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The Russian famine of 1921, also known as Povolzhye famine, was a severe famine in Bolshevik Russia which began in early spring of 1921 and lasted through 1922. This famine killed an estimated 6 million, primarily affecting the Volga and Ural River regions.

The famine resulted from combined effects of economic disturbance—which had already started during World War I, and continued through the disturbances of the Russian Revolution of 1917—and Russian Civil War with its policy of War Communism, especially prodrazvyorstka, exacerbated by rail systems that could not distribute food efficiently.

One of Russia's intermittent droughts in 1921 aggravated the situation to a national catastrophe. Hunger was so severe, it was doubtful that seed-grain would be sown rather than eaten. At one point, relief agencies had to give grain to railroad staff to get their supplies moved.

Origins

Before the famine began, Russia had suffered six and a half years of the First World War and the Civil Wars of 1918–20, many of the conflicts fought inside Russia.

Before the famine, all sides in the Russian Civil Wars of 1918–21 — the Bolsheviks, the Whites, the Anarchists, the seceding nationalities — had provisioned themselves by the ancient method of "living off the land": they seized food from those who grew it, gave it to their armies and supporters, and denied it to their enemies. The Bolshevik government had requisitioned supplies from the peasantry for little or nothing in exchange. This led peasants to drastically reduce their crop production. According to the official Bolshevik position, which is still maintained by some modern Marxists, the rich peasants (kulaks) withheld their surplus grain in order to preserve their lives; statistics indicate that most of the grain and the other food supplies passed through the black market. The Bolsheviks believed peasants were actively trying to undermine the war effort. The Black Book of Communism claims that Lenin ordered the seizure of the food peasants had grown for their own subsistence and their seed grain in retaliation for this "sabotage," leading to widespread peasant revolts. In 1920, Lenin had ordered increased emphasis on food requisitioning from the peasantry.

Aid from outside Russia was initially rejected. The American Relief Administration (ARA), which Herbert Hoover had formed to help the starvation of World War I, had offered assistance to Lenin in 1919, on condition that they have full say over the Russian railway network and hand out food impartially to all. Lenin refused this as interference in Russian internal affairs.

Lenin was eventually convinced — by this famine, the Kronstadt rebellion, large scale peasant uprisings such as the Tambov rebellion, and the failure of a German general strike — to reverse his policy at home and abroad. He decreed the New Economic Policy on March 15, 1921. The famine also helped produce an opening to the West: Lenin allowed relief organizations to bring aid, this time. War relief was no longer required in Western Europe, and the ARA had an organization set up in Poland, relieving the Polish famine which had begun in the winter of 1919–20.

International relief effort

Although no official request for aid was issued, a committee of well-known people without obvious party affiliations was allowed to set up an appeal for assistance. In July 1921, the writer Maxim Gorky published an appeal to the outside world, claiming that millions of lives were menaced by crop failure. At a conference in Geneva on 15 August organised by the International Committee of the Red Cross and the League of Red Cross Societies, the International Committee for Russian Relief (ICRR) was set up with Dr Fridtjof Nansen as its High Commissioner. Nansen headed to Moscow, where he signed an agreement with Soviet Foreign Minister Georgy Chicherin that left the ICRR in full control of its operations. At the same time, fundraising for the famine relief operation began in earnest in Britain, with all the elements of a modern emergency relief operation — full-page newspaper advertisements, local collections, and a fundraising film shot in the famine area. By September, a ship had been despatched from London carrying 600 tons of supplies. The first feeding centre was opened in October in Saratov.

The main participants in the international relief effort were Hoover's American Relief Administration, along with other bodies such as the American Friends Service Committee and the International Save the Children Union, which had the British Save the Children Fund as the major contributor. Around ten million people were fed, with the bulk coming from the ARA, funded by the US Congress; the European agencies co-ordinated by the ICRR fed two million people a day: the International Save the Children Union were feeding 375,000 in its centres at Saratov at the height of the operation. The operation was hazardous — several workers died of cholera — and was not without its critics, including the London Daily Express, which first denied the severity of the famine, and then argued that the money would better be spent on poverty in the United Kingdom.

Throughout 1922 and 1923, as famine was still widespread and the ARA was still providing relief supplies, grain was exported by the Soviet government to raise funds for the revival of industry; this seriously endangered Western support for relief, and was one instance of a long-standing Soviet policy of valuing development above the lives of the peasantry. The new Soviet government insisted that if the AYA suspended relief, the ARA arrange a foreign loan for them of about $10,000,000 1923 dollars; the ARA was unable to do this, and continued to ship in food past the grain being sold abroad.

Death toll

As with other large-scale famines, the range of estimates is considerable. An official Soviet publication of the early 1920s concluded that about five million deaths occurred in 1921 from famine and related disease: this number is usually quoted in textbooks. More conservative figures counted not more than a million, while another assessment, based on the ARA's medical division, spoke of two million. On the other side of the scale, some witnesses spoke of ten million lives. According to Betrand M. Patenaude, "such a number hardly seems extravagant after the many tens of millions of victims of war, famine, and terror in the twentieth century".

Political uses

The Russian famine of 1921 came at the end of six and a half years of unrest and violence (first World War I, then the two Russian revolutions of 1917, then the Russian Civil War). Many different political and military factions were involved in those events, and most of them have been accused by their enemies of having contributed to, or even bearing sole responsibility for, the famine.

The Communist government also mounted raids against a resistant Russian Orthodox Church: churches were stripped of valuables under the stated purpose to provide for the relief of the famine victims, however only small part was used for famine relief, the rest was spent on "kindling the world revolution". Richard Pipes argued that the famine was used politically as an excuse for the Bolshevik leadership to persecute the Orthodox Church, which held significant sway over much of the peasant populace.

Pipes also considers the possibility that Lenin actually welcomed the famine as it weakened the peasantry and prevented the peasants from resisting the Bolsheviks.

See also

• 1921 Mari wildfires
• 1921–1922 Famine in Tatarstan
• Famines in Russia and the USSR
• Fram (play)
• List of famines
• Pomgol
• Soviet famine of 1932–1933
• Workers International Relief (WIR)

References

1. "Marxist Dreams and Soviet Realities", Marxist Dreams and Soviet Realities, AU: Mises Institute.
2. "Food as a Weapon.", Hoover Digest, Hoover Institution
3. "Famine Years", The German Colonies on the Volga River, Volga Germans.
4. ^ Kennan 1961.
5. "An exchange of letters", Lenin’s Secret Files (documentary), BBC.
6. Carr, EH, 1966, The Bolshevik Revolution 1917–1923, Part 2, p. 233.
7. Chase, WJ, 1987, Workers, Society and the Soviet State: Labour and Life in Moscow 1918–1929 pp. 26–7.
8. Nove, A, 1982, An Economic History of the USSR, p. 62, cited in Flewers, Paul. "War Communism in Retrospect".
9. Werth et al. 1999.
10. International news, vol. 442, Newsreel, 1921
11. Famine in Russia: the hidden horrors of 1921, ICRC.
12. Kurusawa, Fuyuki (3 January 2012). "The Making of Humanitarian Visual Icons: On the 1921-1923 Russian Famine as Foundational Event". Iconic Power: Materiality and Meaning in Social Life. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 68. Retrieved 19 July 2014.
13. Breen 1994.
14. Ellman, Michael (June 2007), "Stalin and the Soviet Famine of 1932–33 Revisited" (PDF), Europe-Asia Studies, 59 (4), Routledge: 663–93, doi:10.1080/09668130701291899.
15. Serbyn, Roman (1986), "The Famine of 1921–22", Famine in the Ukraine, 1932–33, Edmonton, pp. 174–78{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link).
16. Norman Lowe. Mastering Twentieth-Century Russian History. Palgrave, 2002. P. 155.
17. Betrand M. Patenaude. The Big Show in Bololand. The American Relief Expedition to Soviet Russia in the Famine of 1921. Stanford University Press, 2002. P. 197.
18. Patenaude, op. cit. p. 197-8.
19. А. Г. Латышев. Рассекреченный Ленин. — 1-е изд. — М.: Март, 1996. — Pages 145—172. — 336 с. — 15 000 экз. — ISBN 5-88505-011-2.
20. Pipes & 1995, pg. 415. sfn error: no target: CITEREFPipes1995,_pg._415 (help)
21. Pipes & 1995, pg. 416. sfn error: no target: CITEREFPipes1995,_pg._416 (help)

Bibliography

• Kennan, George Frost (1961), Russia and the West under Lenin and Stalin, Boston, pp. 141–50, 168, 179–85{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link). Default reference for the historical and aftermath sections.
• ———————— (1979), The Decline of Bismarck's European Order: Franco-Russian Relations, 1875–1890, Princeton, p. 387{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link).
• Fromkin, David: Peace to End All Peace (1989 hc) p. 360 (on Tsarist corruption and the closure of the Dardanelles).
• Furet, François (1999) , Passing of an Illusion.
• Breen, Rodney (1994), "Saving Enemy Children: Save the Children's Russian Relief Organisation, 1921–1923", Disasters, 18 (3): 221–37, doi:10.1111/j.1467-7717.1994.tb00309.x, PMID 7953492.
• Werth, Nicolas; Panné, Jean-Louis; Paczkowski, Andrzej; Bartosek, Karel; Margolin, Jean-Louis (October 1999), Courtois, Stéphane (ed.), The Black Book of Communism: Crimes, Terror, Repression, Harvard University Press, pp. 92–97, 116–21, ISBN 978-0-674-07608-2.
• Trotsky, Leon My Life (1930) Chapter 38 His advice to Lenin.
• Alexander N. Yakovlev. A Century of Violence in Soviet Russia. Yale University Press, 2002 ISBN 0-300-08760-8 pp 155–56.
• Pipes, Richard (1995) , Russia under the Bolshevik regime 1919–1924, London: Vintage, ISBN 0-679-76184-5.

External links

• The Great Famine — An American Experience Documentary

• Famines in the Soviet Union
• Famines in Russia
• Economic disasters in Europe
• Aftermath of World War I in Russia and in the Soviet Union
• 1921 in Russia