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| Due to the circumstance that the Alans did not leave any linguistic relics, the Iranian origin of the Alano-As people is not definitively confirmed, and even, open to contra-theories. According to the account of ] the language of the Alans was a mixture of (]) ] and (]) ] languages. This situation is complicated by the fact that not the Iranian Ossetians, but the Turkish ]-], likely descending from the ], are called ''As''/''Alan'' both by their neighbors, and by themselves,<ref name="Karatay">Karatay O., '''', 2003, pp.13-14</ref> an ethnic name which is also found in the place names ] and ].<ref>Agustí Alemany, Sources on Alans, Brill, 2000, p.6.</ref> In Greek-Byzantine sources the Jassic language is described to be known to come from line of ], who live next to ] and ].<ref>Ios. Bell Jud. Book 7, p.244. In: Agustí Alemany, , Brill, 2000, pp.6-7. Quote: | Due to the circumstance that the Alans did not leave any linguistic relics, the Iranian origin of the Alano-As people is not definitively confirmed, and even, open to contra-theories. According to the account of ] the language of the Alans was a mixture of (]) ] and (]) ] languages. This situation is complicated by the fact that not the Iranian Ossetians, but the Turkish ]-], likely descending from the ], are called ''As''/''Alan'' both by their neighbors, and by themselves,<ref name="Karatay">Karatay O., '''', 2003, pp.13-14</ref> an ethnic name which is also found in the place names ] and ].<ref>Agustí Alemany, Sources on Alans, Brill, 2000, p.6.</ref> In Greek-Byzantine sources the Jassic language is described to be known to come from line of ], who live next to ] and ].<ref>Ios. Bell Jud. Book 7, p.244. In: Agustí Alemany, , Brill, 2000, pp.6-7. Quote: | ||
| *"''...языкъ же ясьский вeдом есть, яко отъ печенежьского рода родися, живуща подлe Тани и Меотьскаго моря...''"; where ''ясьский'' (= Greek '''') is an adjective derived from ''Ясы'', a form of the ethnic name ''*as-''.</ref> John Scylitzes (§ 5.28.1) also make reference to the Alan princess ''Áλδή'' ('' |
*"''...языкъ же ясьский вeдом есть, яко отъ печенежьского рода родися, живуща подлe Тани и Меотьскаго моря...''"; where ''ясьский'' (= Greek '''') is an adjective derived from ''Ясы'', a form of the ethnic name ''*as-''.</ref> John Scylitzes (§ 5.28.1) also make reference to the Alan princess ''Áλδή'' (''Alzœ''), widow of “] of ]“ and mother of a certain Demetrius.<ref>Agustí Alemany, , Brill, 2000, pp.6-7.</ref><ref>, Budapest 2012, p.18</ref> | ||
| The Jasz people came to the Kingdom of Hungary, together with the ] (Hungarian: ''Kun'' people) when their lands to the east, in some in the later ] (see ] and ]) were ] in the mid-13th century. They were admitted by the Hungarian king, ] ], who hoped that the Jaszs would assist in resisting a Mongol-Tatar invasion. Shortly after their entry, the relationship worsened dramatically between the ] and the Cumanian-Jasz tribes, which then abandoned the country. After the end of the Mongol-Tatar invasion they returned and settled in the central part of the ], near the rivers Zagyva and Tarna. | The Jasz people came to the Kingdom of Hungary, together with the ] (Hungarian: ''Kun'' people) when their lands to the east, in some in the later ] (see ] and ]) were ] in the mid-13th century. They were admitted by the Hungarian king, ] ], who hoped that the Jaszs would assist in resisting a Mongol-Tatar invasion. Shortly after their entry, the relationship worsened dramatically between the ] and the Cumanian-Jasz tribes, which then abandoned the country. After the end of the Mongol-Tatar invasion they returned and settled in the central part of the ], near the rivers Zagyva and Tarna. | ||
Revision as of 11:33, 11 September 2014
Not to be confused with Iasi (disambiguation) or Jassy. "Jassi" redirects here. For the Indian Drama, see Jassi Jaissi Koi Nahin. Ethnic group| Regions with significant populations | |
|---|---|
| Hungary (in the Jászság region within the Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok County) | |
| Languages | |
| Hungarian (Uralic, Finno-Ugric) and formerly Jasz (Indo-European, Iranian) | |
| Religion | |
| Roman Catholic | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| Ossetians |
Jász is the most common exonym – and the Hungarian language name – for an Ossetian people, who are also known by the endonyms Iasi or Jassy. The Jász were an ethnic minority in Hungary, today subgroup of ethnic Hungarians and live mostly in Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok County.
Their original language, known in English as Jassic is now extinct. A dialect of the Ossetian language (and the broader Iranian language family), it has been replaced by Hungarian.
Geography
Main article: JászságThe Jasz people live in the region known as "Jászság" (roughly translatable as Jász-land), which comprises the north-western part of the Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok county. Their cultural and political center is the town of Jászberény.
Jászság is sometimes, erroneously, known as "Jazygia", after a somewhat related Sarmatian people, the Iazyges, who lived in a similar area in ancient times. However, there is no direct connection between the Jász and Iazyges.
History
The Jasz people were a nomadic Sarmatian tribe which settled in the medieval Kingdom of Hungary during the 13th century and are generally thought to be of Ossetian origin originally speaking a dialect of the Ossetic language. The dialect is extinct and members of the Jász usually speak Hungarian.
Their name is almost certainly related to that of the Iazyges, one of the Sarmatian Alan tribes which, along with the Roxolani, reached the borders of Dacia during the late 1st century BC (the city of Iași is named for them). Residual elements of these tribes, ancestors of the Jasz people, remained behind in the central North Caucasus, mingling with Caucasian peoples to form the present-day Ossetes.
Due to the circumstance that the Alans did not leave any linguistic relics, the Iranian origin of the Alano-As people is not definitively confirmed, and even, open to contra-theories. According to the account of Al-Bīrūnī the language of the Alans was a mixture of (Turkic) Pecheneg and (Iranic) Khwarezmian languages. This situation is complicated by the fact that not the Iranian Ossetians, but the Turkish Karachay-Balkars, likely descending from the old Bulgars, are called As/Alan both by their neighbors, and by themselves, an ethnic name which is also found in the place names Aslar and Astrakhan. In Greek-Byzantine sources the Jassic language is described to be known to come from line of Besenyo (Badjanak), who live next to Tanais and Meotian Lake. John Scylitzes (§ 5.28.1) also make reference to the Alan princess Áλδή (Alzœ), widow of “King George of Abasgia“ and mother of a certain Demetrius.
The Jasz people came to the Kingdom of Hungary, together with the Cumanians (Hungarian: Kun people) when their lands to the east, in some in the later Moldavia (see Iaşi and Jaszvasar) were invaded by the Mongol Empire in the mid-13th century. They were admitted by the Hungarian king, Béla IV Árpád, who hoped that the Jaszs would assist in resisting a Mongol-Tatar invasion. Shortly after their entry, the relationship worsened dramatically between the Hungarian nobility and the Cumanian-Jasz tribes, which then abandoned the country. After the end of the Mongol-Tatar invasion they returned and settled in the central part of the Pannonian Plain, near the rivers Zagyva and Tarna.
Initially, their main occupation was animal husbandry. During the next two centuries, they were fully assimilated into the Hungarian population; their language disappeared, but they preserved their Jasz identity. The Hungarian rulers granted the Jasz people special privileges. Thus, the Jasz were able to be more or less self-governing in an area known as Jászság in which Jászberény developed into the regional, cultural and administrative center.
In the 16th–17th centuries, areas populated by the Jasz people were under Ottoman administration, but at the end of the 17th century they were recaptured and returned to the Kingdom of Hungary, which was then part of the Habsburg Monarchy. Habsburg Emperor Leopold I sold the area to the Knights of the Teutonic Order. This saw the end of the privileged position of Jászberény. However, the Jasz people did not want to accept this situation and started to collect money with which they could buy their freedom. By 1745, they had collected half a million Rhenish gold florins, a considerable sum for those days. However, in this time the famous 'Act of Salvation' took place: the Empress Maria Theresa restored the Jasz land and Jasz hereditary privileges. From this point onwards, Jaszberény flourished. The Jasz regional autonomy was preserved until the year 1876, when area populated by the Jasz was administrativelly included into the Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok County.
After dissolution of Austria-Hungary in 1918, areas populated by the Jasz people were included into an independent Hungary. Over a dozen settlements in the Great Hungarian Plain (e.g. the names Jászberény, Jászárokszállás, Jászfényszaru, Jászalsószentgyörgy) still include a link to the Jasz. In 1995, the 250th Anniversary of the Act of Salvation was celebrated in Jászberény with the President of Hungary as guest of honor as well as with numerous foreign dignitaries.
Language
The only literary record of the Jász language was found in the 1950s in the Hungarian National Széchényi Library. The language was reconstructed with the help of various Ossetian analogies.
See also
- Jasz dialect
- Ossetians
- Alans
- Hungarians
- Jászság
- Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok
- Jazig
- Iaşi/Jassy
- Szekely
- Saka
- Scythians
References
- ^ Frederik Coene, The Caucasus: an introduction, Taylor & Francis, 2009, p. 219
- Karatay O., In Search of the Lost Tribe: The Origins and Making of the Croation Nation, 2003, pp.13-14
- Agustí Alemany, Sources on Alans, Brill, 2000, p.6.
- Ios. Bell Jud. Book 7, p.244. In: Agustí Alemany, Sources on Alans, Brill, 2000, pp.6-7. Quote:
- "...языкъ же ясьский вeдом есть, яко отъ печенежьского рода родися, живуща подлe Тани и Меотьскаго моря..."; where ясьский (= Greek των Αλανών) is an adjective derived from Ясы, a form of the ethnic name *as-.
- Agustí Alemany, Sources on Alans, Brill, 2000, pp.6-7.
- Agusti Alemany, Az Alánok az ókori és középkori írott forrásokban, Budapest 2012, p.18