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| The '''Syriac people''' <big>(</big>]: <big><big>{{lang|arc|]}}</big></big>, {{IPA-all|'Sūryōyɛ Orōmōyɛ}}<big>)</big>, also simply known as '''Syriacs''' or '''Arameans''' are an ] of ], in the sense of sharing a common ], ], ], and speak a variant of ]. They are native to ], ], ], ], ] and neighbouring regions who can also be found in a plethora of ] communities around the world. In later times, many of them fled into ], ], ], ], ] and ]; mostly to ], ], ] and ]. Today hundreds of thousands Syriacs live in ].<ref></ref><ref>http://www.themesopotamian.org/magazine/mesopotamian_v1_i4_jan05.pdf</ref><ref>http://www.kristdemokraterna.se/PressOchMedia/Pressmeddelanden/Internationellt/~/media/DBB059D6B89C42C1B8CB49B55C7CAC49.ashx</ref> | |||
| For the most part, they speak the ], which is known as "]" (<big><big>{{lang|arc|]}}</big></big>) in their native tongue, but a large part also speak a dialect of the ] called ] (<big><big>{{lang|arc|]}}</big></big>). The Syriacs mostly call themselves "]" (<big><big>{{lang|arc|]}}</big></big>) in their native tongue, but a large part also tend to use "]" (<big><big>{{lang|arc|]}}</big></big>) as self-designation, since the Syriacs are ] to the ].<ref>http://www.joshuaproject.net/peoples.php?rop3=210540</ref> | |||
| Being adherents of the ], they belong to the ] and ], for which reason they are also known as ] (named after ]). They are known as one of the first people to accept ] as their ].<ref>http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14417a.htm</ref><ref>http://www.tulumba.com/storeItem.asp?ic=VI342856CI279</ref><ref>"Tur Abdin, and the Aramaean Renaissance" by John Messo</ref> | |||
| Their ], which is known as ], or ] (<big><big>{{lang|arc|]}}</big></big>) in the their mother tounge, lies in what is now ], ] and ], specifically in the ] (<big><big>{{lang|arc|]}}</big></big>) region in ], and in the ] region in ]. The strongest Syriac community in the world is found in the city of ] (<big><big>{{lang|arc|]}}</big></big>) in ] where a large Syriac community live. Following the ] (<big><big>{{lang|arc|]}}</big></big>) in the early 20th century, many fled abroad, and a large portion today lives in ].<ref>http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/christians-caught-in-the-crossfire-members-of-syriac-sect-driven-from-homes-1392468.html</ref> | |||
| == Identity == | |||
| {{cquotetxt|''"] (]): Those who call themselves Arameans, are called Syrians by us"''|color=silver|size=320%}} | |||
| The Syriac people were earlier named as ] and their language ]. The first ones that named the ] as ] (note the old name ''Syrians'', today known as ''Syriacs'') was the ] ] and ] ] (died ]) who said in his work ]: "''Those who call themselves Arameans, are called Syrians by us''".<ref>], book 1, chapter 2, nr34</ref> | |||
| Even in the ], the first translation of the ], the term "]" was translated into "]", "]" into "]" and "]" into "]". <ref>*{{cite book | |||
| | last = Brock | |||
| | first = Sebastian | |||
| | authorlink = | |||
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| | editor = | |||
| | others = | |||
| | title = The Hidden Pearl: The Aramaic Heritage | |||
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| | year = 9/9/2002 | |||
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| | publisher = Trans World Film | |||
| | location = | |||
| | language = English | |||
| | isbn = 1-931956-99-5 | |||
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| | ref = http://www.gorgiaspress.com/BOOKSHOP/pc-151-25-brock-et-al-sebastian-the-hidden-pearl-the-aramaic-heritage.aspx | |||
| }}</ref><ref name=autogenerated17> | |||
| The ] contributed to the spread on the term "]", on those who called themselves for "]". However the ] themselves continued to call themselves for "]", but by their surroundings, they were known as "]".<ref name=autogenerated12>Another ] lexicographer Bar Bahlul from ] (†963) explains in his Syriac (Aramaic) dictionary the name "Syria": "''And the Syrians were formerly called Arameans, (but) when Cyrus ruled over them, from then on they were called Syrians."''</ref> | |||
| Gradually, the ] started to use the ] term "]" as a synonym to the term "]", and "]" as a synonym to "]". <ref name=autogenerated5>The Syrian-Orthodox ] (Urhoy) (present-day Urfa in Turkey, †708) says: "''It is in this same way also we the ], that is to say the Syrians''"</ref> | |||
| During the first centuries after ], most ] got ], and during that period, the ] often called themselves "]" rather than "]". As other people mentioned and called them for "]", almost all ] to call themselves for "]". <ref name=autogenerated19></ref><ref name="kaldaya"></ref> | |||
| By time, the term "]" got overcovered by the term "]", and the ] started to call themselves "]" (]) instead of "]" (]). <ref name=autogenerated10> | |||
| Dionoysius Bar Salibi the Syrian-Orthodox bishop of Amid (], ], †1171), also called the star from the 12th century, says in his book ‘Against the Armenians": "''The Armenians say: "From whom do you descend - you who are Syriacs by race?" Against them we will say: Neither do you know from whom you descend....It is we (Syrians) who have enlightened your authors and revealed to them that you are descending from Togarma....As to us Syrians, we descend racially from Shem, and our father is Kemuel (the) son of Aram, and from this name of Aram we are also called sometimes in the books by the name of "Aramaeans''".</ref><ref name=autogenerated11>The Syrian-Orthodox Patriarch Mor Michael the Great of Militene (], ], † 1199 AD) writes: "''The Children of ] are the ], the ], the Ludians and the ] who are the Syrians, the ] and the ]''.". The same author says about the Mesopotamian history” The kingdoms which have been established in antiquity by our race, (that of) the ], namely the descendants of ], who were called Syrians”. </ref><ref name=autogenerated1></ref> | |||
| The term "]" was changed to "]" by the ] in 1950s, in reference to the ] people and language so as to avoid confusion with belonging to the country of ].<ref name=autogenerated2>:The term was changed from ''Syrian'' to ''Syriac'' in referring to the (]) people and language so as to avoid confusion with belonging to the country of ]. For information on Syrian nationals see the ].</ref> | |||
| The division has its roots in the Early ], when Western Syriacs were located in ] (]) territory (]), and looked to the ], rather than to the ], originally on ] territory, whence the Assyrian and Chaldean communities derive. These ] tend to see themselves as ] or ]. <ref name=autogenerated2 /><ref>The Greek writer ] (150 BC) says in his work.. "''The people that we (The Greeks) call Syrians, are called by themselves Arameans..........Because the people in Syra are the Arameans''"</ref> | |||
| ] | |||
| The ] has it history when ] made diggings in the historical ] village ],] in the beginning of the 20th century. | |||
| He found a ] that shows three demons carrying the bewinged sunrelief.<br> | |||
| The Syriacs in ] started to use this symbol as an honour to their ] origin. | |||
| The sun is representing the universe, the wings as symbol for everything between the universe and earth, the flowers (that looks as stars) is a symbol for the four cardinal points and all life in earth. These three symbolize the universe. | |||
| The red background was chosen because of all blood that has been spilled out due to all suffering and persecutions. The yellow color is symbolizing the hope for a own country, since Syriacs are a people living without their own state. | |||
| <ref></ref><ref></ref> | |||
| === Polyonymy === | |||
| Throughout the centuries, the Syriacs have been known by a number of names.<ref>http://www.sua-online.org/subsyriacs.html</ref> | |||
| *'''Aramaeans''' <big><big>(ܐܪܡܝܐ)</big></big> - The Syriacs originate from the ] and was in former times called for ] and their language ]. The term "Aram" was found in an akkadian inscription for the first time 2200 B.C.<ref>Hidden Pearl, volume 1</ref> The lexicographer Bar Bahlul from Baghdad (fl. 963 A.D.) recorded in his lexicon under the lemma ‘Syria’ that “the Syriacs were formerly called Arameans .”<ref>R. Duval (ed.), Lexicon Syriacum (Paris, 1888-1901). About this early writer one recalls the words of the French scholar J.B. Chabot in the http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14408a.htm under the ‘S’ of “Syriac Language and Literature”: “Abu' l' Hassan, known as Bar Bahlul, compiled his famous ‘Lexicon’, a small encyclopedia in which he collected, together with the lexicographical works of his predecessors, numerous notices on the natural sciences, philosophy, theology, and Biblical exegesis.”</ref><ref name="kaldaya" /><ref name=autogenerated2 /><ref name=autogenerated5 /><ref name=autogenerated17 /><ref name=autogenerated12 /><ref name=autogenerated10 /><ref name=autogenerated11 /> | |||
| *'''Syrians''' - From the ] name {{transl|grc|Surioi}} ({{lang|el|Σύριοι}}), after the name "Syrus". The ] called the Syriac people for "Syrians" instead of "Aramaeans". Michael, a 12th century Syriac-Orthodox Patriarch (d. 1199 A.D.), wrote in his voluminous Chronicle about “the kingdoms which have been established in Antiquity by our race, (that of) the Aramaeans , namely the descendants of Aram, who were called Syrians .”<ref>Cited and translated by L. Van Rompay, “Jacob of Edessa and the early history of Edessa,” in G.J. Reinink & A.C Klugkist (eds.), After Bardaisan: Studies on Continuity and Change in Syriac Christianity in Honour of Professor Han J.W. Drijvers (Groningen, 1999), p. 277.</ref> Historian Flavius Josephus, confirms that “Aram,” the son of Sem, the son of the Biblical Noah (Genesis 10:22), “had the Arameans, which the Greeks called Syrians.”<ref>Jewish Antiquities (93 A.D.), Book I, chapter 6 and par. 4 of the English translation by http://www.ccel.org/j/josephus/works/ant-1.htm (1895); read, however, for the English rendition of the Greek word aramaious ‘Arameans’ instead of ‘Aramites’. See also Book I.143 of the Greek source, edited by B. Niese (1892; available at http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=J.%2BAJ%2Btoc).</ref> | |||
| *'''Syriacs''' <big><big>(ܣܘܪܝܝܐ)</big></big> - The term ''Syrian'' was changed to ''Syriac'' by the ] in 1950s, in reference to the (Syrian Christian) people and language so as to avoid confusion with belonging to the country of ].<ref name=autogenerated2 /> Prof. Nöldeke argued already in 1871 that the sole scholarly correct name for the Syriac people and their language really is ‘Aramean’.<ref>Th. Nöldeke, “Die Namen der aramäischen Nation und Sprache,” in Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft 25 (1871), p. 131: “Von den Namen dieser Nation und ihrer Sprache ist im Grunde der ursprüngliche ‘aramäisch’ auch der einzige, der noch für den Gebrauch der heutigen Wissenschaft streng passt.” English translation: “Regarding the name of this nation and its language is the original ‘Aramean’ in essence also the only one , that for the employment of the present-day scholarship as yet strongly fits.”</ref> | |||
| ** '''West Syriacs''' incounting Syriac-Orthodox, Jacobites, Maronites, Melkites and Syriac-Catholics.<br> A large scale Syriacs, especially in ], consider themselves ] after ]. The ], the majority originating in ], who do not want to be labelled Arabs, often uses the correctly term ''Syriac'' as self-designation. <ref>http://i-cias.com/e.o/assyrian_p.htm</ref> Sometimes the Syriac people is incorrectly known as "Jacobites", named after ] who travelled around and organized the ] in the middle of the 500s. | |||
| ** '''East Syriacs''' incounting 'Nestorians' (or 'Assyrians') and Chaldeans. The religious name ‘Nestorians’ truly is, in the words of Prof. Sebastian Brock, a lamentable misnomer.<ref>“The ‘Nestorian’ Church: A Lamentable Misnomer,” in Bulletin of the John Rylands Library of Manchester 78:3 (1996), pp. 23-36.</ref> Regarding the politically motivated adoption of the pre-Christian name ‘Assyrians’ after the first World War by members of this community.<ref>J. Joseph, The Modern Assyrians of the Middle East: Encounters with Western Christian missions, archaeologists, and colonial powers (Studies in Christian Mission, 26; Leiden: Brill, 2000), pp. 1-32.</ref> | |||
| == Culture == | |||
| === Music === | |||
| ], ], Early 20th century]] | |||
| {{main|Syriac music}} | |||
| At early times of ], the Syriac music was only used within the ]. In later times, the Syriac people felt that they wanted a new musical ], to express the Syriac people´s feelings, ideas and sufferings without associating to the ]. Great ] studied the music used in the ], and established new styles of ]. <ref name=autogenerated14></ref> | |||
| In 1962 a Syriac called Chabo Bahé, wrote lyrics for ]. The first song he wrote was ''Grishlah Idi'', translated into ]: ''She pulled my hand'', and this song was the ground for the new style of ]. Most early Syriacs songs was written and performed by Syriacs in ], ] that reached out to the whole world. <ref name=autogenerated14 /> ] is very impressive and has been a inspiration for many cultures. | |||
| The most known ] in modern time is ], ], ] and ]. | |||
| The first International ] was held in ] year 2008, 1-4 August for the Aramean-Syriac people around the world.<ref></ref> | |||
| === Dance === | |||
| {{main|Syriac dance}} | |||
| Syriac dance is a group of traditional hand-holding dances similar to those from the ], ] and ]. It is a form of round dancing, with a single or a couple of figure dancers often added to the geometrical centre of the dancing circle. | |||
| ] sing and dance in all of their festivals, birthdays, and marriage ceremonies. There are several types of ] dances, depending on with ceremony or which song is played. | |||
| Several instruments such as Oud, ] and ] is used within singing or dancing. | |||
| === Religion === | |||
| {{main|Syriac Christianity}} | |||
| ] | |||
| Most Syriacs belong to the ] ''{{unicode|(ʿIdto Suryoyto Triṣaṯ Šuḇḥo)}}'' which got 4,000,000 members around the world.<ref></ref> | |||
| The current Patriarch of the ] is ]. | |||
| The ]'s headquarters are located in ], ]. | |||
| About 161,000 Syriacs are members of the ], which has its headquarters in ], ]. | |||
| In the eighteenth century many Syriacs left the ] and joined the ], and later the ]. | |||
| In the 19th century there were ] missionary activities in the ]. And they spread ] among the ] community and some of them founded their own ] fractions but many of them returned to the orthodox denomination a few years later. | |||
| The ] are named after a hermit named ] (died 410). | |||
| The exact worldwide ] population is not known, although it is at least 8 million according to CNEWA (Catholic Near East Welfare Association). It is estimated that 1,000,000 to 1,500,000 remain in ] where they constitute up to 25% of the population. | |||
| The current ] and also ] (since 1986) is ] who resides in ], north of ] (the Maronite Patriarch resides in the northern town of Dimane during the summer months). | |||
| Most known Syriac Doctors of the church are the following: ], ], ], ] and ]. | |||
| === Traditions === | |||
| ==== Easter ==== | |||
| The Syriac people celebrates ] the first sunday after full moon that occurs on ] or afterwards. The Syriac people is following an older calendar than the calendar that the ] is following, therefore their ] occures a bit later. | |||
| The Syriacs are fasting normally 50 days, and the fast is voluntary. In the modern society, many Syriacs are chooses to only fast on the first and the last week. | |||
| During ] all Syriacs takes the ] on their first churchvisit in the morning and on afternoon is it ]. Twelve persons in the parish, which symbolizes ] are choosen to perform the ]. | |||
| The ] is the big mourning ceremony. A ] is washed, which is a symbol for ] body, with water and dries it of and then wrap it in a piece of material. Then the ] is placed in a flower-decorated ]. The coffin is carried around in the church and finally, the coffin gets hanged over the church-door so all church-visitors can walk beneath it and show reverence for ]. Afterwards, the coffin is carried down and the crucifix is placed in a smaller coffin with a seal, just like when ] was placed in his coffin. | |||
| Then the water, where the crucifix was washed, gets mixed up with ] and ] is dealt out to the the visitors. The bitter taste is a sign of participation of ] suffering. | |||
| ] is a day of peace and quietness. There is only a ] at night, but the big day is ]. During Easter Sunday, the little coffin gets opened and the crucifix is held up as a sign that ] is alive.<ref>http://www.na.se/artikel.asp?intId=1323753</ref> | |||
| === Language === | |||
| {{Main|Neo-Aramaic languages}} | |||
| {{Syriac alphabet}} | |||
| Most Syriacs speaks a modern form of ], which is an eastern ] language, and spoken by 1,500,000 speakers in the ] and the ].<ref>Beyer, Klaus (1986). ''The Aramaic language: its distribution and subdivisions''. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht. ISBN 3-525-53573-2</ref><ref>] (2006). ''An Introduction to Syriac Studies''. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press. ISBN 1-59333-349-8</ref> To the native speaker, "Syriac" is usually called ''Suryoyo''. A wide variety of dialects exist, including ], ], and ]. | |||
| The ], which is a dialect of ], is a West Syriac language. It is spoken by approx. 1,000,000 speakers. <ref name="ethnologue">{{cite web |title=Turoyo |url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=tru |publisher=ethnologue.com |accessdate=2008-01-05 |language=English }}</ref> ] is spoken in eastern ], ] and north-eastern ], ] by members of the ]. In ], the language is frequently called ''Suryoyo''. | |||
| What remains of actual ], sometimes noted as the surviving language that would be the closest to the ], ] is still spoken in Syria, but with only three villages left; ], Bakh'a, and Jubb'adin, lie about 35 miles (56 km) northeast of ]. | |||
| In earlier days, ], which is a Modern West ] was traditionally spoken in eastern ] and north-eastern ]. It was spoken in the villages of ] and `Ansha near Lice, ], ]. The name of the village and the language comes from the Syriac word ''melħo'' meaning 'salt'. The last speaker of ], Ibrahim Hanna, died in 1998 in ].<ref>Jastrow, Otto (1994). ''{{unicode|Der neuaramäische Dialekt von Mlaḥsô}}''. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. ISBN 3-447-03498-X. | |||
| </ref> | |||
| Being ], many Syriacs speak ]s such as ], ] and ]. | |||
| === Literature === | |||
| {{Main|Syriac literature}} | |||
| The ] is ] written in the ]. The majority of classical ] is of a ] religious nature. | |||
| The earliest Syriac inscription is dated to AD 6 and comes from ]. There are about eighty inscriptions from the region of ] dating from the first three centuries AD. All of these early inscriptions are non-Christian or pre-Christian. | |||
| The earliest Christian literature was the biblical translation, the ] and the ]. During the ] ] was considered to be a big giant during this period. It is also known that this period was the ] of ]. ] wrote ]s, poetry and prose for the church. | |||
| The ] and ] is considered to be a continuation of the Syriac golden age. During this time, there were Syriac poets and theologians such as ], ], ], ], ] and ]. | |||
| Composition in the classical ] still continues among members of the ], where students in the church's monasteries are taught living, spoken Syriac, which also are known as {{unicode|Kṯoḇonoyo}}.<ref>W. Wright: ''A Short History of Syriac Literature'', 1894, 1974 (reprint)</ref> | |||
| === Sports === | |||
| {{Main|Syriac sports}} | |||
| ] in ].]] | |||
| The Syriac people have made a great success within the sports world, especially within the soccer world. | |||
| The teams ], ], ] and ], plays at present in the third highest level in ], ]. Also there is ], playing in the fifth highest level, ]. | |||
| Among these Syriac soccer teams, there are also another 21 Syriac soccer teams playing in ].<ref>http://www.svenskafans.com/fotboll/syrianska/artikel.asp?id=135854</ref> | |||
| Syriac soccer players like ], ], ], ], ], ], ] and ] have made great success within the soccer world. | |||
| The Syriac soccer is very popular for many Syriacs all around the world, especially in ]. The fight between the two rivals ] and ] which was played at 2007 drew 7 146 spectators. <ref></ref> The match was broadcasted to over 80 countries through the Syriac channel ] and drew much interest in Swedish media. | |||
| Because of the increasing interest for the Syriac football, and the great Syriac players, the newly ] has been established for the ] all around the world. <ref></ref> | |||
| The Aramean Syriac football team ] attended in ], and reached the final, but lost against ] with 2-0. <ref name=autogenerated3></ref> | |||
| In 2008 the Syriac team ] reaches the second highest division in ], ] for the first time in the history.<ref>http://www.lt.se/index.asp?kat=st&i1=index_red_2007.asp&i2=1&Id=29332&isp2=hela</ref><ref>http://www.syrianskafc.com</ref> | |||
| == Demographics == | |||
| === Homeland === | |||
| ] | |||
| The Syriacs are considered to be one of the indigenous people in the ] and specifically located in the area around Tigris and Euphrates rivers. The largest Syriac community is in Syria, where an estimated 1,500,000 Syriacs live. | |||
| In ], mostly known as the homeland, there are only 3,000 left,<ref name="3000turabdin">* ''He was documenting life in the Tur Abdin, where about 3,000 members of the Aramean minority still live''.''''</ref> and an estimated 15,000 in all of Turkey.<ref name=autogenerated18></ref> After the ] many Syriacs also fled into ], ], ], ] and into the ]. | |||
| ==== Syria ==== | |||
| The strongest Syriac stronghold in the Middle East is in ], specifically in the cities of ] and ]. Syriacs who fled from the ], fled into the newly formed country known as ]. | |||
| ] was from the 1920s to 1980s known as the Capital for the Syriacs. | |||
| ==== Turkey ==== | |||
| In ], mostly known as the homeland, there are only 3,000 left,<ref name="3000turabdin"> ''He was documenting life in the Tur Abdin, where about 3,000 members of the Aramean minority still live''.</ref> and an estimated 15,000–50,000 in all of Turkey.<ref name=autogenerated18 /> Syriacs is ranked as the largest Christian denomination in Turkey.<ref name=autogenerated13></ref> | |||
| The name "Tur Abdin" has the meaning of "The mountains of servants of God". This area was known as the world's most church and monastery closed area. | |||
| After the ] many Syriacs also fled into ], ], ], ] and the ]. | |||
| In 1995 there were still 50,000 ] left in ]. <ref name=autogenerated13 /> | |||
| In later years, many Syriacs have quit their homes in ] for good and moved back into ]. Many Syriacs are returning to villages such as ], ], and villages in ]. With almost 1000 Syriacs who already have returned back to their homeland in Tur Abdin, another 5,000 are expected to return. <ref name=autogenerated4></ref><ref name=autogenerated7></ref> | |||
| ==== Iraq ==== | |||
| There are currently 90,000-150,000 Syriacs living in ]. The Syriacs, togheter with ] and ] made a majority in many villages in ] but have, since the Iraq invasion, fled into nearby countries such as ], and into ]. | |||
| <ref></ref><ref>http://www.themesopotamian.org/magazine/mesopotamian_v1_i4_jan05.pdf</ref><ref>http://www.kristdemokraterna.se/PressOchMedia/Pressmeddelanden/Internationellt/~/media/DBB059D6B89C42C1B8CB49B55C7CAC49.ashx</ref> | |||
| === Diaspora === | |||
| In 1967 the first large group of Syriacs left ] and moved into ]. Since that time over houndred of thousands Syriacs have left their original ] and moved into ], ] and ]. The Syriacs has created large ] communities. | |||
| ==== Europe ==== | |||
| A total of 550,000 Syriacs is currently living in ].<ref>http://www.turkishdailynews.com.tr/article.php?enewsid=70134</ref> Large Syriac diaspora communities can be found in ], ], ] and ]. The largest Syriac diaspora community can be found ], ], where approx. 40,000 Syriacs live. | |||
| Many Syriacs in ] has made great success, many of them is famous ], ], ], ] and other. Also 4 Syriac soccerteam is playing in elitelevel in ]. | |||
| The international TV-channels ] and ] are also based in ], ] in ]. | |||
| ==== Americas ==== | |||
| ==== Australia ==== | |||
| == Persecutions == | |||
| === Historical persecution === | |||
| The biggest one of the most enduring persecutions against the Syriac people was during the years 1914-1917, in the shadows of the First World War. According to the ], 500,000 ] were persecuted during this genocide, also known as "Seyfo" (Simply meaning ''Sword'') on their mother tounge.<ref>{{cite book | |||
| |url = http://books.google.com/books?id=PK-TPKvmG7UC&printsec=frontcover#PPA148,M1 | |||
| |title = Islam and Dhimmitude: Where Civilizations Collide | |||
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| |coauthors = Miriam Kochan, David Littman | |||
| |date = | |||
| |year = 2002 | |||
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| |publisher = Fairleigh Dickinson University Press | |||
| |pages = pp. 148-149 | |||
| |language = English | |||
| |isbn = 0838639437 | |||
| |oclc = 47054791 | |||
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| }}</ref> | |||
| The genocide took place in Southeastern Turkey, on the Syriac homeland called ]. Monasteries, Churches and historical buildings were burnt down, and many Syriacs were forced to leave their Christian faith. This led into a large emigration, mainly into ], ]. | |||
| <ref>http://www.esu.cc/About%20Us/ESU%20Documents/Situation%20of%20the%20Syriacs%20in%20Turkey%20-%202008.pdf</ref> | |||
| The ] in Tur Abdin were exposed to a serious pressure of | |||
| expulsion, particularly in the rural areas, by neighbouring Kurdish-Islamic tribes. The | |||
| expulsion measures ranged from abduction of Christian women and girls to unsolved murders | |||
| of ]. | |||
| === Forced assimilation === | |||
| In countries such as ], a series of decrees tried to force the ] to get ]. Attempts to ] the ] were under way as early as 500 A.D. Many cultural rights were removed and many Syriacs became third-hand citizens. Syriac boys was taken away from their families and thrown into military services and other services. Many ] was forced to change their names into ] names, and they were not allowed to | |||
| exercise their ] or ].<ref>http://www.esu.cc/About%20Us/ESU%20Documents/Situation%20of%20the%20Syriacs%20in%20Turkey%20-%202008.pdf</ref> | |||
| === Contemporary issues === | |||
| In modern days, still many Syriacs are not allowed to exercise cultural rights.<ref>http://www.free-syria.com/en/loadarticle.php?articleid=22203</ref> | |||
| == History == | |||
| === Prehistoric time === | |||
| {{Main|Aramaeans}} | |||
| ] | |||
| The ] was a semitic ethnic group that lived in ] and in ] from around 1100 BC. <ref name="BE"></ref> | |||
| Their language, ], was a north Semitic language that had its time of greatness in the bigger part of the ] during the first millennium before our time of counting; much as a result of the new Assyrian empire, that assumed the language as its national language,<ref name="BD"/> that led to the big spread of the ] in that area in the Middle East, today known as the ] <ref name="BD"></ref>. | |||
| Later, even the ] and the ] came to talk different accents of Aramaic <ref name="BD"/>. In the ], the ] are described as with the ], a close related ethnic group <ref name="BE"/><ref name="BD"/>. | |||
| The ] along with the Hittite rulers came to rule Syro-Hittite states from about 1000 BC. The Aramaeans ruled cities such as Bit-Adini, Bit-Bahiani, Bit Agusi, Hatarikka-Luhuti and ]. .<ref>''Tübinger Bibelatlas / Tübingen Bible Atlas''. Siegfried Mittmann, Götz Schmitt (eds.), Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, 2001, Map B IV 13-14</ref><ref>], ''The Hittites''. Harmondsworth: Pelican, 2nd ed., 1976 = 1954. p. 39-46.</ref> | |||
| ] | |||
| The Aramean expansion continues and in the second half of the second century BCE, ] became the capital of the ] dynasty, who founded the Kingdom of ], the first Christian state under ].<ref>{{cite book |title=China in World History |last=Adshead |first=Samuel Adrian Miles |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=2000 |publisher=Macmillan |location= |isbn=0312225652 |pages=27 }}</ref><ref name="ball">{{cite book |title=Rome in the East: The Transformation of an Empire |last=Ball |first=Warwick |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=2000 |publisher=Routledge |location=Rome |isbn=0415113768 |pages=95 }}</ref><ref name="cheetham">{{cite book |title=A History of the Christian Church During the First Six Centuries |last=Cheetham |first=Samuel |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=1905 |publisher=Macmillan and Co |location= |isbn= |pages=58 }}</ref><ref name="Lockyer">{{cite book |title=All the Apostles of the Bible |last=Lockyer |first=Herbert |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=1988 |publisher=Zondervan |location= |isbn=0310280117 |pages=260 }}</ref> | |||
| The ] were, in the 11th century BC, dominating the area in ]. The ] established kingdoms across the northern frontier of ], such as ], ] and ] around Mount Hermon, ] in the Hauran, and ] which became the strongest and largest one. | |||
| In 900 BC the Arameans reaches the culmination of their political power. A large group of Aramaeans moved to the east of the ], where they settled in such numbers that the whole region became known as Aram-Naharaim or "Aram of the two rivers". One of their earliest kingdoms in ] was Bît-bahiâni (]). North of Sam'al was the Aramaean state of Bit-Gabari, sandwiched between the ] states of ], Gurgum, Tabal, Khattina and Unqi. | |||
| The Arameans was dominating great areas in the southern ], whit states such as ]. Other Aramean tribes lived around the areas today known as ]. | |||
| ] falls in 723 BC, with ] as the last king in throne. | |||
| In 720 BC the Assyrian emperor ] dispersed the last Aramaean kingdoms independence <ref name="mercer"/>. | |||
| Some people mean that the ] that occupied ], was of ] extraction <ref name="mercer">{{cite book | |||
| | last = | |||
| | first = | |||
| | authorlink = | |||
| | author = Watson E. Mills | |||
| | coauthors = Roger Aubrey Bullard | |||
| | editor = | |||
| | others = | |||
| | title = Mercer Dictionary of the Bible | |||
| | origdate = | |||
| | origyear = | |||
| | origmonth = | |||
| | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=goq0VWw9rGIC&printsec=frontcover#PRA2-PA52,M1 | |||
| | format = | |||
| | accessdate = | |||
| | accessyear = | |||
| | accessmonth = | |||
| | edition = | |||
| | series = | |||
| | date = | |||
| | year = 1990 | |||
| | month = | |||
| | publisher = Mercer University Press | |||
| | location = | |||
| | language = English | |||
| | isbn = 0865543739 | |||
| | oclc = 20852514 | |||
| | doi = | |||
| | id = | |||
| | pages = pp. 52 | |||
| | chapter = | |||
| | chapterurl = | |||
| | quote = | |||
| | ref = | |||
| }}</ref> | |||
| 123 ] the great ] king ] founds the kingdom of ] with ] as capital city. | |||
| Between the years 267–272 BC the ] queen ] of ] conquers ]. | |||
| === Christian time === | |||
| {|border="0" align="right" margin="1" cellpadding="5" bgcolor="#ffffd9" style="margin-left:10px" | |||
| |bgcolor="#ffffd9"|<timeline> | |||
| ImageSize = width:320 height:700 | |||
| PlotArea = right:40 top:10 left:40 bottom:10 | |||
| DateFormat = yyyy | |||
| TimeAxis = orientation:vertical order:reverse | |||
| Period = from:0 till:2005 | |||
| AlignBars = early | |||
| ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:200 start:0 | |||
| Colors = | |||
| id:canvas value:rgb(1,1,0.85) | |||
| BackgroundColors = canvas:canvas | |||
| PlotData = | |||
| width:15 color:red | |||
| bar:test from:0 till:700 # Old Syriacs | |||
| PlotData = | |||
| width:15 color:orange | |||
| bar:test from:700 till:1400# Middle Syriacs | |||
| PlotData = | |||
| width:15 color:yellow | |||
| bar:test from:1400 till:2005 # Modern Syriacs | |||
| PlotData = | |||
| bar:test at:45 mark:(line,white) | |||
| at:45 shift:(10,0) text:1st c. Syriacs becomes Christians | |||
| bar:test at:135 mark:(line,white) | |||
| at:135 shift:(10,4) text:c. 200 Aramaic is | |||
| bar:test at:172 mark:(line,white) | |||
| at:172 shift:(10,1) text:172 | |||
| bar:test at:200 mark:(line,white) | |||
| at:200 shift:(10,-3) text:3rd c. | |||
| bar:test at:224 mark:(line,white) | |||
| at:224 shift:(10,-8) text:224 | |||
| bar:test at:306 mark:(line,white) | |||
| at:306 shift:(10,-1) text:306 Ephrem born, Syriac golden age | |||
| bar:test at:359 mark:(line,white) | |||
| at:359 shift:(10,-3) text:359 Monastery of Mor Gabriel is built | |||
| bar:test at:373 mark:(line,white) | |||
| at:373 shift:(10,-9) text:373 Ephrem the Syrian dies | |||
| bar:test at:500 mark:(line,white) | |||
| at:500 shift:(10,-7) text:c. 500 Many Syriacs from Urhoy settles in Iran | |||
| bar:test at:635 mark:(line,white) | |||
| at:635 shift:(10,-9) text:635 Syriac missionaries reaches China | |||
| bar:test at:700 mark:(line,white) | |||
| at:700 shift:(10,0) text:700 Talmud completed | |||
| bar:test at:1100 mark:(line,white) | |||
| at:1100 shift:(10,2) text:1100 SOC reaches their biggest spread | |||
| bar:test at:1150 mark:(line,white) | |||
| at:1150 shift:(10,4) text:1150 Patriarch of SOC moves to Mardin | |||
| bar:test at:1258 mark:(line,white) | |||
| at:1200 shift:(10,0) text:1200 SOC reaches their culmination | |||
| bar:test at:1200 mark:(line,white) | |||
| at:1258 shift:(10,0) text:1258 Mongols sack Baghdad, many Syriacs killed | |||
| bar:test at:1290 mark:(line,black) | |||
| at:1290 shift:(10,1) text:1290 Syriac bishop Bar-Hebraeus dies | |||
| bar:test at:1295 mark:(line,black) | |||
| at:1295 shift:(10,-6) text:1293 Deiro d-Za´faran seat for Syr. Orthodox Pat | |||
| bar:test at:1650 mark:(line,black) | |||
| at:1650 shift:(10,0) text:17th c. | |||
| bar:test at:1834 mark:(line,black) | |||
| at:1834 shift:(10,0) text:1846 Persecution in Syria | |||
| bar:test at:1908 mark:(line,black) | |||
| at:1908 shift:(10,15) text:1908 The Aramean sunrelief is discovered | |||
| bar:test at:1915 mark:(line,black) | |||
| at:1915 shift:(10,4) text:1915 Persecution in Turkey | |||
| bar:test at:1951 mark:(line,black) | |||
| at:1951 shift:(10,2) text:1967 Syriacs emigrates to Europe | |||
| bar:test at:1998 mark:(line,black) | |||
| at:1998 shift:(10,0) text:1998 last speakers of Mlahsô & Bijil die | |||
| </timeline> | |||
| |} | |||
| Between the years 0–100 AD the terms ''Arameans'' and ''Aram'' were replaced by the terms ''Syrians'' (which today are known as ''Syriacs'') and ''Syria''. <ref name=autogenerated19 /><ref name=autogenerated1 /><ref></ref><ref name=autogenerated5 /><ref name=autogenerated17 /><ref name=autogenerated12 /><ref name=autogenerated10 /><ref name=autogenerated11 /><ref>The Greek writer Posidonius (150 BC) says in his work.. "''The people that we (The Greeks) call Syrians, are called by themselves Arameans..........Because the people in Syra are the Arameans''"</ref><ref name="kaldaya" /><ref name=autogenerated2 /> | |||
| The Syriacs were ] in the 1st to 3rd centuries, at the time subject to the ] in the ] and ] provinces. According to legend already during the lifetime of ], as king ] asked to be cured of leprosy and was healed by ].<ref name="abgar">This event is described in ]' ''Church-history'' (I.13;II.1) ''</ref>. | |||
| During the 3rd centurie, large scale Syriacs settle in Mardin and becomes a majority. In 1910, the Syriacs is forced to emigrate because of massacres.<ref>http://lexicorient.com/e.o/mardin.htm</ref> | |||
| ] became an important center of ], and the local ] came to be the liturgical language of ]. The ] developed at the time evolved into the ] followed by Western Syriacs. | |||
| The great king ] V the Black (]; Abgar u Komo), son of the ] <ref name="serug">S:t Jakob from Serug in a poem about the martyrs Guria and Shamuna, he says that Abgar V is son of the Araméans: | |||
| ''"Two precious pearls, which were an ornament for the bride of my lord Abgar, the Aramaean's son."'' | |||
| ''(Text tr. A. Roberts and J. Donaldson (eds.), Ante-Nicene Fathers, vol. 8 (1886);) | |||
| (See Syriac Manuscripts from the Vatican Library: Volume 1, VatSyr. 117, number 224:On Shmona and Gurya. Fol. 551a, p. 1099)''</ref>, suffered from a leprosy sickness, that even his own doctor not could cure him from. | |||
| ] had been told about a wise man in ] (]) that this person had effective cures against sicknesses. He send a delegation with a letter to ] and invited him to ], to cure ]. ] answered that could not come to ], because he was on other duties. But he sent one of his followers, ] and this Thaddeus cured king ] and not long after, ] and the ] population converted into ]. | |||
| The kingdom of ], ], got famous because of this event, and many people visited ] to look at the letters that was exchanged between Abgar V and Jesus <ref name="abgar">This event is described in Eusebios from Caesares work ''Church-history'' (I.13;II.1) ( 300 AD) ''</ref>. | |||
| Later, ] became a important centre for the Christian ] (Syriacs) and for their Syriac-Christian culture. The ] dialect that was spoken in ], became standard language in the new ]. | |||
| With the rise of ] in the 3rd century, the Western Syriacs were divided from their Eastern cousins, who found themselves in the Sassanid province of ]. The division deepened with the ] and ] schism in the 5th century. | |||
| After the ] (431), the Church of ], which had hitherto been governed by a ] under ], refused to accept the condemnation of Nestorius, cut itself and the Church to the East of it off from both the Roman Catholic Church and the Syriac ]. The Church of Antioch remained in communion with Rome until the ] of the 11th century. | |||
| The first Syriac documents come from about the end of the 5th century.<ref>'']'', ed. by ], ''Life of Severus of Antioch'', sixth century.</ref> The oldest Jacobite Liturgy extant is the one ascribed (as in its Greek form) to ]. It is in the dialect of Edessa. | |||
| During the Fifth century, Many Syriacs moved from ] to ] in ], as medical doctors. During that time, ] was the leading medical centre.<ref>http://rnb.uin.googlepages.com/v22n2spring2005.pdf</ref> | |||
| ] | |||
| The first Jacobite writer on their rite is ] (d. 708), who wrote a letter to a priest Thomas comparing the Syrian Liturgy with that of Egypt. | |||
| With the establishment of the ] in the 650s, both the Eastern and the Western Syriac Churches fell under ], their followers receiving the status of ]. Syriac Christianity has held the status of a ] in the ] ever since. | |||
| Nevertheless, the Syriacs remained a significant majority in various areas of the ] until the late 13th century. | |||
| After this century, the Syriacs never succeeded in recovering, and this was the start on oppressions, persecutions and constant massacres on the Syriacs. | |||
| During the 14th-century ] rule, however, large numbers of Syriacs were killed, and many of the survivors fled into the mountains of ]. This area became the center of Syriac culture. The Syriacs built villages, churches and monasteries. | |||
| === Modern === | |||
| During the years 1843, 1846 and 1860 there was three mass murders committed against the Syriac population, which led to new emigrations, where many of the Syriac population fled into the mountains of ] which already was dominated by Syriacs. | |||
| ] | |||
| In 1911 a ] relief was found in the ] village ], and there after the Syriacs in ] started to use this relief as an honour to their ] origin. | |||
| In 1914 a genocide, also known as "The ]" was committed against the Syriac population in the ] near the end of the ] by ]. <ref>Assyrians: The Continuous Saga - Page 40 by Frederick A. Aprim</ref> The Syriac population of northern ] (], ], ], ] region in modern-day southeastern ] and ] region in northwestern ]) was forcibly relocated and massacred by ] (] and ]) forces between 1914 and 1920 under the regime of the ].<ref>{{cite book | |||
| |url = http://books.google.com/books?id=PK-TPKvmG7UC&printsec=frontcover#PPA148,M1 | |||
| |title = Islam and Dhimmitude: Where Civilizations Collide | |||
| |accessdate = | |||
| |accessdaymonth = | |||
| |accessmonthday = | |||
| |accessyear = | |||
| |author = ] | |||
| |last = | |||
| |first = | |||
| |authorlink = | |||
| |coauthors = Miriam Kochan, David Littman | |||
| |date = | |||
| |year = 2002 | |||
| |month = | |||
| |format = | |||
| |work = | |||
| |publisher = Fairleigh Dickinson University Press | |||
| |pages = pp. 148-149 | |||
| |language = English | |||
| |isbn = 0838639437 | |||
| |oclc = 47054791 | |||
| |doi = | |||
| |archiveurl = | |||
| |archivedate = | |||
| |quote = | |||
| }}</ref> This genocide is considered by some scholars to be a part of the same policy of extermination as the ] and ] <ref>Schaller, Dominik J. and Zimmerer, Jürgen (2008) 'Late Ottoman genocides: the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire and Young Turkish population and extermination policies - introduction', Journal of Genocide Research, 10:1, 7 - 14</ref>. | |||
| During the years 1915-1923, ] finds were discovered by ] ] in the ] village ], ]. This finds were brought by the Syriacs from ] when they fled into ]. Today they can be found in the Berlin Museum. | |||
| In 1920 a large amount of Syriacs emigrated into the plains in North Eastern ], especially in ] and ]. Large Syriac communities could also be found in ].<ref name="jaas.org">http://www.jaas.org/edocs/v1/jastrow.pdf</ref><ref></ref> | |||
| In , at the ]'s fall after the first world war, the Syriac homeland fell under the ] in the west and the ] in the east, and many Syriac Christians were dispersed in the ]. | |||
| During the fifties and the sixties another large wave of immigration set in. Syriac communities moved into larger urban areas in western part of ]. 20,000 Syriacs settled in ] until the sixties.<ref name=jaas.org />´ | |||
| In year 1968, Syriacs moved from ] to ]. The group contained a total of 200 Syriacs. At this time, many Syriacs left ], ] and ] and moved to ] and the ]. <ref></ref><ref name=autogenerated8 /> | |||
| ] | |||
| The first Syriac soccer team in the ] was ], which currently plays in the third highest division in ], was established in 1977. The first name on the soccer team was ], but was changed in 1986 to Syrianska SK, and finally to ].<ref></ref> | |||
| In 1988 the Aramean-Syriac party ] was established in ]. | |||
| Syriacs were still the largest ] denomination in ], with more than 100,000 Syriacs still left in ]. In later years many Syriacs started to move from ], especially to ], ] and ]. | |||
| In the mid 1980s there were still 70,000 Syriacs left in ]. During this time many Syriacs fled abroad due to unrest in the border region and concerns for their security. <ref></ref> In 1995 they were still a majority as the largest ] denomination in ], with around 50,000 Syriacs.<ref name=autogenerated13 /> Today in ], there remain about 3,000 Syriacs.<ref name="3000turabdin">* ''He was documenting life in the Tur Abdin, where about 3,000 members of the Aramean minority still live in''.</ref>. However, after the turn of the century, many Syriacs have started to move back.<ref name=autogenerated4 /><ref name=autogenerated7 /> | |||
| The Syriac party ], also known as SUL, is established in 29 of March, 2005 in ]. The current leader for the party is Brahim Murat.<ref></ref> | |||
| In 2008 the ] for the Aramean-Syriac people all over the world was established. The ] team is named ] and attended for the first time in ]. The football team reached the final, but lost against ] with 2-0.<ref name=autogenerated3 /> | |||
| At the end of 2008, the Syriac team ] reaches the second highest division in ], ] for the first time in the history.<ref>http://www.lt.se/index.asp?kat=st&i1=index_red_2007.asp&i2=1&Id=29332&isp2=hela</ref><ref>http://www.syrianskafc.com</ref> | |||
| At the turn of the year 2008 and 2009, the Syriac monastery of ] gets a lot of media attention, after the 1700 years old monastery being accused of neighboring ] villages to be built on a mosque. Syriacs around the world performing large demonstrations against ] and gets a lot of media attention.<ref>http://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSTRE50L08720090122?pageNumber=1&virtualBrandChannel=0</ref><ref>http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,3968370,00.html</ref><ref>http://www.asianews.it/index.php?l=en&art=14310&size=A</ref> | |||
| ==Institutions== | |||
| ===Political institutions=== | |||
| *] (Politic party in ]) | |||
| *] (Politic party in ]) | |||
| *] (Politic party in ]) | |||
| *] (Umbrella organization for all Syriac organizations) | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| ===Other institutions=== | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| ==See also== | |||
| {{Aramaeans}} | |||
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| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| }} | |||
| == Further reading == | |||
| *{{cite book | |||
| | last = Ephrem I Barsaum | |||
| | first = Ignatius | |||
| | authorlink = | |||
| | coauthors = | |||
| | editor = | |||
| | others = | |||
| | title = De spridda pärlorna - En historia om syriansk litteratur och vetenskap | |||
| | origdate = | |||
| | origyear = | |||
| | origmonth = | |||
| | url = | |||
| | format = | |||
| | accessdate = | |||
| | accessyear = | |||
| | accessmonth = | |||
| | edition = | |||
| | series = | |||
| | date = | |||
| | year = 2006 | |||
| | month = | |||
| | publisher = Anastasis Media AB | |||
| | location = Sweden | |||
| | language = Swedish | |||
| | isbn = 9197575143 | |||
| | oclc = | |||
| | doi = | |||
| | id = | |||
| | pages = | |||
| | chapter = | |||
| | chapterurl = | |||
| | quote = | |||
| | ref = http://www.bokrecension.se/9197575143 | |||
| }} | |||
| *{{cite book | |||
| |url = http://books.google.com/books?id=4mug9LrpLKcC&printsec=frontcover | |||
| |title = Massacres, resistance, protectors: Muslim-Christian relations in Eastern Anatolia during World War I | |||
| |accessdate = | |||
| |accessdaymonth = | |||
| |accessmonthday = | |||
| |accessyear = | |||
| |author = David Gaunt | |||
| |last = | |||
| |first = | |||
| |authorlink = | |||
| |coauthors = | |||
| |date = | |||
| |year = 2006 | |||
| |month = | |||
| |format = | |||
| |work = | |||
| |publisher = Gorgias Press LLC | |||
| |pages = | |||
| |language = English | |||
| |isbn = 1593333013 | |||
| |oclc = 85766950 | |||
| |doi = | |||
| |archiveurl = | |||
| |archivedate = | |||
| |quote = | |||
| }} | |||
| *{{cite book | |||
| | last = Aphram I Barsoum | |||
| | first = Patriarch | |||
| | authorlink = | |||
| | coauthors = | |||
| | editor = | |||
| | others = | |||
| | title = The Scattered Pearls | |||
| | origdate = | |||
| | origyear = | |||
| | origmonth = | |||
| | url = | |||
| | format = | |||
| | accessdate = | |||
| | accessyear = | |||
| | accessmonth = | |||
| | edition = | |||
| | series = | |||
| | date = | |||
| | year = 1943 | |||
| | month = | |||
| | publisher = | |||
| | location = | |||
| | language = | |||
| | isbn = | |||
| | oclc = | |||
| | doi = | |||
| | id = | |||
| | pages = | |||
| | chapter = | |||
| | chapterurl = | |||
| | quote = | |||
| | ref = http://sor.cua.edu/Pub/PAphrem1/ScatteredPearlsIntro.html | |||
| }} | |||
| *{{cite book | |||
| | last = De Courtis | |||
| | first = Sėbastien | |||
| | authorlink = | |||
| | coauthors = | |||
| | editor = | |||
| | others = | |||
| | title = The Forgotten Genocide: Eastern Christians, the Last Arameans | |||
| | origdate = | |||
| | origyear = | |||
| | origmonth = | |||
| | url = | |||
| | format = | |||
| | accessdate = | |||
| | accessyear = | |||
| | accessmonth = | |||
| | edition = 1st Gorgias Press ed | |||
| | series = | |||
| | date = | |||
| | year = 2004 | |||
| | month = | |||
| | publisher = Piscataway, NJ : Gorgias Press | |||
| | location = | |||
| | language = English | |||
| | isbn = 1593330774 9781593330774 | |||
| | oclc = | |||
| | doi = | |||
| | id = | |||
| | pages = | |||
| | chapter = | |||
| | chapterurl = | |||
| | quote = | |||
| | ref = http://worldcat.org/wcpa/isbn/1593330774 | |||
| }} | |||
| *{{cite book | |||
| | last = Brock | |||
| | first = Sebastian | |||
| | authorlink = | |||
| | coauthors = | |||
| | editor = | |||
| | others = | |||
| | title = ] | |||
| | origdate = | |||
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| | year = 9/9/2002 | |||
| | month = | |||
| | publisher = Trans World Film | |||
| | location = | |||
| | language = English | |||
| | isbn = 1-931956-99-5 | |||
| | oclc = | |||
| | doi = | |||
| | id = | |||
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| | chapterurl = | |||
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| | ref = http://www.gorgiaspress.com/BOOKSHOP/pc-151-25-brock-et-al-sebastian-the-hidden-pearl-the-aramaic-heritage.aspx | |||
| }} | |||
| *{{cite book | |||
| | last = Sebastian Brock | |||
| | first = David Taylor, | |||
| | authorlink = | |||
| | coauthors = | |||
| | editor = | |||
| | others = | |||
| | title = Vol. I: The Ancient Aramaic Heritage | |||
| | origdate = | |||
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| | date = | |||
| | year = 9/9/2002 | |||
| | month = | |||
| | publisher = Trans World Film | |||
| | location = | |||
| | language = English | |||
| | isbn = | |||
| | oclc = | |||
| | doi = | |||
| | id = | |||
| | pages = | |||
| | chapter = | |||
| | chapterurl = | |||
| | quote = | |||
| | ref = http://www.gorgiaspress.com/BOOKSHOP/pc-151-25-brock-et-al-sebastian-the-hidden-pearl-the-aramaic-heritage.aspx | |||
| }} | |||
| *{{cite book | |||
| | last = Sebastian Brock | |||
| | first = David Taylor, | |||
| | authorlink = | |||
| | coauthors = | |||
| | editor = | |||
| | others = | |||
| | title = Vol. II: The Heirs of the Ancient Aramaic Heritage | |||
| | origdate = | |||
| | origyear = | |||
| | origmonth = | |||
| | url = | |||
| | format = | |||
| | accessdate = | |||
| | accessyear = | |||
| | accessmonth = | |||
| | edition = | |||
| | series = | |||
| | date = | |||
| | year = 9/9/2002 | |||
| | month = | |||
| | publisher = Trans World Film | |||
| | location = | |||
| | language = English | |||
| | isbn = | |||
| | oclc = | |||
| | doi = | |||
| | id = | |||
| | pages = | |||
| | chapter = | |||
| | chapterurl = | |||
| | quote = | |||
| | ref = http://www.gorgiaspress.com/BOOKSHOP/pc-151-25-brock-et-al-sebastian-the-hidden-pearl-the-aramaic-heritage.aspx | |||
| }} | |||
| *{{cite book | |||
| | last = Sebastian Brock | |||
| | first = David Taylor, | |||
| | authorlink = | |||
| | coauthors = | |||
| | editor = | |||
| | others = | |||
| | title = Vol. III: At the Turn of the Third Millennium; The Syrian Orthodox Witness | |||
| | origdate = | |||
| | origyear = | |||
| | origmonth = | |||
| | url = | |||
| | format = | |||
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| | accessyear = | |||
| | accessmonth = | |||
| | edition = | |||
| | series = | |||
| | date = | |||
| | year = 9/9/2002 | |||
| | month = | |||
| | publisher = Trans World Film | |||
| | location = | |||
| | language = English | |||
| | isbn = | |||
| | oclc = | |||
| | doi = | |||
| | id = | |||
| | pages = | |||
| | chapter = | |||
| | chapterurl = | |||
| | quote = | |||
| | ref = http://www.gorgiaspress.com/BOOKSHOP/pc-151-25-brock-et-al-sebastian-the-hidden-pearl-the-aramaic-heritage.aspx | |||
| }} | |||
| *{{cite book | |||
| | last = Hollerweger | |||
| | first = Hans | |||
| | authorlink = | |||
| | coauthors = | |||
| | editor = | |||
| | others = | |||
| | title = Tur Abdin - A Homeland of Ancient Syro-Aramaean Culture | |||
| | origdate = | |||
| | origyear = | |||
| | origmonth = | |||
| | url = | |||
| | format = | |||
| | accessdate = | |||
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| | edition = | |||
| | series = | |||
| | date = | |||
| | year = 1999 | |||
| | month = | |||
| | publisher = ? | |||
| | location = Österreich | |||
| | language = English, German, Turkish | |||
| | isbn = 3-9501039-0-2 | |||
| | oclc = | |||
| | doi = | |||
| | id = | |||
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| }} | |||
| ==References== | |||
| <div style="height: 400px; overflow: auto; padding: 3px; border:1px solid #AAAAAA; reflist4"> | |||
| {{reflist|3}} | |||
| </div> | |||
| {{Syriac Christianity}} | |||
| <!--Categories--> | |||
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Latest revision as of 15:18, 27 December 2014
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