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Landmark Worldwide

Company type	Private LLC
Industry	self-help, self-improvement, personal development, management consulting, continuing education
Founded	January 1991
Headquarters	San Francisco, California, U.S.
Key people	Harry Rosenberg: Director; CEO Mick Leavitt: President Joe DiMaggio – Director, Research, Design & Development Nancy Zapolski: Vice President, Program Delivery Division
Products	The Landmark Forum, associated coursework
Revenue	USD$77 million (2009)
Number of employees	525+ employees; 800 trained leaders, some of whom volunteer their time;
Subsidiaries	The Vanto Group (formerly Landmark Education Business Development or LEBD, from 1993 to 2007) Landmark Education International, Inc. Tekniko Licensing Corporation Rancord Company, Ltd.
Website	Landmark's homepage

Landmark Worldwide (formerly Landmark Education), or simply Landmark, is a limited liability company headquartered in San Francisco, California. It offers programs in personal development.

The company started with the purchase of intellectual property based upon Werner Erhard's controversial est large-group awareness training techniques. Landmark has developed and delivered over 40 personal development programs. Its subsidiary, the Vanto Group, also markets and delivers training and consulting to organizations.

Landmark's programs have been categorized by scholars and others as religious or quasi-religious in nature. In some quarters, it has been classed as a cult, with some participants alleging the use of manipulative and coercive techniques. Landmark, other researchers and many of its customers deny or qualify such characterizations and Landmark has pressed lawsuits in response in response to such claims. It has also been criticized for heavy recruiting and exploitation of volunteer labor, which led to its closing some of its international offices.

History

Landmark Worldwide LLC was founded in January 1991 by several of the presenters of a training program known as "The Forum". Landmark purchased the intellectual property rights to The Forum from Werner Erhard and Associates and used that as the basis for its foundation course named "The Landmark Forum", which has been further updated over the years. It has since developed around 55 additional training courses and seminar programs throughout 20 different countries around the world.

The corporation was originally registered as Transnational Education and changed its name to Landmark Education Corporation in May 1991. In June 2003 it was re-structured as Landmark Education LLC, and in July 2013 renamed Landmark Worldwide LLC.

According to Landmark, Werner Erhard (creator of the controversial est training which ran from 1971 to 1984 and from which the forum was derived) consults from time to time with its "Research and Design team". Terry Giles, Chairman of the Board, is credited with resolving a long-standing rift among the descendants of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.

Corporation

Landmark Worldwide LLC operates as an employee-owned for-profit private company. According to Landmark's website, its employees own all the stock of the corporation, with no individual holding more than 3%. The company states that it operates in such a way as to invest its surpluses into making its programs, initiatives, and services more widely available. In addition, its subsidiary, the Vanto Group, focuses on marketing and delivering training and consultation services to corporate clients and other organizations.

Business consulting

Vanto Group, Inc., founded in 1993 as "Landmark Education Business Development" (LEBD), a wholly owned subsidiary of Landmark Worldwide Enterprises, Inc., uses the techniques of Landmark to provide consulting services to various companies. The University of Southern California (USC) Marshall School of Business carried out a case study in 1998 into the work of LEBD with BHP New Zealand Steel. The report concluded that the set of interventions in the organization produced a 50% improvement in safety, a 15% to 20% reduction in key benchmark costs, a 50% increase in return on capital, and a 20% increase in raw steel production. LEBD became the Vanto Group in 2007.

Companies such as Panda Express and Lululemon Athletica pay for and encourage employees to take part in The Landmark Forum.

Licensing intellectual property

Tekniko, Inc., formerly owned by Werner Erhard, was the successor organization to Transformational Technologies, which was incorporated in 1984 by Erhard and management consultant James Selman. Tekniko Licencing Corporation, a California corporation owned by Terry M. Giles, later acquired this technology. In 2001 Landmark Education formed Tekniko Licensing Corporation, a Nevada corporation, which purchased Tekniko Technology from Giles' company.

Since that time, the Vanto Group, a wholly owned subsidiary of Landmark Worldwide, has used Tekniko to license the "Tekniko methodology and intellectual property to a wide variety of corporations".

Course content

This section is in list format but may read better as prose. You can help by converting this section, if appropriate. Editing help is available. (September 2014)

Course size varies between 75 and 250 people. Rules are set up at the beginning of the program, such as strongly encouraging participants not to miss any part of the program. Attendees are also urged to be “coachable” and not just be observers during the course. The program is arranged as a discussion where the course leader presents certain ideas and the course participants engage in voluntary sharing with the course leader to discuss how those ideas apply to their own life. Ideas presented, asserted and discussed include the following:

• There is a big difference between what actually happened in a person’s life and the meaning or interpretation they made up about it

• People pursue an imaginary someday of satisfaction

• Human behavior is governed by a need to look good

• People add meaning to events in their life which are not necessarily true

• People have persistent complaints that give rise to unproductive fixed ways of being

• People can “transform” by a creative act of bringing forth new ways of being, rather than trying to change themselves in comparison to the past

• Course participants are encouraged to call people they know during the course with whom they feel they have unresolved tensions and either be in communication with the other person or be responsible for their own behavior.

• The evening session that follows closely on the three consecutive days of the course completes the Landmark Forum. There the participants share information about the results they got and bring guests to learn about the Forum.

Curriculum for Living

Landmark Worldwide offers a series of programs called the Curriculum for Living, comprising the following courses:

• The Landmark Forum
• A complementary 10-session weekly seminar (most often The Landmark Forum in Action)
• The Landmark Advanced Course
• The Self Expression and Leadership Program

Community projects

Some other Landmark courses encourage or require participants to create a community project. In the Self-Expression and Leadership Program, participants are required to undertake a project that benefits the larger community or society as a whole.

In the Team, Management, and Leadership Program, participants create four team-based community projects.

Reviews and criticisms

The New York Times reporter Henry Alford summarized his review of The Landmark Forum by saying "Two months after the Forum, I'd rate my success at 84 percent. I'm more prone to telling loved ones and colleagues, in person and without glibness, that I love or admire them. But I still operate from a base position that people are a lot of effort." Time reporter Nathan Thornburgh, in his review of The Landmark Forum, said "At its heart, the course was a withering series of scripted reality checks meant to show us how we have created nearly everything we see as a problem …I benefited tremendously from the uncomfortable mirror the course had put in front of me."

The Irish Mail on Sunday says the effects of The Landmark Forum "...can be startling. People find themselves reconciled with parents, exes and friends. They have conversations they have wanted to have with their families for years; they meet people or get promoted in work."

Landmark makes extensive use of web-published and word-of-mouth testimonials from customers to portray its effectiveness, and supplements these with studies, surveys, and opinions.

Some observers question whether and to what degree Landmark courses benefit participants. Others criticize the use of volunteers by Landmark; others highlight the connections with other groups and with Werner Erhard. Some have criticized Landmark as overzealous in encouraging people to participate in its courses.

Journalists Amelia Hill with The Observer and Karin Badt from The Huffington Post have witnessed the Landmark Forum and concluded that, in their view, it is not a cult. Hill wrote, "It is ... simple common sense delivered in an environment of startling intensity." Badt noted the organisation's emphasis on "'spreading the word' of the Landmark forum as a sign of the participants' 'integrity'" in recounting her personal experience of an introductory "Landmark Forum" course. Part of this theme included repeated comparisons between program participants and Martin Luther King and Mahatma Gandhi. Badt also noted that, "At the end of the day, I found the Forum innocuous. No cult, no radical religion: an inspiring, entertaining introduction of good solid techniques of self-reflection, with an appropriate emphasis on action and transformation (not change)", pointing instead to problems lying with uncritical participants.

Mayfair’s Amber Allison describers Landmark’s instructors as “enthusiastic and inspiring.” Her review says that after doing The Landmark Forum, “Work worries, relationship dramas all seem more manageable”, and that she “let go of almost three decades of hurt, anger and feelings of betrayal” towards her father.

Disputed religious character

Many scholars have categorized Landmark and its predecessor organizations as new age, self religion or a new religious movement. Others, such as Chryssides, classify Landmark as either quasi-religious or secular with some elements of religion. Various governments have also classed Landmark and its previous iterations as new religion and some have classified it as dangerous (although various scholars have disputed this characterization). Some scholars of new religious movements have also included Landmark in cult typologies or commented on characteristics shared with such groups without labeling it as a cult, with former members reporting manipulative and coercive techniques such as sleep deprivation. Landmark has vociferously denied that it is a religion, cult or sect.

Articles about the Forum have mentioned allegations that it has "cult-like" characteristics. Landmark has rejected the cult label and has in the past threatened or pursued lawsuits against those who call it one. Journalists Amelia Hill with The Observer and Karin Badt from The Huffington Post have witnessed the Landmark Forum and concluded that, in their view, it is not a cult. Hill wrote, "It is ... simple common sense delivered in an environment of startling intensity." Badt noted the organisation's emphasis on "'spreading the word' of the Landmark forum as a sign of the participants' 'integrity'" in recounting her personal experience of an introductory "Landmark Forum" course. Badt also noted that, "At the end of the day, I found the Forum innocuous. No cult, no radical religion: an inspiring, entertaining introduction of good solid techniques of self-reflection, with an appropriate emphasis on action and transformation (not change)", pointing instead to problems lying with uncritical participants.

Despite Landmark's disclaiming of any religious association, academic and other observers have continued to note relationships between the training programs and religion and religious experience. Some have also noted a lack of religious elements in the programs or the compatibility of the programs with existing religions. Academic sources have suggested that the programs possess religious features and/or address participants' spiritual needs.

Legal disputes

Since its formation in 1991, Landmark Worldwide LLC has initiated several lawsuits around the world, pressing defamation actions against authors and journalists who have intimated that it is a cult. Critics of Landmark have portrayed these actions as an assault on free speech or an attempt to suppress legitimate comment, whereas Landmark Education has insisted that it only seeks to have inaccurate statements corrected and to protect its products from unfair disparagement. In addition, other actions have been brought by individuals who have been required by their employers to attend seminars delivered by Landmark and Vanto. Landmark has also initiated actions against websites such as Google and the Internet Archive to remove material it deems defamatory and to protect the privacy and confidentiality of participants in its courses.

Following a series of investigative articles in the national daily Dagens Nyheter and programs on the private TV channel TV4, Landmark also closed its offices in Sweden as of June 2004. The French office of Landmark closed in July 2004 after labor inspectors, following a site visit that noted the activities of volunteers, made a report of undeclared employment. A similar case involving evading paying employees by using volunteers was conducted by the US Department of Labor in 2006.

References

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39. Badt, Karin (2008-03-05). "Inside The Landmark Forum". The Huffington Post. HuffingtonPost.com. Retrieved 2009-08-11. I questioned the odd apolitical bias of the program. Martin Luther King and Ghandi [sic] were not just victors of positive thinking: they had a radical political agenda to re-adjust political inequality. Their belief system was based in believing in something more than ourselves. Why were we being compared to Gandhi and King if we could stand up to our husbands and get a more successful career? concluded, per forma, with moving descriptions of Gandhi and King.
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    • Beckford, James A. (2003). Social Theory and Religion. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 156. ISBN 0-521-77431-4.;
    • Lockwood, Renee (2011). "Religiosity Rejected: Exploring the Religio-Spiritual Dimensions of Landmark Education". International Journal for the Study of New Religions. 2 (2). Sheffield, England: Equinox: 225–254. ISSN 2041-9511.;
    • Beckford, James A. (2004). "New Religious Movements and Globalization". In Lucas, Phillip Charles; Robbins, Thomas (eds.). New Religious Movements in the 21st Century. Abingdon and New York: Routledge. p. 256. ISBN 0-415-96576-4.;
    • Clarke, Peter B. (2012). "New Religious Movements". In Taliaferro, Charles; Harrison, Victoria S.; Goetz, Stewart (eds.). The Routledge Companion to Theism. London: Routledge. p. 123. ISBN 978-0-415-88164-7.;
    • Heelas, Paul (1991). "Western Europe: Self Religions". In Sutherland, S.R.; Clarke, P.B. (eds.). The Study of Religion: Traditional and New Religions. London: Routledge. pp. 165–166, 171. ISBN 0-415-06432-5.;
    • Ramstedt, Martin (2007). "New Age and Business". In Kemp, Daren; Lewis, James R. (eds.). Handbook of the New Age. Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion. Leiden: Brill. p. 196-197. ISBN 978-90-04-15355-4..
42. See:
    • Beckford, James A.; Demerath, Jay, eds. (2007). The SAGE Handbook of the Sociology of Religion. London: SAGE. pp. 229, 687. ISBN 978-1-4129-1195-5.;
    • Chryssides, George D. (1999). Exploring New Religions. New York, New York: Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 314. ISBN 0-8264-5959-5.;
    • Bromley, David G. (2007). Teaching New Religious Movements. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. p. 48. ISBN 978-0-19-517729-9..
43. See:
    • Wright, Stuart (2002). "Public Agency Involvement in Government–Religious Movement Confrontation". In Bromley, David G.; Melton, J. Gordon (eds.). Cults, Religion, and Violence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 114. ISBN 0-521-66898-0.;
    • Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, Office of International Religious Freedom (2005). "International Religious Freedom Report 2005: Austria". Washington, D.C.: U.S. Dept. of State. Retrieved 28 August 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link);
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44. See:
    • Chryssides, George (1999). Exploring New Religions. New York: Continuum International Publishing Group. pp. 229, 687.;
    • Schneider (1995). "Der Pädagogische Bereich als Operationsfeld für Psychokulte". 20 Jahre Elterninitiative. e.V.. University of Tubingen, Theologische Abteilung: 189–190. ISBN 3-927890-23-5. ISSN 0720–3772. {{cite journal}}: Check |issn= value (help);
    • Sharot, Stephen (2011). Comparative Perspectives on Judaisms and Jewish Identities. Detroit, Michigan: Wayne State University Press. p. 182. ISBN 9780814334010..
45. Goldwag, Arthur (2009). Cults, Conspiracies, and Secret Societies. New York: Vintage/Random House. pp. 29–30. ISBN 9780307390677.
46. http://www.caic.org.au/index.php?option=com_content&task=category&sectionid=8&id=73&Itemid=12
47. Puttick, Elizabeth (2004). "Landmark Forum (est)". In Partridge, Christopher Hugh (ed.). Encyclopedia of New Religions. Oxford: Lion. pp. 406–407. ISBN 978-0-74-595073-0.
48. See:
    • Bass, Alison (March 3, 1999). "The Forum: Cult or comfort?". The Boston Globe. The New York Times Company.;
    • Christa D'Souza, "Sex Therapy", The Times (London), 13 July 2008, Features/Style, p. 12;
    • Graham Rayman, "Suit Against Sperm-Bank Firm Claims Sexual Harassment and Cult-Like Behavior", Village Voice, 20 May 2008;
    • Una Mullally and John Burke, "Labour senator promotes group classified in France as 'cult-like'", Sunday Tribune (Dublin), 31 July 2005, p. N1;
    • Scioscia, Amanda (19 October 2000). "Drive-thru Deliverance; It's not called est anymore, but you can still be ridiculed into self-awareness in just one expensive weekend". Phoenix New Times.;
    • "Defence workers trained by 'cult'", ABC News (Australia), 2 April 2008.
49. Scioscia, Amanda (19 October 2000). "Drive-thru Deliverance; It's not called est anymore, but you can still be ridiculed into self-awareness in just one expensive weekend". Phoenix New Times.
50. Badt, Karin (2008-03-05). "Inside The Landmark Forum". The Huffington Post. HuffingtonPost.com. Retrieved 2009-08-11. I questioned the odd apolitical bias of the program. Martin Luther King and Ghandi [sic] were not just victors of positive thinking: they had a radical political agenda to re-adjust political inequality. Their belief system was based in believing in something more than ourselves. Why were we being compared to Gandhi and King if we could stand up to our husbands and get a more successful career? concluded, per forma, with moving descriptions of Gandhi and King.
51. See:
    • Ben Porat, Shahar (April 2006). "Teacher of the Confused". Time Out. Israel. pp. 42–44.
    • Cannon, Patrick Owen (June 14, 2007). "Communication for Planetary Transformation and the Drag of Public Conversations: The Case of Landmark Education Corporation". Tampa, Florida: University of South Florida: 1–504. SFE0002150. Retrieved 26 January 2010. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
    • Lazarus, Baila (April 11, 2008). "Attain Freedom from the Past". Jewish Independent.
52. See:
    • Bhugra, Dinesh (1997). Psychiatry and Religion: Context, Consensus and Controversies. Routledge. p. 126. ISBN 0-415-16512-1.
    • Chryssides, George D. (2006). The A to Z of New Religious Movements. Scarecrow Press. pp. 197–198. ISBN 0-8108-5588-7.
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53. "File:2004 Landmark v Ross complaint.pdf - Wikimedia Commons". Commons.wikimedia.org. Retrieved 2012-04-18.
54. "File:2004 Landmark v Ross answer.pdf - Wikimedia Commons". Commons.wikimedia.org. Retrieved 2012-04-18.
55. Electronic Frontier Foundation. Landmark Education. Retrieved on September 1, 2013.
56. See:
    • ;
    • ;
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57. Tidskriften Analys & Kritik - Irrationalismen
58. See:
    • Marie Lemonniera, "Chez les gourous en cravate", Le Nouvel Observateur, 19 May 2005, accessed 7 December 2008; French text: "L’'Inspection du Travail débarque dans les locaux de Landmark, constate l'’exploitation des bénévoles et dresse des procès-verbaux pour travail non déclaré." English translation: "Labor inspectors turned up at the offices of Landmark, noted the exploitation of volunteers and drew up a report of undeclared employment."
    • "Defence workers trained by 'cult'", ABC News, 2 April 2008
    • (1996) "Liste des sectes dangereuses" (French). atheisme.free.fr. Retrieved on October 23, 2008.
    • (May 26, 2004). "Landmark Education - Droit de Répons - France 3" (French). landmarkeducation.fr. Retrieved on October 23, 2008.
59. US Dept. of Labor (15 April 2009). "US Department of Labor investigation into Landmark Education, 2006". WikiLeaks. Sunshine Press. Retrieved 3 September 2014.

External links

Template:Z148

• Landmark official website
• Landmark Education page in the Skeptics Dictionary

• Companies established in 1991
• Employee-owned companies of the United States
• Companies based in San Francisco, California
• Training companies of the United States
• Human Potential Movement
• Personal development
• Large-group awareness training