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| The '''Tashtyk culture''' was an archaeological culture that flourished in the ] valley in ] from the first to the fourth century CE |
The '''Tashtyk culture''' was an archaeological culture that flourished in the ] valley in ] from the first to the fourth century CE. Located in the ] Depression, environs of modern ], eastern part of ], it was preceded by the ].<ref name="EB_Art">{{cite web |url=http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/102325/Central-Asian-arts/60300/Neolithic-and-Metal-Age-cultures |title=Central Asian arts: Tashtyk Tribe |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |date= |website=] |publisher=] |access-date=February 15, 2015}}</ref><ref name="Genetics"/> | ||
| The Tashtyk culture was first surveyed by the Russian archaeologist ].<ref name="Grousset">{{harvnb|Grousset|1970|p=18-19}}</ref> Teploukhov suggested that it had been initially ] dominated, only to become overcome by the ] around the 3rd century AD.<ref name="Grousset"/> The Yenisei Kirghiz are often associted with the Tashtyk culture.<ref></ref> | |||
| ⚫ | Tashtyk settlements and hill-forts have been unearthed throughout the Yenisei region, particularly the ] canyon area. Their most imposing monuments were immense barrows-crypt structures; these have yielded large quantities of clay and metal vessels and ornaments. In addition, numerous petrographic carvings have been found. | ||
| ⚫ | Tashtyk settlements and hill-forts have been unearthed throughout the Yenisei region, particularly the ] canyon area. Their most imposing monuments were immense barrows-crypt structures; these have yielded large quantities of clay and metal vessels and ornaments. In addition, numerous petrographic carvings have been found. Some of the graves contained leather models of human bodies with their heads wrapped in tissue and brightly painted. Inside the models there were small leather bags probably symbolising the stomach and containing burned human bones. Scaled-down replicas of swords, arrows and quivers were placed nearby. The animal motis of the Tashtyk belonged to the ]-Altaic style, while they were also under significant ] influence.<ref name="EB_Art"/> | ||
| During his excavations of the ] cemetery south of ], ] discovered a number of mummies with richly decorated plaster ]s showing Western Eurasian features, though this would not rule out some East Asian admixture, as revealed by ancient DNA (see below). There were also intact fur hats, silk clothes, and footwear (now in the ], ]). | During his excavations of the ] cemetery south of ], ] discovered a number of mummies with richly decorated plaster ]s showing Western Eurasian features, though this would not rule out some East Asian admixture, as revealed by ancient DNA (see below). There were also intact fur hats, silk clothes, and footwear (now in the ], ]). | ||
| In 2009, a genetic study of ancient ]n cultures, including the Tashtyk culture, was published in ].<ref name="Genetics">{{cite journal |last= |first= |last2= |first2= |last2= |first2= |last2= |first2= |last2= |first2= |last2= |first2= |last2= |first2= |date=May 16, 2009 |title=Ancient DNA provides new insights into the history | |||
| Some of the graves contained leather models of human bodies with their heads wrapped in tissue and brightly painted. Inside the models there were small leather bags probably symbolising the stomach and containing burned human bones. Scaled-down replicas of swords, arrows and quivers were placed nearby. | |||
| of south Siberian Kurgan people |url=http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00439-009-0683-0 |journal=] |publisher=] |volume= |issue= |pages= |doi= |access-date=15 February 2015}}</ref> Six Tashtyk remains of 100–400 AD from ], ], ] were surveyed.<ref name="Genetics"/> Extractions from the remains of four females were determined to belong to the ]n ], ], ], and ] ]s, while the other carried the ]n ].<ref name="Genetics"/> Extractions from the remains of one individual who dated back to the Tashtyk culture was determined to be of Y-chromosome haplogroup Western Eurasian ], which is thought to mark the eastward migration of the early ].<ref name="Genetics"/> All individuals surveyed were determined to be ], and were except from one individual exclusively ] and ].<ref name="Genetics"/> | |||
| ==Ethnicity== | |||
| It is not known which language the Tashtyk people spoke, but evidence from comparative linguistics suggests that an early ] idiom may have been involved.<ref>Janhunen, Juha. Encyclopedia of World Cultures. 1996. ''Encyclopedia.com''. (June 9, 2014).</ref> | |||
| == Ancient DNA == | |||
| Extracted mitochondrial DNA from five female Tashtyk remains of 100–400 AD from ], ], ], revealed that four possessed the ]n ], ], ], and ] ]s, while the other carried the ]n ]. The Western Eurasian Y-DNA ] was extracted from one male. The same haplogroup was found among the remains of the preceding Tagar culture. The study determined that the majority of the individuals had ] and blue or green eyes.<ref>C. Keyser et al. 2009. Ancient DNA provides new insights into the history of south Siberian Kurgan people, ''Human Genetics'', vol. 126, no. 3 (September 2009), pp. 395-410.</ref> | |||
| ==References== | ==References== | ||
| ===Citations=== | |||
| {{reflist}} | {{reflist}} | ||
| ===Sources=== | |||
| *Christian, David. ''A History of Russia, Central Asia and Mongolia''. Blackwell Publishers, 1999. | *Christian, David. ''A History of Russia, Central Asia and Mongolia''. Blackwell Publishers, 1999. | ||
| *{{cite book |last=Grousset |first=René |authorlink=René Grousset |date=January 1, 1970 |title=The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CHzGvqRbV_IC |location= |publisher=] |page= |isbn= 0813513049 |access-date=February 14, 2015 |ref=harv}} | |||
| *Leonid Kyzlasov. ''Tashtyk Era'' (Таштыкская эпоха). Moscow, 1953. Page 13. | *Leonid Kyzlasov. ''Tashtyk Era'' (Таштыкская эпоха). Moscow, 1953. Page 13. | ||
| *"Oglakhty". '']'', 3rd ed. 1969-1978. | *"Oglakhty". '']'', 3rd ed. 1969-1978. | ||
Revision as of 22:24, 15 February 2015
The Tashtyk culture was an archaeological culture that flourished in the Yenisei valley in Siberia from the first to the fourth century CE. Located in the Minusinsk Depression, environs of modern Krasnoyarsk, eastern part of Kemerovo Oblast, it was preceded by the Tagar culture.
The Tashtyk culture was first surveyed by the Russian archaeologist Sergei Teploukhov. Teploukhov suggested that it had been initially Indo-European dominated, only to become overcome by the Yenisei Kirghiz around the 3rd century AD. The Yenisei Kirghiz are often associted with the Tashtyk culture.
Tashtyk settlements and hill-forts have been unearthed throughout the Yenisei region, particularly the Sayan canyon area. Their most imposing monuments were immense barrows-crypt structures; these have yielded large quantities of clay and metal vessels and ornaments. In addition, numerous petrographic carvings have been found. Some of the graves contained leather models of human bodies with their heads wrapped in tissue and brightly painted. Inside the models there were small leather bags probably symbolising the stomach and containing burned human bones. Scaled-down replicas of swords, arrows and quivers were placed nearby. The animal motis of the Tashtyk belonged to the Scytho-Altaic style, while they were also under significant Chinese influence.
During his excavations of the Oglahty cemetery south of Minusinsk, Leonid Kyzlasov discovered a number of mummies with richly decorated plaster funerary masks showing Western Eurasian features, though this would not rule out some East Asian admixture, as revealed by ancient DNA (see below). There were also intact fur hats, silk clothes, and footwear (now in the Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg).
In 2009, a genetic study of ancient Siberian cultures, including the Tashtyk culture, was published in Human Genetics. Six Tashtyk remains of 100–400 AD from Bogratsky region, Abakano-Pérévoz I, Khakassia were surveyed. Extractions from the remains of four females were determined to belong to the Western Eurasian HV, H, N9a, and T1 haplogroups, while the other carried the East Asian haplogroup C. Extractions from the remains of one individual who dated back to the Tashtyk culture was determined to be of Y-chromosome haplogroup Western Eurasian R1a, which is thought to mark the eastward migration of the early Indo-Europeans. All individuals surveyed were determined to be Europoid, and were except from one individual exclusively light-eyed and light-haired.
References
Citations
- ^ "Central Asian arts: Tashtyk Tribe". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved February 15, 2015.
- ^ "Ancient DNA provides new insights into the history of south Siberian Kurgan people". Human Genetics. Springer-Verlag. May 16, 2009. Retrieved 15 February 2015.
{{cite journal}}: line feed character in|title=at position 51 (help) - ^ Grousset 1970, p. 18-19
- "Xipoliya Yanke Suo Jian Xiajiesi Monijiao" ("Siberan Rock Arts and Xiajiesi's Manicheism") 1998 Gansu Mingzu Yanjiu
Sources
- Christian, David. A History of Russia, Central Asia and Mongolia. Blackwell Publishers, 1999.
- Grousset, René (January 1, 1970). The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 0813513049. Retrieved February 14, 2015.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Leonid Kyzlasov. Tashtyk Era (Таштыкская эпоха). Moscow, 1953. Page 13.
- "Oglakhty". Great Soviet Encyclopaedia, 3rd ed. 1969-1978.
- "Tashtyk culture". Great Soviet Encyclopaedia, 3rd ed. 1969-1978.