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| {{for|the modern ethnic group in northwestern Sichuan|Qiang people}} | {{for|the modern ethnic group in northwestern Sichuan|Qiang people}} | ||
| '''Qiang''' ({{zh|c=羌|p=Qiāng|w='''Ch'iang'''}}) was a name given to various groups of people at different periods in ancient China. The Qiang people were thought to be of ] |
'''Qiang''' ({{zh|c=羌|p=Qiāng|w='''Ch'iang'''}}) was a name given to various groups of people at different periods in ancient China. The Qiang people were thought to be of ]<ref name="pulleyblank">{{cite book |author=Edwin G. Pulleyblank |chapter=Chapter 14 - The Chinese and Their Neighbors in Prehistoric and Early Historic Times |url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=4-vdP2aZWhUC&pg=PA418&lpg=PA418&f=false#v=onepage&q&f=false |editor=David Keightley |title=The Origins of Chinese Civilization |year=1983 |publisher = University of California Press|isbn=0-520-04229-8 }}</ref> or ]<ref name="Beckwith44">{{cite book |last=Beckwith |first=Christopher I. |authorlink=Christopher I. Beckwith |title=Empires of the Silk Road: | ||
| A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present |language= |url=http://books.google.no/books?id=-Ue8BxLEMt4C |year=16 March 2009 |publisher=] |location= |page=44 |pages= |isbn=14008-29941 |accessdate=30 December 2014 |ref=harv}}</ref> origin. The ] of ], ] and ] Dynasties may be of a people of Qiang descent.<ref name="pulleyblank"/> | |||
| ==History== | ==History== | ||
| The term "Qiang" appears in the '']'' in reference to ] (trad. 1675–1646 BC).<ref>''Shi Jing'', Sacrificial Odes of ''Shang'', ''Yin Wu''. 《詩經·商頌·殷武》: "昔有成湯，自彼氐羌，莫敢不來享，莫敢不來王"。</ref> According to the ] ] and ] ], the word "Qiang" possibly has an ] etyomology: "The word klānk- in ] means 'to ride, go by wagon', as in 'to ride off to hunt from a chariot', so Ch'iang could actually mean 'charioteer'."<ref name="Beckwith375">{{cite book |last=Beckwith |first=Christopher I. |authorlink=Christopher I. Beckwith |title=Empires of the Silk Road: | |||
| ⚫ | A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present |language= |url=http://books.google.no/books?id=-Ue8BxLEMt4C |year=16 March 2009 |publisher=] |location= |page=375-376 |pages= |isbn=14008-29941 |accessdate=30 December 2014 |ref=harv}}</ref> They seem to have lived in a diagonal band from northern ] to northern ], somewhat to the south of the later ]. They were enemy of the ], who mounted expeditions against them, capturing slaves and victims for ]. The Qiang prisoners were skilled in making ].<ref name="cambridge">{{cite book |title=The Cambridge History of Ancient China: From the Origins of Civilization to 221 B.C.|author=Nicola Di Cosmo |contribution =The Northern Frontier in Pre-Imperial China |url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=cHA7Ey0-pbEC&pg=PA908&lpg=PA908&f=false#v=onepage&q&f=false |editor=Michael Loewe, Edward L. Shaughness |page=908 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0-521-47030-7 }}</ref> | ||
| ⚫ | According to '']'', they were shepherds, part of the ].<ref> Original text: 羌：西戎牧羊人也。从人从羊，羊亦聲。</ref> They had a close relation to ], and were mentioned in '']'' and '']'' as one of the allies of ] who defeated the Shang.<ref> 武王曰：「嗟！我有國冢君，司徒、司馬、司空，亞旅、師氏，千夫長、百夫長，及庸、蜀、羌、髳、微、纑、彭、濮人，稱爾戈，比爾干，立爾矛，予其誓。」</ref> According to Beckwith, it is likely that the clan (]) of ], mother of ], founder of the Zhou dynasty, was related or identical to the Qiang, and probably of ] origin with extensive knowledge of ] warfare.<ref name="Beckwith44"/> The Zhou themselves may also have a ] origin.<ref name="pulleyblank"/> Some of these groups were called the "Horse-Qiang" or "Many-Horse-Qiang" (Ma Qiang or Duo Ma Qiang), suggesting they may have been horse breeders.<ref name="cambridge"/> Not until the rise of the state of ] under Duke Mu was the Qiang expansion effectively halted. | ||
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| ⚫ | According to '']'', they were shepherds, part of the ].<ref> Original text: 羌：西戎牧羊人也。从人从羊，羊亦聲。</ref> |
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| During the ], a group of nomads to the southwest of ] were known as the Chuo Qiang (婼羌). They were described in '']'' as a people who moved with their livestock in search of water and pasture, made military weapons themselves using iron from the mountains, and possessed bows, lances, short knives, swords and armour.<ref>{{cite book |author=Hulsewé, A. F. P. |year=1979 |title=China in Central Asia: The Early Stage 125 BC – AD 23: an annotated translation of chapters 61 and 96 of the History of the Former Han Dynasty |publisher=E. Brill, Leiden. |url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HzhCAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA80&lpg=PA80&f=false#v=onepage&q&f=false |pages= 80-81 |isbn= 90-04-05884-2 }}</ref> In '']'' other Qiang tribes named were Congzi Qiang (Brown Onions Qiang), Baima Qiang(White Horse Qiang), and Huangniu Qiang (Yellow Ox Qiang).<ref></ref> The various tribes of the Qiangs formed a confederation against the Han but were defeated.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=RovRuGZQYhsC&pg=PA326&lpg=PA326&f=false#v=onepage&q&f=false |title= Wars With the Xiongnu: A Translation from Zizhi Tongjian |author=Joseph P. Yap |publisher=AuthorHouse |chapter=Chapter 9 - War with Qiang |year=2009 |pages=324-340 |isbn=978-1-4490-0605-1 }}</ref> | During the ], a group of nomads to the southwest of ] were known as the Chuo Qiang (婼羌). They were described in '']'' as a people who moved with their livestock in search of water and pasture, made military weapons themselves using iron from the mountains, and possessed bows, lances, short knives, swords and armour.<ref>{{cite book |author=Hulsewé, A. F. P. |year=1979 |title=China in Central Asia: The Early Stage 125 BC – AD 23: an annotated translation of chapters 61 and 96 of the History of the Former Han Dynasty |publisher=E. Brill, Leiden. |url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HzhCAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA80&lpg=PA80&f=false#v=onepage&q&f=false |pages= 80-81 |isbn= 90-04-05884-2 }}</ref> In '']'' other Qiang tribes named were Congzi Qiang (Brown Onions Qiang), Baima Qiang(White Horse Qiang), and Huangniu Qiang (Yellow Ox Qiang).<ref></ref> The various tribes of the Qiangs formed a confederation against the Han but were defeated.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=RovRuGZQYhsC&pg=PA326&lpg=PA326&f=false#v=onepage&q&f=false |title= Wars With the Xiongnu: A Translation from Zizhi Tongjian |author=Joseph P. Yap |publisher=AuthorHouse |chapter=Chapter 9 - War with Qiang |year=2009 |pages=324-340 |isbn=978-1-4490-0605-1 }}</ref> | ||
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Revision as of 00:15, 31 December 2014
For the modern ethnic group in northwestern Sichuan, see Qiang people.Qiang (Chinese: 羌; pinyin: Qiāng; Wade–Giles: Ch'iang) was a name given to various groups of people at different periods in ancient China. The Qiang people were thought to be of Tibetan-Burmese or Indo-European origin. The Tangut people of Tang, Sung and Yuan Dynasties may be of a people of Qiang descent.
History
The term "Qiang" appears in the Shi Jing in reference to Tang of Shang (trad. 1675–1646 BC). According to the American sinologist and tibetologist Christopher I. Beckwith, the word "Qiang" possibly has an Indo-European etyomology: "The word klānk- in Tokharian means 'to ride, go by wagon', as in 'to ride off to hunt from a chariot', so Ch'iang could actually mean 'charioteer'." They seem to have lived in a diagonal band from northern Shaanxi to northern Henan, somewhat to the south of the later Beidi. They were enemy of the Shang Dynasty, who mounted expeditions against them, capturing slaves and victims for human sacrifice. The Qiang prisoners were skilled in making oracle bones.
According to Shuowen, they were shepherds, part of the Xirong people. They had a close relation to Zhou, and were mentioned in Shujing and Shiji as one of the allies of King Wu of Zhou who defeated the Shang. According to Beckwith, it is likely that the clan (Jiang) of Jiang Yuan, mother of Houji, founder of the Zhou dynasty, was related or identical to the Qiang, and probably of Indo-European origin with extensive knowledge of chariot warfare. The Zhou themselves may also have a Rong origin. Some of these groups were called the "Horse-Qiang" or "Many-Horse-Qiang" (Ma Qiang or Duo Ma Qiang), suggesting they may have been horse breeders. Not until the rise of the state of Qin under Duke Mu was the Qiang expansion effectively halted.
During the Han Dynasty, a group of nomads to the southwest of Dunhuang were known as the Chuo Qiang (婼羌). They were described in Hanshu as a people who moved with their livestock in search of water and pasture, made military weapons themselves using iron from the mountains, and possessed bows, lances, short knives, swords and armour. In Weilüe other Qiang tribes named were Congzi Qiang (Brown Onions Qiang), Baima Qiang(White Horse Qiang), and Huangniu Qiang (Yellow Ox Qiang). The various tribes of the Qiangs formed a confederation against the Han but were defeated.
Later in the Han Dynasty, groups of people in the western part of Sichuan were mentioned Hou Hanshu as separate branches of the Qiangs. A song from one of these groups, the "White Wolf" people, was transcribed in Chinese characters together with Chinese translation, and the language has since been identified as Tibetan-Burman.
A Qiang leader, Yao Chang, founded the Later Qin kingdom (384–417 AD) during the Sixteen Kingdoms period of Chinese history.
References
- ^ Edwin G. Pulleyblank (1983). "Chapter 14 - The Chinese and Their Neighbors in Prehistoric and Early Historic Times". In David Keightley (ed.). The Origins of Chinese Civilization. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-04229-8.
- ^ Beckwith, Christopher I. (16 March 2009). Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present. Princeton University Press. p. 44. ISBN 14008-29941. Retrieved 30 December 2014.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help); line feed character in|title=at position 26 (help)CS1 maint: year (link) - Shi Jing, Sacrificial Odes of Shang, Yin Wu. 《詩經·商頌·殷武》: "昔有成湯，自彼氐羌，莫敢不來享，莫敢不來王"。
- Beckwith, Christopher I. (16 March 2009). Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present. Princeton University Press. p. 375-376. ISBN 14008-29941. Retrieved 30 December 2014.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help); line feed character in|title=at position 26 (help)CS1 maint: year (link) - ^ Nicola Di Cosmo. "The Northern Frontier in Pre-Imperial China". In Michael Loewe, Edward L. Shaughness (ed.). The Cambridge History of Ancient China: From the Origins of Civilization to 221 B.C. Cambridge University Press. p. 908. ISBN 0-521-47030-7.
- Shouwen Original text: 羌：西戎牧羊人也。从人从羊，羊亦聲。
- Shiji 武王曰：「嗟！我有國冢君，司徒、司馬、司空，亞旅、師氏，千夫長、百夫長，及庸、蜀、羌、髳、微、纑、彭、濮人，稱爾戈，比爾干，立爾矛，予其誓。」
- Hulsewé, A. F. P. (1979). China in Central Asia: The Early Stage 125 BC – AD 23: an annotated translation of chapters 61 and 96 of the History of the Former Han Dynasty. E. Brill, Leiden. pp. 80–81. ISBN 90-04-05884-2.
- Annotated translation of the Weilüe by John E. Hill
- Joseph P. Yap (2009). "Chapter 9 - War with Qiang". Wars With the Xiongnu: A Translation from Zizhi Tongjian. AuthorHouse. pp. 324–340. ISBN 978-1-4490-0605-1.