Strength | |||||||
More than 1 million | Between 150,000 and 360,000 | ||||||
Casualties and losses | |||||||
At least 100,000 casualties | At least 65,000 casualties |
The 1814 campaign in northern France involved Coalition armies fighting a series of battles against Napoleon Bonaparte on French territory after his defeat at the 1813 Battle of Leipzig. At the campaign's conclusion, the Coalition captured Paris and exiled Napoleon to Elba.
The Coalition crossed the Rhine with a three-pronged force totalling 350,000 men, aiming to converge on Paris:
- The Army of Bohemia or Grand Army, with 210,000 Austrian troops under Schwarzenberg, passed through Swiss territory and crossed the Rhine between Basel and Schafhausen on the 20th of December 1813.
- The Army of Silesia, with 75,000 Prussians and Russians under Blücher, crossed the Rhine between Rastadt and Koblenz on 1 January 1814.
- The Army of the North, with Prussian and Russian corps under the command of Wintzingerode and Bülow, and Dutch troops under Bernadotte, "quickly followed".
Napoleon attempted to counter the incursion of the Army of Silesia shortly after their crossing but arrived too late, meeting only the rearguard. Engaging in pursuit, he met the force at Brienne on 29 January 1814, inflicting 4000 casualties and taking 3000 of his own. Blücher and Schwarzenberg's forces combined three days later to attack Napoleon in the Battle of La-Rothière. Napoleon retreated and the Coalition continued their three-part advance towards Paris. On 10 February Napoleon won a victory in the Battle of Champaubert. He thus took a central position between divisions of the Army of Silesia, winning further victories in the battles of Montmirail and Vauchamps to complete his Six Days' Campaign.
However, south of Paris the Grand Army had succeeded in advancing between Marshal Oudinot and Marshal Victor, forcing them to establish a defensive line just 18 miles (29 km) from Paris. Napoleon arrived to fight the Battle of Montereau on 18 February 1814. Blücher led another advance towards Paris on 24 February before being forced to withdraw on 2 March under pursuit by Napoleon. Napoleon tried to march towards Laon but was confronted by Blücher's forces in the Battle of Craonne, where he lost over 6000 men. On 9 March the Battle of Laon began; Napoleon's forces were severely outnumbered in this fight, and many of his marshals were defeated in conflicts elsewhere around Paris. Nevertheless, he gained a quick victory in a skirmish near Reims on 13/14 March and began pursuing Schwarzenberg's forces. Napoleon won a very narrow victory against the Grand Army in the Battle of Arcis-sur-Aube, but withdrew. A letter outlining his plan to move on the Marne was intercepted by the Coalition, which prepared to attack Paris in his absence.
On 2 April, the French Senate agreed to the Coalition's terms and passed a resolution deposing Napoleon (Acte de déchéance de l'Empereur). They also passed a decree dated 5 April, justifying their actions. Napoleon had advanced as far as Fontainebleau when he learned that Paris had surrendered. When Napoleon proposed the army march on the capital, his marshals decided to mutiny. On 4 April, Napoleon abdicated in favour of his son, with Marie-Louise as regent. However, the Coalition refused to accept this. Napoleon was then forced to announce his unconditional abdication on the 6 April, and a few days later on 13 April under the terms of the Treaty of Fontainebleau Napoleon accepted a pension for his relatives and exile for himself to the island Elbe. Louis XVIII was restored to the French throne, but under certain conditions including that of the establishment of a French Parliament.
Aftermath
On 5 of May—two days after Napoleon set sail on the British brig of war HMS Undaunted, bound for his new realm of Elba—the treaty of Treaty of Paris (1814) was signed by Louis XVIII's plenipotentiaries and the major Coalition powers. France was stripped of most of her territorial gains, and reduced to its borders of November 1792. In addition, although she kept some of her colonies she Tobago, Santa Lucia and Mauritius. The treaty was quite lenient (compared to the treaty which was imposed oh her the following year Treaty of Paris (1815). As for the difficult question as to how the map of Europe should be redrawn, that was postponed by common consent, to be decided at the Congress of Vienna to be held in the autumn.
The Coalition powers hoped, that by granting this lenient peace, France might be welcomed back to become a cooperating member of the European nations, but the Napoleonic Wars were not over for the very next year Napoleon escaped from Elba and returned to France, he was opposed by the powers of the Seventh Coalition who defeated his army at Waterloo, re-invaded the country and forced him to abdicate for a second and final time.
Notes
This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (February 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message) |
- ^ Hodgson 1841, p. 504.
- ^ Traveling the French Campaign of 1814, University of Guelph
- Alison 1860, pp. 187–188.
- Alison 1860, p. 190.
- Gates 2003, p. 259.
- Alison 1860, p. 197.
- Alison 1860, p. 205.
- Lamartine 1854, pp. 202–207.
- ^ Turk 1999, p. 68.
- Nofi 1998, p. 20.
- ^ Alexander 2012, pp. 4–5.
References
- Alison, Archibald (1860), History of Europe from the Commencement of the French Revolution to the Restoration of the Bourbons in 1815 (ten ed.), W. Blackwood Alison, p. 197
- Alexander, R. S. (2012), Europe's Uncertain Path 1814-1914: State Formation and Civil Society (illustrated ed.), John Wiley & Sons, pp. 4–5, ISBN 9781405100526
- Gates, David (2003), The Napoleonic Wars, 1803–1815, Pimlico, ISBN 0-7126-0719-6
- Hodgson, William (1841), The life of Napoleon Bonaparte, once Emperor of the French, who died in exile, at St. Helena, after a captivity of six years' duration, Orlando Hodgson
- Lamartine, Alphonse de (1854), The History of the Restoration of Monarchy in France, H. G. Bohn (New York Public Library), pp. 202–207
- Nofi, Albert A. (1998), The Waterloo Campaign, June 1815, Da Capo Press, p. 20, ISBN 9780306816949
- Turk, Eleanor L. (1999), The History of Germany (illustrated ed.), Greenwood Publishing Group, p. 68, ISBN 9780313302749
Attribution
- This article incorporates material derived from the "1814 Campaign in France" article on the Napoleonbonaparte wiki at Fandom (formerly Wikia) and is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 License (26 February 2014).