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'''Mulatto''' (also '''mulato''') is a term of ] or ] origin describing the offspring of a ] and an ]. The form "mulato" is the orthoraphy as used in Spanish and Portuguese. A considerable number of ] Americans identify themselves as mulatto. '''Mulatto''' (also '''mulato''') is a term of ] or ] origin usually describing a person with significant amounts of both ] and ] ancestry. A considerable number of ] Americans identify themselves as mulatto.


In colonial years the term originally referred to the children of one European and one African parent as well as to children of two mulatto parents. During this era many other terms, both in ] and the ], were in use to accurately denote the percentage of individuals of African/European ancestry in ratios smaller or greater than the 50:50 of mulattos: for example ] or ], as well as mixtures other than European and African.


==Etymology== ==Etymology==
⚫ The origin of the term given by most dictionaries is ''mulo'', ], from ], from ] ''mulus''. The term was once a generic designation name for any ] species, and is considered offensive by some ]-speakers, who might prefer the term ], Afro - XX (e.g Afro-English), bi/multiracial, or mixed race.


It is important to be aware that etymological origin and actual meaning are NOT identical. The etymological origin of a term is therfore irrelevant. This means for example that many words of common usage can be traced to a 'negative' etymological origin. Among those are words like ''berber'', ''slavic'' (which is thought to be related to the world slave), ''Hapa'', ''hysterical'' (sexist origin) or even the innocent "kid" (which at its roots meant young goat) . However neither of these words are used in any way shape or form to mean what their roots mean, and neither is mulatto. It's also important to note that the term "black" referring to people was once a derrogatory term.
===''Mulo/a'' versus ''muwallad''===
The word ''mulato'' together with ''mestizo'' can be found for the first time in a document dated from 1549 -1603. '' Mulatos'', the plural form occurs for the first time in a document dated 1560 by Francisco Cervantes de Salazar also alongside ''mestizos''.
''Muwallad'' referred to the offspring of Arab men and African women. Some of these mixed children were usually not discriminated against, and actually succeeded their fathers as caliphs. According to professor Labrado ''muwallad'' is the etymological origin of ''mulato''. Another theory maintains that ''mulato'' would not have been directly derived from ''muwallad'' but from ''muladi'' which was in turn derived from ''muwallad''.
The etymological origin of the term as given by many dictionaries is from the ] word ''mulo''. However dictionaries who mention ''mulo'' as etymology for ''mulato'' also express doubt about the suffix -ato whose origin is obscure to them.


⚫ According to the Real Academia Espagnola ''mulo'' has two meanings in Spanish. The first meaning is "mule" from ] ''mulus''. There is no proof of whether the term has once been a generic designation name for any ] species, but this is why it may be considered offensive by some ]-speakers who might prefer terms like "]" instead. The second meaning of ''mulo'' in spanish according to the Real Academia Espagnola is "a person characterized by strength and vigour".
The term ''mulato'' is documented in the data bank of the Real Academia Española for the first time in ], while ''muladi'' does not appear until the half of the 18th century. However, it is very unlikely that this reflected the actual period of coinage. The question raised is, how could ''muladí'' be coined three to four hundred years after the Arab period in Spain? Common usage could not pull an Arabic word out of thin air to serve as model.
The explanation for the late occurrence of ''muladí'' in Spanish dictionaries is not hard to find. Both ''muladí'' and ''mulato'' would have originated not in Christian Spain, but among Christians living under Islamic rule - the "mozárabes" (practicing Christians and Arabic-speaking Christians), and later the "muladíes" (Christians converted to Islam).


There are several problems with this interpretation, however. Muladí was used predominantly in Spanish, but the definition indicates those that converted to Islam and lived among Arabs. The definition did not indicate phenotype.


Another etymology which can also be found in some dictionaries and scholarly works traces its origins to the ] term ''muwallad'', which means "a person of mixed ancestry". Muwallad literally means, "born, begotten, produced, generated; brought up, raised; born and raised among Arabs (but not of pure Arab blood)." Muwallad is derived from the root word WaLaD (Arabic spelling: waw, lam, dal). Walad means, "descendant, offspring,
The phonetic similarity is not as strong orally. There is a strong need to focus on the accent as it identifies how the word was pronounced and how it could evolve. The term was Moo-lah-dI with the stress on the i. This contrasts with mulato pronounced Moo-lAh-toh. That stress difference is obvious in the plural writing too. MuladIes, Moo-lah-dI-es. Considering the fact that Mulato and Muladí were contemporaneous in use there is still the question of how would the division in spelling and pronunciation have occurred.
scion; child; son; boy; young animal, young one." ''Muwallad'' referred to the offspring of Arab men and foreign, non-Arab women. The term ''muwalladin'' is used in arabic up to this day to describe the children between Arab fathers and foreign mothers.
According to Julio Izquierdo Labrado as well as Leopoldo Eguilaz y Yanguas and others as well as different arabian sources ''muwallad'' is the etymological origin of ''mulato''. In this context ''mulato'' would have been derived DIRECTLY from ''muwallad'' and NOT through ''muladi'', a term which applied to Spanish christians who had converted to islam during the arab domination of Spain. Rather do the two words share the analogous etymology of ''muwallad''. The arab origin of ''mulatto'' would not be surprising given the importance of Arabic at the time.


"From the 8th to the 12th centuries, Arabic became the scientific language of mankind. During this period anyone who desired to advance in the world and become a skilled and learned man had to study Arabic. Christians living under Muslim rule became so proficient in Arabic that they neglected their own tongue. Christians were captivated by the glamour of Arabic literature and that men of taste despised Latin authors, and wrote only in the language of their conquerors. Although Spain was the principal point of the Arab impact, Arab influence also spread to Europe from Sicily after its conquest and Arabization. In addition, the Crusaders returning from the civilized Arab East brought back to the Europe of the Dark Ages many new products and ideas. After these soldiers of the cross returned, English and other European languages were enriched with numerous words. English was one of the European languages which received an inflow of words from this early contact with Spain, Sicily and the Arab East. From these lands it was a continuing process, the flowing in of new words. Later, among others, French and Portuguese were instrumental, as a medium, in some of the transmissions. Arabic is the seventh on the list of languages that has contributed to the enrichment of the English vocabulary. Only Greek, Latin, French, German, Scandinavian and the Celtic group of languages have contributed more than Arabic to the English idiom."
The claim is addressed by the Royal Academy of Spain:
"The term MULATO is documented in our diachronic data bank in 1549, whereas MULADÍ (From Mullawadí) does not appear until the half of the XVIII century , according to Corominas (in our data bank CORDE there are no examples until 1902). Therefore, it is not possible to derive MULATO from MULADí. On the other hand, the suffix - ato is found in the DRAE with several meanings, among them the one of 'animal young': fawn cervato, wild boar jabato, and Mule mulato. The term would have been used by comparison of the hybrid generation of the mulato with the one of the mule.


Islamic Moors also traveled over to the New World with the Spaniards.
Even if Muladí was coined at an earlier date outside Spain prior to the recordings in the DRAE, the existence of Mulato, used in context of a small mule and the lack of the existence of Muladí in Spain would obviate any causational correlation between the two.

==Muwalladins ==

"Engseng Ho, an anthropologist, discusses the role of the muwallad in the region. The term muwallad, used primarily in reference to those of 'mixed blood,' is analyzed through ethnographic and textual information. The focus is on Hadramis who return to Hadramawt although their birth was some place else."

"We tend to know about the success stories, but migration also produced large numbers of dislocated and disoriented people. Often, they were muwalladin, a term used for people from the coast, but also for children of mixed parentage. While the muwalladin often had the cultural capital to function in more than one society - which might well explain the adaptability and eventual success of so many of them - they also risked being regarded as outsiders; this was to become particularly relevant in the second half of the 20th century with the rise of nationalism."

"Thus, the pure Arab immigrants or ulaytis took local wives. Their children
became muwallads through their Indonesian mothers."


==Hispanic America and Brazil== ==Hispanic America and Brazil==
In Latin America, mulattos officially made up the majority of the population in the ]<sup>]</sup> (73%<sup>]</sup>) and ] (51%). In Latin America, mulattos officially made up the majority of the population in the ]<sup>]</sup> (73%<sup>]</sup>) and ] (51%).


In other American countries where mulattos do not constitute a majority, they can represent a significant portion of their populations; ] (aprox. 38%), ] (14%), ], and ] (14%). In other American countries where mulattos do not constitute a majority, they can represent a significant portion of their populations; ] (aprox. 38%), ] (14%), ], ] (14%) and ]



Although when Africans were first brought to ] and ] they represeneted a sizable portion of the population, there was never more than 200,000 Africans in Mexico (and a similar number in Honduras). Also, they were absorbed there for the most part by the ] populations of mixed European and ] descent. Furthermore, when slavery was abolished, the African and Mulatto populations decreased due to continued immigration from Spain and other European countries; Native Americans in Mexico, in modern times, have the highest birth rates in the nation. Thus the African and mulatto population is not as significant there as in other American nations. Although when Africans were first brought to ] and ] they represeneted a sizable portion of the population, there was never more than 200,000 Africans in Mexico (and a similar number in Honduras). Also, they were absorbed there for the most part by the ] populations of mixed European and ] descent. Furthermore, when slavery was abolished, the African and Mulatto populations decreased due to continued immigration from Spain and other European countries; Native Americans in Mexico, in modern times, have the highest birth rates in the nation. Thus the African and mulatto population is not as significant there as in other American nations.


==United States including Puerto Rico== ==United States and Puerto Rico==
In the ], the term was in the beginning also used as a term for those of mixed white and Native American ancestry. ''Mulatto'' was an official census category until 1930. In the ], the term was in the beginning also used as a term for those of mixed white and Native American ancestry. ''Mulatto'' was an official census category until 1930.
It was the American eugenist movement of the early 20th century which led to the establishment of what is known as the One Drop Rule. The One Drop Rule was made law in 1924 by the Eugenist Walter Plecker. It said that a single drop of black blood would from there on make a person fully black and was based on the assumption that blacks where genetically inferior to whites. The one-drop-rule became illegal in 1964 but only since the 1980s is it increasingly under attack. It was the racism of the American eugenist movement of the early 20th century which led to the establishment of what is known as the One Drop Rule. The One Drop Rule was made law in 1924 by the Eugenist Walter Plecker. It said that a single drop of black blood would from there on make a person fully black and was based on the false assumption that blacks where genetically inferior to whites. The one-drop-rule became illegal in 1964 but only since the 1980s is it increasingly under attack.


One criticism of the use of "mulatto" is that it ignores the high rate of racial intermixing in North America. However, most black Americans are still predominantly African (average of 17% European ancestry according to geneticist Marc Shriver). This makes them quite different in ancestry from mulattoes, which in the US are often even more than 50% European in ancestry. One criticism of the term is that it is said to ignore the high rate of racial intermixing in North America. However most black Americans are still predominantly black (average of 17% European ancestry according to geneticist Marc Shriver). This makes them quite different in ancestry from mulattoes which in the US are often even more than 50% European in ancestry. 30% of European Americans also have black ancestry.


This criticism is also fails to take into account that in the United States the historic ] tradition of the ] (the custom of deeming all people with any amount of African blood to be black) prevented mulattos from remaining an independent ethnic entity through the past 70 years, with members seeing themselves as such. The existing mulatto communities in Charlston, Richmond, New Orleans and elsewhere were torn apart by the one-drop-rule. Yet remnants of those communities still exist to this day despite the official black label. This criticism is also fails to take into account that in the United States the historic ] tradition of the ] (the custom of deeming all people with any amount of African blood to be black) prevented mulattos from remaining an independent ethnic entity through the past 70 years, with members seeing themselves as such. The existing mulatto communities in Charlston, Richmond, New Orleans and elsewhere were torn apart by the one-drop-rule. Yet remnants of those communities still exist to this day despite the official black label.


Mulattos might also constitute a significant portion of the population of ], a commonwealth territory of the USA. However, recent genetic research indicates that, in relation to matrilineal ancestry as revealed by ], 61% have inherited mitochondrial DNA from an Amerind female ancestor, 27% have inherited mitochondrial DNA from a female African ancestor and 12% showed to have inherited mitochondrial DNA from a female European ancestor. Conversely, patrilineal input as indicated by the ], showed that 70% of all Puerto Rican males have inherited Y chromosome DNA from a male European ancestor, 20% have inherited Y chromosome DNA from a male African ancestor and less than 10% have inherited Y chromosome DNA from male Amerindian ancestor. Because these test measure only the DNA along the matrilineal line and patrilinel lines of inheritance, each test only measures the one individual out of thousands, perhaps millions of ancestors; they cannot tell us exactly what percentage of Puerto Ricans have African Ancestry. Mulattos might also constitute a significant portion of the population of ], a commonwealth territory in association with the USA. However, recent genetic research indicates that, in relation to matrilineal ancestry as revealed by ], 61% have inherited mitochondrial DNA from an Amerind female ancestor, 27% have inherited mitochondrial DNA from a female African ancestor and 12% showed to have inherited mitochondrial DNA from a female European ancestor. Conversely, patrilineal input as indicated by the ], showed that 70% of all Puerto Rican males have inherited Y chromosome DNA from a male European ancestor, 20% have inherited Y chromosome DNA from a male African ancestor and less than 10% have inherited Y chromosome DNA from male Amerindian ancestor. Because these test measure only the DNA along the matrilineal line and patrilinel lines of inheritance, each test only measures the one individual out of thousands, perhaps millions of ancestors; they cannot tell us exactly what percentage of Puerto Ricans have African Ancestry.


Nevertheless, independent of their actual numbers, the history of the population of Puerto Rican mulattos is independent from those of the US. Prior to the ], when Puerto Rico became a commonwealth of the United States, Puerto Rico was an integral part of the Spanish Empire, and it still constitutes a cultural-geographic segment of Latin America. Thus, the history of Puerto Rico is a shared one with Latin America. Nevertheless, independent of their actual numbers, the history of the population of Puerto Rican mulattos is independent from those of the US. Prior to the ], when Puerto Rico became a commonwealth of the United States, Puerto Rico was an integral part of the Spanish Empire, and it still constitutes a cultural-geographic segment of Latin America. Thus, the history of Puerto Rico is a shared one with Latin America.
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In Haiti, mulattos initially possessed legal equality with the unmixed French population. This provided them with many benefits, including inheritance. In the 18th century, however, Europeans fearful of slave revolts had restricted their rights, but they were successfully reclaimed in 1791. In Haiti, mulattos initially possessed legal equality with the unmixed French population. This provided them with many benefits, including inheritance. In the 18th century, however, Europeans fearful of slave revolts had restricted their rights, but they were successfully reclaimed in 1791.


==Famous mulattos/Eurafricans==
<!-- Image with unknown copyright status removed: ] has French and Réunionese ancestry]] -->


==]==
Definition of a mulatto/Eurafrican:
The traditionnal mulatto communities and mulatto ethnicities in Africa include the South African coloreds as well as the Rehobother Basters of Namibia.


==Europe==
1. A person having one white and one black parent.
There is an emerging mulatto communitiy in modern Europe. These mulattos are mainly the direct descendents of recent African immigrants as well as earlier West-Indian immigrants and European residents.


==Famous Mulattoes==
2. A person of mixed white and black ancestry.


3. A person whose parents are any mixture of black and white.

4. A person descended from a recent or historical mixture of ] and European ancestors.

*], ] ] (]) player
*], ] footballer
*], ] footballer
*], ] footballer
*], (1/2 Kenyan - 1/2 European American) ] *], (1/2 Kenyan - 1/2 European American) ]
*], (1/2 African-American - 1/2 white British) American actress *], (1/2 African-American - 1/2 white British) American actress
*], (1/2 Portuguese - 1/2 African) most famous Brazilian colonial architect *], (1/2 Portugese - 1/2 African) most famous Brazilian colonial architect
*], (1/2 Zimbabwean - 1/2 White) British actress *], (1/2 Zimbabwean - 1/2 White) British actress
*], (part Dutch, Haitian, French MGM) civil rights leader
⚫ *], (1/2 black Jamaican - 1/2 white Jamaican) Jamaican singer/Rastafarian
*], Civil Rights Leader
⚫ *], (1/2 Jamaican - 1/2 English) British athlete/Olympic gold medalist (800m, 1500m)
*], Abolitionist
⚫ *], (1/2 Nigerian - 1/2 Scottish) British athlete/Olympic gold Mmdalist (2x ])
*], Cuban Astronaut
*], Cuban Aboloitionist, general and independence fighter
⚫ *], (1/2 black Jamaican - 1/2 white Jamaican) Jamaican singer/rastafarian
⚫ *], (1/2 Jamaican - 1/2 English) British athlete/olympic gold medalist (800m, 1500m)
⚫ *], (1/2 Nigerian - 1/2 Scottish) British Athlete/olympic gold medalist (2x ])
*], Mexican Abolitionist and independence fighter
*], Mexican Abolitionist and independence fighter
*], first elected Haitian president and abolitionist *], first elected Haitian president and abolitionist
*], (1/2 Nigerian - 1/2 British) British singer and musician *], (1/2 Nigerian - 1/2 British) British singer and musician
*], Director *], Director
*], Film directors *], film directors
*], (1/2 Grenadian - 1/2 English/Jewish) British R&B singer *], (1/2 Grenadian - 1/2 English/Jewish) British R&B singer
*], French, German, Indian, Black]]
*], (1/2 Ghanaian, 1/2 English), actor and fashion designer
*] (1/4 black Brazilian - 3/4 white brazilian and portugese) Brazilian writer, considered the most important writer of brazilian history
*], (3/4 African-American, 1/4 White), Pro-basket ball player
*](1/4 African 3/4 white French) most read French writer
⚫ *], Former British MP, now Ambassador to South Africa
⚫ *], (1/2 Jamaican/Asian - 1/2 White/Native American) Canadian singer
⚫ *], Former British MP, now ambassador to South Africa
*], (1/2 Bahamian - 1/2 White Canadian) American basketball player *], (1/2 Bahamian - 1/2 White Canadian) American basketball player
*], (1/2 Dominican - 1/2 English) British Talkshow hostess *], (1/2 Dominican - 1/2 English) British talkshow hostess
*], (1/2 Ghanaian - 1/2 Swedish) Former Miss Sweden *], (1/2 Ghanaian - 1/2 Swedish) former Miss Sweden
*], (1/2 Jewish/American - 1/2 African/American) American musician *], (1/2 Jewish/American - 1/2 African/American) American musician
*], (1/2 Jamaican - 1/2 White) British singer *], (1/2 Jamaican - 1/2 White) British singer
*], (1/2 Jamaican American - 1/2 Italian/Irish) American singer *], (1/2 Jamaican American - 1/2 Italian/Irish) American singer
*], (1/2 Ghanaian - 1/2 German) Austrian model/actor *], (1/2 Ghanaian - 1/2 German) Austrian model/actor
*], (1/2 Jewish/American - 1/2 African ] Musician)
*], (1/2 Bahamian - 1/2 French) French model *], (1/2 Bahamian - 1/2 French) French model
*], (1/2 African American - 1/2 German) American model and shoe salesman
*] (1/2 Jewish - 1/2 African American)
*], (1/2 Réunionese - 1/2 French) French actress/model *], (1/2 Réunionese - 1/2 French) French actress/model
*], (1/2 African-American - 1/2 Irish/French-Canadian) American actor/model *], (1/2 African-American - 1/2 Irish/French-Canadian) American actor/model
*], (1/2 Irish-American - 1/2 African-American) *], (1/2 Jamaican - 1/2 Italian) American Singer
⚫ *], (1/2 Jamaican - 1/2 Italian) American singer
*], (1/2 French - 1/2 Cameroonian) former tennis player/pop artist
*], (1/2 Nigerian - 1/2 Jewish) British actress *], (1/2 Nigerian - 1/2 Jewish) British actress
*], (1/2 African-American - 1/2 White) American models *], (1/2 African-American - 1/2 White) American models
⚫ *], (1/2Irish - 1/4 Venezuelan-1/4 African-American) American singer
*], (1/2 French-Canadian - 1/2 African-Canadian) Canadian singer *], (1/2 French-Canadian - 1/2 African-Canadian) Canadian singer
*], (1/2 Italian - Scottish,Irish - 1/2 African American) American actor *] (1/2 Italian,Scottish,Irish - 1/2 African American) American actor
⚫ *], (1/2 White American - 1/2 African-American) American actress
*], (1/2 Tutsi Rwandan - French) French actress and former model
*], (1/2 Afro-English - 1/2 White British) Youngest England ] footballer

==See also==
* ] - a person descended from a recent or historical mixture of ] and European ancestors.


==Footnotes== ==Footnotes==
Line 116: Line 116:


==Sources== ==Sources==
* Julio Izquierdo Labrado (1993): '''La esclavitud en Huelva y Palos (1570-1587)'''
* Leopoldo Eguilaz y Yanguas (1886): '''Glosario de las palabras españolas (castellanas, catalanas, gallegas, mallorquinas, protugueses, valencianas y bascongadas), de orígen oriental (árabe, hebreo, malayo, persa y turco). Granada, La Lealtad, 1886.'''

* Mulatto not derived from Latin but an Arabic loan-word
* Engseng Ho, an anthropologist, discusses the role of the muwallad in the region. The term muwallad, used primarily in reference to those of 'mixed blood,' is brilliantly analyzed through ethnographic and textual information.
*
*
* *
* *
* *
*


==External links== ==External links==
* *
* *
* *
* *
*
* An Article from the Los Angeles Times




] ]


] ]
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] ]
] ]
] ]
] ]
] ]

Revision as of 06:41, 14 July 2006

Representation of Mulattos during the Latin American colonial period.

Mulatto (also mulato) is a term of Spanish or Portuguese origin usually describing a person with significant amounts of both European and African ancestry. A considerable number of Hispanic Americans identify themselves as mulatto.


Etymology

It is important to be aware that etymological origin and actual meaning are NOT identical. The etymological origin of a term is therfore irrelevant. This means for example that many words of common usage can be traced to a 'negative' etymological origin. Among those are words like berber, slavic (which is thought to be related to the world slave), Hapa, hysterical (sexist origin) or even the innocent "kid" (which at its roots meant young goat) . However neither of these words are used in any way shape or form to mean what their roots mean, and neither is mulatto. It's also important to note that the term "black" referring to people was once a derrogatory term. The word mulato together with mestizo can be found for the first time in a document dated from 1549 -1603. Mulatos, the plural form occurs for the first time in a document dated 1560 by Francisco Cervantes de Salazar also alongside mestizos. The etymological origin of the term as given by many dictionaries is from the Spanish word mulo. However dictionaries who mention mulo as etymology for mulato also express doubt about the suffix -ato whose origin is obscure to them.

According to the Real Academia Espagnola mulo has two meanings in Spanish. The first meaning is "mule" from Latin mulus. There is no proof of whether the term has once been a generic designation name for any hybrid species, but this is why it may be considered offensive by some English-speakers who might prefer terms like "biracial" instead. The second meaning of mulo in spanish according to the Real Academia Espagnola is "a person characterized by strength and vigour".


Another etymology which can also be found in some dictionaries and scholarly works traces its origins to the Arabic term muwallad, which means "a person of mixed ancestry". Muwallad literally means, "born, begotten, produced, generated; brought up, raised; born and raised among Arabs (but not of pure Arab blood)." Muwallad is derived from the root word WaLaD (Arabic spelling: waw, lam, dal). Walad means, "descendant, offspring, scion; child; son; boy; young animal, young one." Muwallad referred to the offspring of Arab men and foreign, non-Arab women. The term muwalladin is used in arabic up to this day to describe the children between Arab fathers and foreign mothers. According to Julio Izquierdo Labrado as well as Leopoldo Eguilaz y Yanguas and others as well as different arabian sources muwallad is the etymological origin of mulato. In this context mulato would have been derived DIRECTLY from muwallad and NOT through muladi, a term which applied to Spanish christians who had converted to islam during the arab domination of Spain. Rather do the two words share the analogous etymology of muwallad. The arab origin of mulatto would not be surprising given the importance of Arabic at the time.

"From the 8th to the 12th centuries, Arabic became the scientific language of mankind. During this period anyone who desired to advance in the world and become a skilled and learned man had to study Arabic. Christians living under Muslim rule became so proficient in Arabic that they neglected their own tongue. Christians were captivated by the glamour of Arabic literature and that men of taste despised Latin authors, and wrote only in the language of their conquerors. Although Spain was the principal point of the Arab impact, Arab influence also spread to Europe from Sicily after its conquest and Arabization. In addition, the Crusaders returning from the civilized Arab East brought back to the Europe of the Dark Ages many new products and ideas. After these soldiers of the cross returned, English and other European languages were enriched with numerous words. English was one of the European languages which received an inflow of words from this early contact with Spain, Sicily and the Arab East. From these lands it was a continuing process, the flowing in of new words. Later, among others, French and Portuguese were instrumental, as a medium, in some of the transmissions. Arabic is the seventh on the list of languages that has contributed to the enrichment of the English vocabulary. Only Greek, Latin, French, German, Scandinavian and the Celtic group of languages have contributed more than Arabic to the English idiom."

Islamic Moors also traveled over to the New World with the Spaniards.

Muwalladins

"Engseng Ho, an anthropologist, discusses the role of the muwallad in the region. The term muwallad, used primarily in reference to those of 'mixed blood,' is analyzed through ethnographic and textual information. The focus is on Hadramis who return to Hadramawt although their birth was some place else."

"We tend to know about the success stories, but migration also produced large numbers of dislocated and disoriented people. Often, they were muwalladin, a term used for people from the coast, but also for children of mixed parentage. While the muwalladin often had the cultural capital to function in more than one society - which might well explain the adaptability and eventual success of so many of them - they also risked being regarded as outsiders; this was to become particularly relevant in the second half of the 20th century with the rise of nationalism."

"Thus, the pure Arab immigrants or ulaytis took local wives. Their children became muwallads through their Indonesian mothers."

Hispanic America and Brazil

In Latin America, mulattos officially made up the majority of the population in the Dominican Republic (73%) and Cuba (51%).

In other American countries where mulattos do not constitute a majority, they can represent a significant portion of their populations; Brazil (aprox. 38%), Colombia (14%), Venezuela, Panama (14%) and Puerto Rico


Although when Africans were first brought to Mexico and Honduras they represeneted a sizable portion of the population, there was never more than 200,000 Africans in Mexico (and a similar number in Honduras). Also, they were absorbed there for the most part by the mestizo populations of mixed European and Amerindian descent. Furthermore, when slavery was abolished, the African and Mulatto populations decreased due to continued immigration from Spain and other European countries; Native Americans in Mexico, in modern times, have the highest birth rates in the nation. Thus the African and mulatto population is not as significant there as in other American nations.

United States and Puerto Rico

In the United States, the term was in the beginning also used as a term for those of mixed white and Native American ancestry. Mulatto was an official census category until 1930. It was the racism of the American eugenist movement of the early 20th century which led to the establishment of what is known as the One Drop Rule. The One Drop Rule was made law in 1924 by the Eugenist Walter Plecker. It said that a single drop of black blood would from there on make a person fully black and was based on the false assumption that blacks where genetically inferior to whites. The one-drop-rule became illegal in 1964 but only since the 1980s is it increasingly under attack.

One criticism of the term is that it is said to ignore the high rate of racial intermixing in North America. However most black Americans are still predominantly black (average of 17% European ancestry according to geneticist Marc Shriver). This makes them quite different in ancestry from mulattoes which in the US are often even more than 50% European in ancestry. 30% of European Americans also have black ancestry.

This criticism is also fails to take into account that in the United States the historic Anglo-American tradition of the One-Drop Rule (the custom of deeming all people with any amount of African blood to be black) prevented mulattos from remaining an independent ethnic entity through the past 70 years, with members seeing themselves as such. The existing mulatto communities in Charlston, Richmond, New Orleans and elsewhere were torn apart by the one-drop-rule. Yet remnants of those communities still exist to this day despite the official black label.

Mulattos might also constitute a significant portion of the population of Puerto Rico, a commonwealth territory in association with the USA. However, recent genetic research indicates that, in relation to matrilineal ancestry as revealed by mtDNA, 61% have inherited mitochondrial DNA from an Amerind female ancestor, 27% have inherited mitochondrial DNA from a female African ancestor and 12% showed to have inherited mitochondrial DNA from a female European ancestor. Conversely, patrilineal input as indicated by the Y chromosome, showed that 70% of all Puerto Rican males have inherited Y chromosome DNA from a male European ancestor, 20% have inherited Y chromosome DNA from a male African ancestor and less than 10% have inherited Y chromosome DNA from male Amerindian ancestor. Because these test measure only the DNA along the matrilineal line and patrilinel lines of inheritance, each test only measures the one individual out of thousands, perhaps millions of ancestors; they cannot tell us exactly what percentage of Puerto Ricans have African Ancestry.

Nevertheless, independent of their actual numbers, the history of the population of Puerto Rican mulattos is independent from those of the US. Prior to the Spanish-American War, when Puerto Rico became a commonwealth of the United States, Puerto Rico was an integral part of the Spanish Empire, and it still constitutes a cultural-geographic segment of Latin America. Thus, the history of Puerto Rico is a shared one with Latin America.

Haiti

In Haiti (formerly Saint-Domingue), a non-Hispanic country of the Caribbean, mulattos represented a smaller proportion of the population than in many Latin American countries. Today they constitute about 5% of the population.

Historically, Haitian mulattos have been looked down upon by both blacks and whites alike, and used by both when best suited. African Hatians regarded them as no better or worse than their unmixed French progenitors. Mulattos made up a class of their own. They were free and usually had a preference for French rather than African culture. Often they were highly educated and wealthy. This is much in contrast to US mulattos where mulattos inherited slave status if the mother was a slave, although in French-influenced areas of the South prior to the Civil War (particularly New Orleans, Louisiana) a number of mulattos were also free and slave-owning.

Being part of their time, many Haitian mulattos were also slaveholders and as such actively participated in the oppression of the black majority. However, many also actively fought for the abolition of slavery. Distinguished mulattos such as Nicolas Suard and others were prime examples of mulattoes who devoted their time, energy and financial means to this cause. Some were also members of the Les Amis des Noirs in Paris, an association that fought for the abolition of slavery.

Nevertheless, many mulattos were slaughtered by African Haitians during the wars of independence in order to secure African political power over the island. Earlier some African volunteers had already aligned themselves with the French against the mulattos during the first and second mulatto rebellion.

In Haiti, mulattos initially possessed legal equality with the unmixed French population. This provided them with many benefits, including inheritance. In the 18th century, however, Europeans fearful of slave revolts had restricted their rights, but they were successfully reclaimed in 1791.


Africa

The traditionnal mulatto communities and mulatto ethnicities in Africa include the South African coloreds as well as the Rehobother Basters of Namibia.

Europe

There is an emerging mulatto communitiy in modern Europe. These mulattos are mainly the direct descendents of recent African immigrants as well as earlier West-Indian immigrants and European residents.

Famous Mulattoes

Footnotes

  1. In the Dominican Republic, the mulatto population has also absorbed the small number of Taíno Amerindians once present in that country.
  2. Based on a 1960 census that included colour categories such as white, Black, yellow, and mulatto. Since then, any racial components have been dropped from the Dominican census.

Sources

  • Julio Izquierdo Labrado (1993): La esclavitud en Huelva y Palos (1570-1587)
  • Leopoldo Eguilaz y Yanguas (1886): Glosario de las palabras españolas (castellanas, catalanas, gallegas, mallorquinas, protugueses, valencianas y bascongadas), de orígen oriental (árabe, hebreo, malayo, persa y turco). Granada, La Lealtad, 1886.

External links

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