Lost literary work and Epic of Ergenekon: Difference between pages

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			{{For\|the alleged organization within Turkey\|Ergenekon (organization)}}
	A '''lost work''' is a document or ] work produced some time in the past of which no surviving copies are known to exist. Works may be lost to history either through the destruction of the original manuscript, or through the non-survival of any copies of the work. Deliberate destruction of works may be termed '''literary crime''' or '''literary vandalism'''.
			'''Ergenekon''' or '''Ergeneqon''' is a ]ian ].<ref name="sudryn">]]</ref><ref name="Abulghazi">], ""</ref>

			==Mongolian version==
	The term is most commonly applied to works from the ], although it is increasingly used in relation to more modern works.
			Ergenekon (]: Эргүнэ Хун/Ergüne Khun) was the refuge of the progenitors of the ], Nekuz and Qiyan, as told in the 14th century literary history ''],'' written by ].<ref name="sudryn"/><ref>Jiexian Chen, Guoli Taiwan daxue, ''Proceedings of the Fifth East Asian Altaistic Conference'', December 26, 1979 – January 2, 1980, Taipei, China, National Taiwan University, 1980. ''According to Reshideddin's record original Mongols, historically, were divided in two parts. They are: 1. Those branches descended from the Original Mongol Tribes, which had been in ارکننه قون Ergenekon… Those tribes are: The origin of Mongols were descendants from these two persons, Nekuz and Qiyan and their wifes who escaped to Ergenkon.'' {{En icon}}</ref><ref name= "Türk Mitolojisi">Bahaeddin Ögel, ''Türk Mitolojisi'' Vol. I, Milli Eğitim basımevi, İstanbul, 1971., ''Türk Mitolojisi I: 'Kaynakları ve Açıklamaları İle Destanlar'', Tütk Tarih Kurumu, Ankara, 1989, pp. 14–5. {{Tr icon}}</ref><ref name="Ergenekon Destanı">Dursun Yıldırım, "Ergenekon Destanı", ''Türkler'', Vol. 3, Yeni Türkiye, Ankara, 2002, ISBN 9756782366, pp. 527–43. {{Tr icon}}</ref> It is a common epic in Mongol mythologies.

			], khan of the ] (1643–63), told of the Ergenekon Mongolian creation myth in his work 17th century "Shajara-i turk" (Genealogy of the Turks).<ref name="Türk Mitolojisi" /><ref name="Ergenekon Destanı" />
	==Notable lost works==

	==~~=Classical~~ ~~world=~~==		==Turkic version==
	====Specific works====
	*]':
	**''Ta kata ten Asian'' (''Affairs in Asia'') in 10 books,
	**''Ta kata ten Europen'' (''Affairs in Europe'') in 49 books
	**''Peri ten Erythras thalasses'' (''On the Erythraean Sea'') in 5 books
	*]' book of philosophy- only fragments of the first part have survived.
	*]' '']''.
	*]' astronomy book outlining his ]
	*]' ''Babyloniaca'' (''History of Babylonia'')
	*]'s:
	**''Origines'', a 7 book history of Rome and the Italian states.
	**''Carmen de moribus'', a book of prayers or incantations for the dead in verse.
	**''Praecepta ad Filium'', a collection of maxims.
	**A collection of his speeches.
	*]'s four tragedies in the Greek style: ''Tiroas'', ''Erigones'', ''Electra'', and one other.
	*]' '']''.
	*]':
	**''Persica'', a history of Assyria and Persia in 23 books.
	**''Indica'', an account of India
	*]'s ''Historia''.
	*]':
	**''De Orthographia: De Obscuris Catonis'', an elucidation of obscurities in the writings of ]
	**''Saturnus'', dealing with questions of Roman ritual
	**''Rerum memoria dignarum libri'', an encyclopaedic work much used by ]
	**''Res Etruscae'', probably on ].
	*]':
	**''On Non-Existence'' (or ''On Nature'') - Only two sketches of it exist.
	**''Epitaphios'' - What exists is thought to be only a small fragment of a significantly longer piece.
	*]'s '']''.
	*]'s history of ].
	*]'s:
	**''Aetolica'', a prose history of Aetolia.
	**''Heteroeumena'', a mythological epic.
	**''Georgica'' and ''Melissourgica'', of which considerable fragments are preserved.
	*]'s poem ''Medea'', of which only two fragments survive.
	*]'s comprehensive lexicon in 95 books of foreign or obscure words.
	*]:
	**A history of ]
	**an essay, ''On Iphigeneia''
	**''On the Festivals of Dionysus''
	**Genealogies of the gods and heroes, originally in ten books; numerous fragments have been preserved.
	*]' ''Heptamychia''
	*]'s:
	**''History of the German Wars'', some quotations survive in ]' '']''
	**''Studiosus'', a detailed work on rhetoric
	**''Dubii sermonis'', in eight books
	**''History of his Times'', in thirty-one books, also quoted by Tacitus.
	* ]'s '']''.
	*]'s ''History of Constantine the Great''.
	*]':
	**''On Nature''
	**''On the Nature of Man''
	**"On Propriety of Language"
	**''On the Choice of Heracles''
	*]'s ''De Causis Corruptae Eloquentiae'' (''On the Causes of Corrupted Eloquence'')
	*]' ''Bibliotheca historia'' (''Historical Library'')- of 40 books, only the first 5 books, and books 10 through 20 are extant.
	*The ]'s ]
	*]' verse versions of ].
	*]'s ''History''.
	*]'s:
	**''Saturarum Menippearum libri CL'' (''Menippean Satires in 150 books'')
	**''Antiquatatum rerum humanarum et divinarum libri XLI''
	**''Logistoricon libri LXXVI''
	**''Hebdomades vel de imaginibus''
	**''Disciplinarum libri IX''
	*]'
	**''De Viris Illustribus'' ("On Famous Men" — in the field of literature), to which belongs: ''De Illustribus Grammaticis'' ("Lives Of The Grammarians"), ''De Claris Rhetoribus'' ("Lives Of The Rhetoricians"), and ''Lives Of The Poets''. Some fragments exist.
	**''Lives of Famous Whores''
	**''Royal Biographies''
	**''Roma'' ("On Rome"), in four parts: ''Roman Manners & Customs'', ''The Roman Year'', ''The Roman Festivals'', and ''Roman Dress''.
	**''Greek Games''
	**''On Public Offices''
	**''On Cicero’s Republic''
	**''The Physical Defects of Mankind''
	**''Methods of Reckoning Time''
	**''An Essay on Nature''
	**''Greek Terms of Abuse''
	**''Grammatical Problems''
	**''Critical Signs Used in Books''
	*The work of the ] (excluding ]), specifically:
	**six epics of the ]: '']'', '']'', the '']'', the '']'', '']'', and '']''.
	**four epics of the ]: '']'', '']'', '']'', and '']''.
	**]: '']'', '']'', '']'', '']'', '']'', '']''

			Some Turkish researchers claim the myth's Turkic origins, citing similarities between ] and the Ergenkon epic;<ref name="Ergenekon Destanı" /> the first to make the comparison was ]-<ref>Bahaaddin Ögel, "Doğu Göktürkleri Hakkında Vesikalar ve Notlar", ''Belleten'', XXI/81, ], 1957, p. 105. {{Tr icon}}</ref> however, the relationship is contested.<ref>''Ibid'', p. 109.</ref> According to Turkish mythology, Ergenekon is the name of a legendary valley where the Turks took refuge and were trapped for four centuries- until a blacksmith created a passage by melting rock, allowing the gray wolf ] to lead them out.<ref>Oriental Institute of Cultural and Social Research, Vol. 1-2, 2001, p.66</ref><ref>Murat Ocak, The Turks: Early ages, 2002, pp.76</ref><ref>Dursun Yıldırım, "Ergenekon Destanı", Türkler, Vol. 3, Yeni Türkiye, Ankara, 2002, ISBN 975-6782-36-6, pp. 527–43.</ref><ref>İbrahim Aksu: The story of Turkish surnames: an onomastic study of Turkish family names, their origins, and related matters, Volume 1, 2006 , p.87</ref><ref>H. B. Paksoy, Essays on Central Asia, 1999, p.49</ref><ref>Andrew Finkle, Turkish State, Turkish Society, Routledge, 1990, p.80</ref> A New Year's ceremony commemorates the legendary ancestral escape from Ergenekon.<ref>Michael Gervers, Wayne Schlepp: Religion, customary law, and nomadic technology, Joint Centre for Asia Pacific Studies, 2000, p.60</ref>
	====Multiple works====
	*Lost plays of ]. He is believed to have written some 90 plays of which 6 plays survive. A seventh play is attributed to him. Fragments of his play ''Achilles'' were discovered in the wrappings of a ] in the 1990s.
	*Lost plays of ]. None of them survive.
	*Lost poems of ]. Of a reported ten scrolls, there exist only quotes and numerous fragments.
	*Lost choral poems of ]. Of six books of choral lyrics were known (ca. 50-60 hymns), only fragmentary quotations in other Greek authors were known until the discovery of a fragment in 1855, containing approximately 100 verses. In the 1960's, many more fragments were discovered and published from a dig at ].
	*Lost poems of ]. Of the five books of lyrical pieces mentioned in the '']'' and by ], only mere fragments collected from the citations of later writers now exist.
	*Lost works of ]. There are a few extant fragments of his works.
	*Lost plays of ]. Of seventy pieces, only the titles of two of his plays, with a single line of the text have survived.
	*Lost plays of ]. He wrote forty plays, eleven of which survive.
	*Lost works of ]. It is believed that we have about one fifth of his original works.
	*Lost work of ]. He is said to have written 453 works, dealing with philosophy, ethics and music. His only extant work is ''Elements of Harmony''.
	*Lost works of ]. Of about 800 works, in verse and prose; only six hymns, sixty-four epigrams and some fragments survive; a considerable fragment of the epic '']'', was discovered in the Rainer papyri.
	*Lost works of ]. Of over 700 written works, none survive, except a few fragments embedded in the works of later authors.
	*Lost works of ]. Of his books, six on rhetoric have survived, and parts of seven on philosophy.
	*Lost plays of ]. Only fragments of his works have been preserved.
	*Lost works of ]. He wrote extensively on ethics, of which little remains.
	*Lost works of ]. He is said to have written 100 comedies, the titles of fifty of which are preserved.
	*Lost works of ]. Only fragments of his works survive.
	*Lost works of ]. Little of what he wrote survives today.
	*Lost plays of ]. He wrote between 35 and 52 comedies, many of which have been lost or exist only in fragments.
	*Lost plays of ]. He is believed to have written over ninety plays, eighteen of which have survived. Fragments, some substantial, of most other plays also survive.
	*Lost plays of ]. Of the 17 plays attributed to him, only fragments remain.
	*Lost works of ]. His writings only survive in fragments quoted by other authors.
	*Lost works of ]. Few of his original works now survive.
	*Lost works of ]. He is credited with an excellent work on Homer, collections of Greek and foreign literature, and archaeological treatises, but nothing remains except the barest notes.
	*Lost poems of ]. According to the '']'', he wrote seven books of lyrics.
	*Lost works of ]. According to ], he wrote some 400 books, of which none are extant today, although a few titles are known.
	*Lost works of ]. No writings exist which we can attribute to him.
	*Lost works of ]. Only fragments preserved in other writers' works exist.
	*Lost plays of ]. He wrote over a hundred comedies of which one survives. Fragments of a number of his plays survive.
	*Lost works of ]. Of his ninety-seven works, fifty-seven are known to us only as titles and fragments.
	*Lost poetry of ]. Of his varied books of poetry, only his victory odes survive in complete form. The rest are known only by quotations in other works or papyrus scraps unearthed in Egypt.
	*Lost plays of ]. He wrote approximately one hundred and thirty plays, of which twenty-one survive.
	*Lost poems and orations of ].
	*Rhetorical works of ].
	*Lost works of ]. All of his works are now lost. Some fragments exist, as well as titles and subjects of many of his books.
	*Lost works of ]. A number of his commentaries on ] are lost.
	*Lost works of ]. No texts by him survive.
	*Lost plays of ]. Of thirty-eight plays, only a few titles and lines have been preserved.
	*Lost poems of ]. Only a few full poems and fragments of others survive.
	*Lost poems of ]. Of his poetry we possess two or three short elegies, several epigrams and about 90 fragments of lyric poetry.
	*Lost plays of ]. Of 123 plays, 27 survive, with fragments of others.
	*Lost poems of ]. Of several long works, significant fragments survive.
	*Lost works of ]. Of his fifty tragedies, we have the names of about thirteen and a few unimportant fragments. His treatise on the art of rhetoric and his speeches are lost.
	*Lost works of ]. Fragments of his poetry survive only as quotations by later Greek writers.
	*Lost works of ]. None of his works survive intact.

			==In Turkish literature==
	=== Early Chinese texts ===
	*Chinese emperor ] had most previously-existing books burned when he consolidated his power. See ].
	*'']'' by ].
	*The library of the ], containing irreplaceable ancient Chinese manuscripts, was mostly destroyed in 1900 during the ] .

	===~~Manichaean~~ ~~texts~~===		===Translations and poems===
			In the late ] era, the Ergenekon epic enjoyed use in ] (especially by the ] movement), describing a mythical Turkic place of origin located in the inaccessible valleys of the ].
	*'']'', the holy book of ].

			In 1864 ] translated ''Shajara-i turk'' into the ] under the title ''Şecere-i Evşâl-i Türkiyye,''<ref>Abu'l-Gâzî, ''Şecere-i Evşâl-i Türkiyye'', , Dersaadet, 1864.</ref> published in '']'' newspaper.<ref name="İsa">İsa Özkan, "Ergenekon Destanı Hakkında", ''Türk Yurdu'', Cilt: 29, Sayı: 265, Eylül 2009, pp. 43–7. {{Tr icon}}</ref> ]'s poem put the Ergenekon epic in the context of ] history (]),<!--(], the version of ])---> published as "Türk An'anesi: Ergenekon" in ''Türk Duygusu'' magazine from May 8 to June 5, 1913,<ref>Mehmed Ziya, "Ergenekon", ''Türk Duygusu'', no. 1, pp. 7-10.</ref> ''Altın Armağan'' <ref>"Ergenekon", ''Altın Armağan'', no. 1 (''Türk Yurdu'', no. 24's supplement, Istanbul, 1328), p. 20.</ref> in September 1913,<ref>], , '']'', August 6, 2009, Retrieved July 24, 2010. {{Tr icon}}</ref> and under the title of "Ergenekon" in ''],'' 1914.<ref>], ''Ziya Gökalp Külliyatı I: Şiirler ve Halk Masalları'', haz. Fevziye Abdullah Tansel, ], Ankara, 1989, s. xlii, 78-83. {{Tr icon}}</ref> ]'s poem on the topic was published in ''Halka Doğru'' magazine, April 9, 1914.<ref name="İsa" /><ref> {{Tr icon}}</ref> ] translated ''Shajara-i turk'' into modern ] in 1925,<ref>Abu'l Gâzî, ''Şecere-i Türk'', , İstanbul, 1925.</ref> and mentioned Ergenekon in ''Oğuznâme,'' published in ], 1928.<ref> {{Tr icon}}</ref>
	===Lost Biblical texts===
	*'']'', a compilation of the ] by ].
	*'']'', a hypothetical ] Gospel source text.

	===~~=]=~~===		===Turkish history thesis and the ''Ergenekon legend''===
	*The ] (May be the ])
	*The ]
	*The ] (May be the ] or the ])
	*The ]
	*The ]
	*The ]
	*The ]
	*The ]
	*The ]
	*]
	*]
	*]
	*The ]
	*]
	*]
	*]
	*]
	*]
	*The ]
	*]
	*]
	*]
	*] (May be the ])
	*]
	*]
	*]
	*]
	*]
	*]
	*]
	*] (May be the ])

			During the ] era of Turkey- especially in 1930s, when ] held its sway in Turkey -the tale of the ], ] and Ergenekon were promoted<ref>Murat Arman, "The Sources of Banality In Transforming Turkish Nationalism", ''CEU Political Science Journal'', issue: 2 (2007), p. 136.</ref> along with Turkish ], and included in history textbooks as the ] creation myth.<ref>''Türk Tarihinin Ana Hatları'', Kaynak Yayınları, 1999, ISBN 975-343-118-X; p. 380. (first edition: 1930) {{Tr icon}}</ref><ref>''Tarih II: Kemalist Eğitimin Tarih Dersleri (1931 - 1941)'', Kaynak Yayınları, 2001, ISBN 975-343-319-0, p. 44. (first edition: 1931) {{Tr icon}}</ref>
	====]====
	*]
	*]
	*]
	*]
	*]

			In 1933, ], a Turkish intellectual and a founder and a key theorist of the ] movement, consubstantiated the Ergenekon epic with the Turkish revolution.<ref>], ], ''Kadrocuları ve Kadro'yu anlamak'', Türkiye Ekonomik ve Toplumsal Tarih Vakfı, 2003, ISBN 9789753331708, p. 219. {{Tr icon}}</ref> In the new Turkish version of the ''Egenekon Legend'', the motif of the ] (Turkish: ''Bozkurt'') was added<ref>], , '']'', January 31, 2008, Retrieved July 24, 2010. {{Tr icon}}</ref> ('']'', version of ] of ]).
	====Lost ]====
	*]
	*]
	*] - Rediscovered and translated, 2006 .
	*]
	*]
	*]
	*]
	*]
	*]
	*]
	*]
	*]
	*]
	*]
	*]

	===~~2nd century~~===		===Criticisms===
			According to Ergun Candan, there are some similarities between the mythologies of other cultures in their symbolism. The she-wolf ] showed the Turks the way through the ] of valleys and mountain passes. According to Ergun Candan, the she-wolf may be seen as a symbol of the "dog star" ].<ref>Candan, Ergun. (2002). ''Türklerin Kültür Kökenleri'', Sınır Ötesi Yayınları, Istanbul, pp. ?113-4, ISBN 975-8312-11-1</ref>
	* ]' ''Hypomnemata'' (''Memoirs'') in five books, and a history of the Christian church.
	* The '']'' compiled by ] to support his interpretation of Christianity. Marcion's writings were suppressed although a portion of them have been recreated from the works that were used to denounce them.

	==~~=3rd century=~~==		==References==
			{{Reflist}}
	*Various works of ]. Some fifteen works in Latin or Greek are lost, some as recently as the 9th century (''De Paradiso'', ''De superstitione saeculi'', ''De carne et anima'' were all extant in the now damaged ] in 814 AD).

	==~~=4th~~ ~~century=~~==		==External Sources==
			*]'' at WikiSource (Turkish) (the version of the ] of ])
	* ''Praeparatio Ecclesiastica'', and ''Demonstratio Ecclesiastica'' by ]

	===5th century===
	*]'s history of the Christian church, from the Ascension of Jesus to the defeat of Licinius in 323, in twelve books.

			]
	===14th century===
			]
	*'']'' - a ] description of the geography of the ].
			]
	*''Itinerarium'' - a geography book by ] of ], cited by ]
			]
	*''Res gestae Arturi britanni'' (''The Deeds of Arthur of Britain'') - book cited by Jacobus Cnoyen
			]
	*''Of the Wreched Engendrynge of Mankynde'', ''Origenes upon the Maudeleyne'', and ''The book of the Leoun'' - three works by ].
			]

			]
	===15th century===
			]
	*The ] of the ] were mostly destroyed by the Spanish ]es .

	===16th century===
	*'']'' and '']'' - lost plays by ].
	* ] ceremonially destroyed by ] (1524-1579), bishop of ], on ] ]. At least 27 codices and approximately 5,000 Mayan "idols" were burnt.
	*''The Ocean to ]'' - a poem by Sir ] of which only fragments are known.
	*]' philosophic work ''The Parnasum of Luís Vaz'' is lost.
	*During the ], many monastic libraries were destroyed. Worcester Abbey had 600 books at the time of the dissolution. Only six of them have survived intact to the present day. At the abbey of the Augustinian Friars at York, a library of 646 volumes was destroyed, leaving only three surviving books. Some books were destroyed for their precious bindings, others were sold off by the cartload, including irreplaceable early English works. It is believed that many of the earliest ] manuscripts were lost at this time.
	:: "A great nombre of them whych purchased those supertycyous mansyons, resrved of those lybrarye bokes, some to serve theyr jakes, some to scoure candelstyckes, and some to rubbe their bootes. Some they solde to the grossers and soapsellers…" — ], ]
	*'']'' (1597), a play by ] and ].
	*'']'' a play by ], ] and ]; mentioned in ]'s diary, August ].
	*'']'', a play by ] and ]; mentioned in ]'s diary, August ].
	*''Black Batman of the North, Part II'', a play by ] and ]; mentioned in Henslowe's diary in April 1598.

	===17th century===
	*], written by one ] in 1624. Deals with fly fishing, has been in the possession of ].
	*Lost haikus of ].
	*]'s first play, ''Amasie'' (1660) is lost.
	*Lost works of ]:
	**A translation of "]" by ].
	**''Le Docteur amoureux'' (play, 1658)
	**''La Jalousie du Gros-René'' (play, April 15th 1663)
	**''Gros-René, petit enfant''(play, April 27th 1664)

	===18th century===
	*]'s journal was burnt by her daughter on the grounds that it contained much scandal and satire.
	*] wrote nearly two acts of a tragedy called ''Adam Unparadiz'd,'' (circa 1727) which was then lost.
	*] burned the manuscript of his ''History of the Liberty of the Swiss''.

	===19th century===
	* ''Memoirs'' of ] - destroyed by his literary executors led by ] on ] ]. The decision was made to destroy Byron's manuscript journals in order to protect his reputation. Opposed only by ], the two volumes of memoirs were dismembered and burnt in the fireplace at Murray's office.
	* ''The Scented Garden'' by Sir ] - manuscript of a new translation from Arabic of '']'', was burnt by his widow, Lady Isabel Burton ''née'' Arundel, along with other papers.
	* Parts two and three of '']'' by ] - burnt by Gogol at the instigation of the priest Father Matthew Konstantinovskii.
	* Large sections of ]'s diary, destroyed by his family for reasons frequently debated.
	*The son of the ] had all of de Sade's unpublished manuscripts burned after de Sade's death in 1814; this included the immense multi-volume work ''Les Journées de Florbelle''.
	* ] claimed to have written a manual of piano technique for the Geneva Conservatoire. This lost work would be an invaluable insight into the playing of probably the greatest pianist who ever lived.
	*] burned all his early poetry on entering the priesthood.
	*In 1871, ] buried a box of letters and papers as war approached; the box was never recovered.
	*A schoolmate of ] confessed he lost a notebook of poems by the famous poet.
	*The first draft of ]'s '']'' was sent to ], whose maid mistakenly burned it, forcing Carlyle to rewrite it from scratch.
	*]'s translation of the ] from the ] ] were either hidden, destroyed, or modified by Lucy Harris, the wife of transcriber ]. Whatever their fate, the pages were not returned to Joseph Smith and declared "lost." Smith did not recreate the translation.
	*Letters written by ] seem to suggest that he wrote a ]. It was supposedly lost when the only copy of it fell off the coach that was carrying it to its dedicatee.
	*Various works of ]. Brahms was a perfectionist who destroyed many of his own early works, including a violin sonata. He claimed once to have destroyed 20 string quartets before he issued his official First in 1873. When he retired, he even destroyed manuscripts of his fifth and sixth symphonies.
	*]. Composer ] mysteriously destroyed his last symphony.
	*] burned his first completed draft of '']'' after his wife criticized the work. Stevenson wrote and published a revised version.
	*] describes the loss of an unfinished play manuscript (a collaboration with Sokolovsky) in his ''My Life'', end of chapter 6 (sometime between 1896-1898).
	*'']'' ]'s first novel (1867) was never published. After rejection by several publishers, he destroyed the manuscript.

	===20th century===
	* "Text I" of '']'' - a 250,000 word manuscript by ] lost at ] in December ].
	* The ] in ] - burnt by the ] in ], destroying 1,000 years of state and religious archives.
	*In 1922, a suitcase with almost all of ]'s work to date was stolen in Paris from his wife. It included a partial WWI novel.
	*The original version of ''Ultramarine'' by ] was stolen from his publisher's car in 1932, and the author had to reconstruct it.
	*Lost papers and a possible unfinished novel by ], confiscated by the NKVD, May 1939.
	*Manuscript of '']'', a novel by ], destroyed in bombing of Warsaw, 1939.<!-- ?date -->
	*There are reports that ] worked on a novel called ''The Messiah'', but no trace of this manuscript survived his death (1942).
	*Some pages of ]'s original '']'' were stolen.
	*The manuscript for ]'s unfinished second novel, provisionally titled ''Double Exposure'', or ''Double Take'', written 1962-63, disappeared some time before 1970.
	* ''Diaries'' of ] - burnt at his request after his death on ] ]. Other private papers were kept, contrary to his instructions.

	==See also==
	*]
	*]
	*]
	*]
	*]

	==Further reading==
	*Stuart Kelly - ''The Book of Lost Books'' (Viking, 2005) ISBN 0670914991
	*Leo Deuel - ''Testaments Of Time: The Search for Lost Manuscripts and Records'' (New York: Knopf, 1965).
	*Hermann W.G. Peter - ''Historicorum Romanorum Reliquiae'' (2 vols., B.G. Teubner, Leipzig, 1870, 2nd ed. 1914-16)
	*Glen Dudbridge- ''Lost books of Medieval China'' (London: The British Library, 2000)

	==External links==
	*
	*
	*
	*
	*
	*
	*
	*
	*

	]
	]

Revision as of 15:37, 30 August 2014

For the alleged organization within Turkey, see Ergenekon (organization).

Ergenekon or Ergeneqon is a Mongolian creation myth.

Mongolian version

Ergenekon (Mongolian: Эргүнэ Хун/Ergüne Khun) was the refuge of the progenitors of the Mongols, Nekuz and Qiyan, as told in the 14th century literary history Jāmiʿ al-tawārīkh, written by Rashid-al-Din Hamadani. It is a common epic in Mongol mythologies.

Abulghazi Bahadur, khan of the Khanate of Khiva (1643–63), told of the Ergenekon Mongolian creation myth in his work 17th century "Shajara-i turk" (Genealogy of the Turks).

Turkic version

Some Turkish researchers claim the myth's Turkic origins, citing similarities between Göktürks and the Ergenkon epic; the first to make the comparison was Joseph de Guignes- however, the relationship is contested. According to Turkish mythology, Ergenekon is the name of a legendary valley where the Turks took refuge and were trapped for four centuries- until a blacksmith created a passage by melting rock, allowing the gray wolf Asena to lead them out. A New Year's ceremony commemorates the legendary ancestral escape from Ergenekon.

In Turkish literature

Translations and poems

In the late Ottoman era, the Ergenekon epic enjoyed use in Turkish literature (especially by the Turkish nationalist movement), describing a mythical Turkic place of origin located in the inaccessible valleys of the Altay Mountains.

In 1864 Ahmed Vefik Pasha translated Shajara-i turk into the Ottoman language under the title Şecere-i Evşâl-i Türkiyye, published in Tasvir-i Efkâr newspaper. Ziya Gökalp's poem put the Ergenekon epic in the context of Turkic history (Turkish text), published as "Türk An'anesi: Ergenekon" in Türk Duygusu magazine from May 8 to June 5, 1913, Altın Armağan in September 1913, and under the title of "Ergenekon" in Kızılelma, 1914. Ömer Seyfettin's poem on the topic was published in Halka Doğru magazine, April 9, 1914. Rıza Nur translated Shajara-i turk into modern Turkish in 1925, and mentioned Ergenekon in Oğuznâme, published in Alexandria, 1928.

Turkish history thesis and the Ergenekon legend

During the early republican era of Turkey- especially in 1930s, when ethnic nationalism held its sway in Turkey -the tale of the Bozkurt, Asena and Ergenekon were promoted along with Turkish ethnocentrism, and included in history textbooks as the Göktürk creation myth.

In 1933, Şevket Süreyya Aydemir, a Turkish intellectual and a founder and a key theorist of the Kadro movement, consubstantiated the Ergenekon epic with the Turkish revolution. In the new Turkish version of the Egenekon Legend, the motif of the Gray Wolf (Turkish: Bozkurt) was added (Turkish text, version of Ministry of National Education of Turkey).

Criticisms

According to Ergun Candan, there are some similarities between the mythologies of other cultures in their symbolism. The she-wolf Asena showed the Turks the way through the labyrinth of valleys and mountain passes. According to Ergun Candan, the she-wolf may be seen as a symbol of the "dog star" Sirius.

References

^ Jāmiʿ al-tawārīkh
Abulghazi Bahadur, "Genealogy of the Turk"
Jiexian Chen, Guoli Taiwan daxue, Proceedings of the Fifth East Asian Altaistic Conference, December 26, 1979 – January 2, 1980, Taipei, China, National Taiwan University, 1980. According to Reshideddin's record original Mongols, historically, were divided in two parts. They are: 1. Those branches descended from the Original Mongol Tribes, which had been in ارکننه قون Ergenekon… Those tribes are: The origin of Mongols were descendants from these two persons, Nekuz and Qiyan and their wifes who escaped to Ergenkon. Template:En icon
^ Bahaeddin Ögel, Türk Mitolojisi Vol. I, Milli Eğitim basımevi, İstanbul, 1971., Türk Mitolojisi I: 'Kaynakları ve Açıklamaları İle Destanlar, Tütk Tarih Kurumu, Ankara, 1989, pp. 14–5. Template:Tr icon
^ Dursun Yıldırım, "Ergenekon Destanı", Türkler, Vol. 3, Yeni Türkiye, Ankara, 2002, ISBN 9756782366, pp. 527–43. Template:Tr icon
Bahaaddin Ögel, "Doğu Göktürkleri Hakkında Vesikalar ve Notlar", Belleten, XXI/81, Türk Tarih Kurumu, 1957, p. 105. Template:Tr icon
Ibid, p. 109.
Oriental Institute of Cultural and Social Research, Vol. 1-2, 2001, p.66
Murat Ocak, The Turks: Early ages, 2002, pp.76
Dursun Yıldırım, "Ergenekon Destanı", Türkler, Vol. 3, Yeni Türkiye, Ankara, 2002, ISBN 975-6782-36-6, pp. 527–43.
İbrahim Aksu: The story of Turkish surnames: an onomastic study of Turkish family names, their origins, and related matters, Volume 1, 2006 , p.87
H. B. Paksoy, Essays on Central Asia, 1999, p.49
Andrew Finkle, Turkish State, Turkish Society, Routledge, 1990, p.80
Michael Gervers, Wayne Schlepp: Religion, customary law, and nomadic technology, Joint Centre for Asia Pacific Studies, 2000, p.60
Abu'l-Gâzî, Şecere-i Evşâl-i Türkiyye, , Dersaadet, 1864.
^ İsa Özkan, "Ergenekon Destanı Hakkında", Türk Yurdu, Cilt: 29, Sayı: 265, Eylül 2009, pp. 43–7. Template:Tr icon
Mehmed Ziya, "Ergenekon", Türk Duygusu, no. 1, pp. 7-10.
"Ergenekon", Altın Armağan, no. 1 (Türk Yurdu, no. 24's supplement, Istanbul, 1328), p. 20.
Beşir Ayvazoğlu, "Ziya Gökalp'ın Ergenekon'u", Zaman, August 6, 2009, Retrieved July 24, 2010. Template:Tr icon
Ziya Gökalp, Ziya Gökalp Külliyatı I: Şiirler ve Halk Masalları, haz. Fevziye Abdullah Tansel, Türk Tarih Kurumu, Ankara, 1989, s. xlii, 78-83. Template:Tr icon
Ali Duymaz, Ömer Seyfettin'in Kaleme Aldığı Destanlar Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme", Balıkesir Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisicilt:12, sayı: 21, Haziran 2009, p. 415. Template:Tr icon
Abu'l Gâzî, Şecere-i Türk, , İstanbul, 1925.
Metin Özarslan, "Oğuz Kağan Destanı'nda Tarihî, Dinî, Beşerî ve Tabiatüstü Unsurlar", Prof. Dr. Dursun Yıldırım Armağanı, Ankara, 1998, p. 426. Template:Tr icon
Murat Arman, "The Sources of Banality In Transforming Turkish Nationalism", CEU Political Science Journal, issue: 2 (2007), p. 136.
Türk Tarihinin Ana Hatları, Kaynak Yayınları, 1999, ISBN 975-343-118-X; p. 380. (first edition: 1930) Template:Tr icon
Tarih II: Kemalist Eğitimin Tarih Dersleri (1931 - 1941), Kaynak Yayınları, 2001, ISBN 975-343-319-0, p. 44. (first edition: 1931) Template:Tr icon
İlhan Tekeli, Selim İlkin, Kadrocuları ve Kadro'yu anlamak, Türkiye Ekonomik ve Toplumsal Tarih Vakfı, 2003, ISBN 9789753331708, p. 219. Template:Tr icon
Beşir Ayvazoğlu, "Ergenekon yurdun adı", Zaman, January 31, 2008, Retrieved July 24, 2010. Template:Tr icon
Candan, Ergun. (2002). Türklerin Kültür Kökenleri, Sınır Ötesi Yayınları, Istanbul, pp. ?113-4, ISBN 975-8312-11-1

External Sources

Ergenekon at WikiSource (Turkish) (the version of the Ministry of National Education of Turkey)

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