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| The House of '''Suren-Pahlav''', is one of the oldest surviving Iranian clans and was once member one of the ]. | |||
| ==The Origin== | |||
| ] | |||
| The greatest ruling clans (Vispuhrs) of ], at the time of ], were traditionally seven families, and the two most predominant of them were the Suren and ], of the Ashkani (]) descent, and bore the surname of Pahlav, “Parthian”. | |||
| Suren-Pahlavs were the member of ] branch of the ] (or better known as the ]) Stock, a member tribe of the ], (Dahae-Parno-Parthian) tribes (chose chiefs for war and princes for peace) from among the closest circle of the princely family. The Parnis were famous for their breeding of horses, for their combat cavalry, and for their fine archers. They have been a people who kept the traditions of patriarchal tribal organisation. The Suren-Pahlavs alongside the other members of the Parni, with Arsaces at their head, took the province of Parthovia (]) after having beaten Andragoras and soon, neighbouring Hyrcania was annexed and the ] reached. The first of the Parnis Ashk or Arakhsh (]) had himself crowned in the city of Asaak, and the tribe took the name of the Parthians, their close relatives, a name that meant "exiled." Their language was from ] (]) family, closely related to ] and ]. The dynasty these people produced never broke its links with the people, and rare was the Arsacid dynastic sovereign who did not turn to his people in time of danger. | |||
| The Suren-Pahlavs, who were dominated estates in ] and area around Nishapur, were first among Parthian nobility, that had the privilege to crown the King of the Ashkanian (Arsacid) as well as ] dynasties | |||
| The founder of house of Suren-Pahlav was Kofasat Suren-Pahlav, one of the Vispuhrs (Sons of the Clans) and the companion of ], who lived 111 BC. In an episode of Sistan origin he inserted into the ] and still localised today at the ruins of mount Ushidar also known as “]” in the “]” and the ruins on the southern slope, is still known as Kuk-u Kohzadh (is known that, at ] there was his sculpture). However, the two centuries following his time were the period in which the older ] myth became transformed into a chivalresque epic (similar to the relation of the ] to the ]) and in which many historical figures were introduced into the older form of the legend, among them the historical Kofasat as Kohzad. | |||
| ] | |||
| Another member of Surens, which later his name inserted into Shahnameh was Eran Spahbodh (Iran’s Commander of forces) Rustaham Suren-Pahlav (84BC to 31BC), who defeated Crassus at the ]. The name under which he appears in the western classical sources was apparently no more than his hereditary title, that of ], which continues to appear in the record of Iranian history far into Sasanian times. | |||
| His name is preserved amongst the throng, of epic heroes whose deeds are recalled in the ] section of the Shahnameh. The feat of arms performed by Suren was certainly the most celebrated of the whole Ashkanian era, was not vanished entirely. Thus in some ways the position of great Suren in the historical tradition is curiously parallel to that of ] the hero of the Shahnameh. His figure has been endowed with many features of a historical personality of the Rustam. The latter he was always represented as the mightiest of Iranian paladins, and the atmosphere of the episodes in which he features is strongly reminiscent of the Ashkanian period. | |||
| Eran-Spahbodh Rustaham’s youngest son, Rustaham-Gondofarr Suren-Pahlav, the ruler of the eastern-greater Iran, who ruled between 10BC to AD17, the vast empire of the ] at the time of Ashkanian dynasty, seems that he was the king of India, who in the ] appears as ] or Kaspar/], ] ] among ], which was inserted in a ] story of their visit to ]. | |||
| By AD15, the majority of Suren-Pahlavs were ], but Goudarz son of Verazdad, the head of Suren-Pahlavs at that time, introduced them to ] religion, and built the fire temple at Kuh-e Khwajeh in Sistan. | |||
| ==House at the time of the Sasanian Dynasty== | |||
| At the court of the King of Kings ] I the founder of ], the Arsacid families of Suren-Pahlav and ], along with the ] families of ] and ] held positions of great honour. Ardeshir’s successor King of Kings ] I, was used the Gondophar’s crest (a circle surrounded by crescent), that may indicate, his relationship through his mother to the House of Suren-Pahlav. However, there is a complete analogy with the appearance, at the court of the King of Kings of ] and ] (non-Iranian = Uncivilised Lands, the term for non-Iranians) of the new dynasty, of the kings of ], Abarshahr, Carmania, ], ] and Adiabene, mentioned in the ranks of the nobles holding the positions of highest honour. After all, the extensive domains of the Surens, Karens and Varazes also have originally become part of the Sasanian state as semi-independent states: the Suren-Pahlavs maintained their rule over the Sakastan, and one of their branches ruled the area around ]. | |||
| In AD 363, after a combat with Iranians, the Roman emperor ] was mortally wounded, and after his death the new emperor, ], found his army in a disadvantageous position. A thirty years peace treaty was made between Iran and ], which Varnan Suren-Pahlav son of Kofasat & Shapurdokht , was the ambassador of King of Kings, ]. | |||
| Iran obtained most of the former Roman possessions east of the ] as well as the cities of ], Singara and others. ] was also abandoned by the Romans and was temporarily conquered by Iranian forces led by Varnan’s eldest son, Eran-Spahbodh Goudarz Suren-Pahlav, the General of Shapur, seized Armenia. | |||
| Afterwards, Shapur sought to come to an agreement over Armenia with the emperor ], but this was not possible until the invasion of the ] in the ] near ] distracted the Romans. Then in AD 382, the Iranians once again, under the command of Goudarz Suren-Pahlav, the new Shapur’s appointed governor, took the lion's share of Armenia, while the Romans had to be content with a small area mainly around ]. Armenia, however, continued to remain a bone of contention between the two empires in coming centuries. Goudarz Suren-Pahlav, was the first member of Suren-Pahlav who appointed as Sasanian governor of Armenia. | |||
| Later in 2331 (AD 564), Soren-Nersi Suren-pahlav, the Sasanian governor of Armenia, who had been appointed by the King of Kings Khosrow Parviz, introduced Armenian to Zoroastrian religion, and built a fire temple at ] an important town near modern ]. Armenian uprising against Iranian rule in AD 751, ended with massacre of Soren-Nersi and most of his family members along with his Iranian bodyguards. Only surviving members of his family was Shapour Suren-Pahlav the governor of ], and Mehrdad Suren-Pahlav the governor of Sistan. | |||
| The grandson of Soren-Nersi Suren-Pahlav, ] who he was the commander of the northern Iranian forces marched through ] to ], opposite the ] capital, and continued his conquests of various towns in Anatolia. In the spring of AD 618 Iranian troops under his and ] able commands, entered ] and besieged ], which soon fell. | |||
| ==House after Arab invasion of Iran & Islamic era== | |||
| After the invasion of Iran by ] in 7th century, many members of the Suren-Pahlav family along with other Parthian as well as Sasanian nobles have fled from mainland Iran to ], Armenia and even to ]. They contributed to the spread of the Persian language in such cities as ] and ] in place of ]. In fact, the ] of ] and ] claimed to be descendants of ] and thus descendants of the ]. A ] or ]-Chinese bilingual inscription on a grave-stone has been found near the town of ] in ] of western China, records the death of a princess of the Suren-Pahlav family from the year AD 872. | |||
| Most of today Suren-Pahlavs are Zoroastrian, and residing in Sistan va Balucistan province, and though, some of the clan members are scattered around the world, but on 22nd December every year, all the members are gathering in Zabol for reunion and updating the clan’s censuses. | |||
| == See also == | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| ==References== | |||
| * | |||
| *A. D. H. Bivar, "The Political History of Iran Under the Arsacids" in Ehsan Yarshater (ed.) Cambridge History of Iran, Vol. III, Part I. CUP, 1983. | |||
| *P. S. R. Payne, The Splendor of Persia 1957. | |||
| *N. C. Debevoise, A Political History of Parthia 1938, repr. 1970. | |||
| *R. Girshman et al., Persia, the Immortal Kingdom 1971. | |||
| *'A. Reza`i, Tarikh-e Dah-Hezar Saleh Iran, Vol. 1. SH/1376. | |||
| *G. J. P. MacEwan, “A Parthian campaign against Elymais in 77 BC.” Iran 24, 1986. | |||
| *Fred B. Shore, Parthian Coins and History: Ten Dragons Against Rome, Quarryville, PA: CNG, 1993. | |||
| *P. B. Lozinski, The Original Homeland of the Parthians 1959. | |||
| * G. M. Cohen, The Seleucid Colonies (Historia Einzelschriften 30). Wiesbaden: Steiner, 1978. | |||
| *J. Wolski, L’Empire des Arsacides, Peeters, Gent, 1993. | |||
| *M. A. R. Colledge, The Parthians (1967). | |||
| *M. J. Mashkur and M. Rajab-Nia, Tarikh-e Siyasi va 'Ejtema'i Ashkanian, SH/1374. | |||
| *E. Herzfeld, Archaeological History of Persia 1935. | |||
| *A. T. Olmstead, History of the Persian Empire 2d ed. 1969. | |||
| *G. G. Cameron, History of Early Iran 1936, repr. 1969 | |||
| *V. S. Curtis, "Parthian culture and costume", in J. Curtis (ed.), Mesopotamia and Iran in the Parthian and Sasanian periods, London, 2000 | |||
| ==External link== | |||
| * CAIS | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
Latest revision as of 17:19, 17 December 2014
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