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King of Iran ایران
Lion and Sun
Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi
Details
First monarch	Unnamed
Last monarch	Mohammad Reza Pahlavi
Formation	c. 2600 BC
Abolition	11 February 1979 Monarchy ended by Iranian revolution
Pretender(s)	Reza Pahlavi (Pahlavi dynasty) Mohammad Hassan Mirza II (Qajar dynasty)

The following is a list of kings and queens of Main Dynasties of ancient Persia, which includes all of the empires ruling over geographical Iran and territories lost and their rulers. For more comprehensive lists of kings, queens, sub-kings and sub-queens of Iran please see:

• List of rulers of Pre-Achaemenid kingdoms of Iran
• List of rulers of Elam
• List of rulers of Parthian sub-kingdoms
• Muslim dynasties of Iran

Awan Dynasty (c. 2600–2270 BC)

Simashki Dynasty (c. 2070–c. 1975 BC)

Epartid Dynasty (c. 1975–c. 1500 BC)

Kidinuid Dynasty (c. 1500–c. 1370 BC)

Igehalkid Dynasty (c. 1400–c. 1200 BC)

Throne Name	Original Name	Portrait	Title	Born-Died	Entered office	Left office	Family Relations	Note
Igehalkid Dynasty (c. 1400–c. 1200 BC)
Pahir-Ishshan I			King of Anshan & Susa	?–?	c. 1390 BC	?	Son of Ige-Halki	Cont. Kurigalzu I Kassite king of Babylon
Kidin-Hutran I			King of Anshan & Susa	?–?	?	?	Son of Pahir-Ishshan I
Attar-Kittah II			King of Anshan & Susa	?–?	?	?	Son of Ige-Halki
Humban-Numena I			King of Anshan & Susa	?–?	c. 1370 BC	?	Son of Attar-Kittah II	cont. Burna-Buriash II Kassite king of Babylon
Untash-Napirisha or Untash-Humban			King of Anshan & Susa	?–?	c. 1340 BC	?	Son of Humban-Numena I
Kidin-Hutran II			King of Anshan & Susa	?–?	?	?	Son of Untash-Naprisha
Napirisha-Untash or Humban-Untash			King of Anshan & Susa	?–?	?	?	Son of Kidin-Hutran II
Pahir-Ishshan II			King of Anshan & Susa	?–?	?	?	?
Unpatar-Napirisha or Unpatar-Humban			King of Anshan & Susa	?–?	?	?	Son of Pahir-Ishshan II
Kidin-Hutran III			King of Anshan & Susa	?–?	c. 1224 BC	c. 1217 BC	Son of Pahir-Ishshan II	contemporary of Enlil-nadin-shumi & Adad-shuma-iddina Kassite kings of Babylon

Shutrukid Dynasty (c. 1200–c. 1000 BC)

Neo-Elamites (c. 821 – c. 640)

Median Empire (674–535 BC)

Achaemenid Empire (550–330 BC)

Throne Name	Original Name	Portrait	Title	Born-Died	Entered office	Left office	Family Relations	Note
Achaemenid Empire (550–330 BC)
Cyrus the Great			The Great King, King of Kings, King of Anshan, King of Media, King of Babylon, King of Sumer and Akkad, King of the Four Corners of the World	600–530 BC	559 BC	530 BC	Son of Cambyses I king of Anshan and Mandana daughter of Astyages	King of Anshan from 559 BC. Killed in battle with Massagetes
Cambyses			The Great King, King of Kings, Pharaoh of Egypt	?–521 BC	530 BC	522 BC	Son of Cyrus the Great	Died while en route to put down a rebellion.
Bardiya	Gaumata (?)		The Great King, King of Kings, Pharaoh of Egypt	?–522 BC	522 BC	522 BC	Son of Cyrus the Great (possibly an imposter claiming to be Bardiya)	Killed by Persian aristocrats
Darius I			The Great King, King of Kings, Pharaoh of Egypt	550–486 BC	522 BC	486 BC	Son of Hystaspes
Xerxes I			The Great King, King of Kings, Pharaoh of Egypt	519–465 BC	485 BC	465 BC	Son of Darius I	Killed
Artaxerxes I			The Great King, King of Kings, Pharaoh of Egypt	?–424 BC	465 BC	424 BC	Son of Xerxes I
Xerxes II	Artaxerxes		The Great King, King of Kings, Pharaoh of Egypt	?–424 BC	424 BC	424 BC	Son of Artaxerxes I	Only recognised in Persia itself, killed by Sogdianus
?	Sogdianus		The Great King, King of Kings, Pharaoh of Egypt	?–423 BC	424 BC	423 BC	Son of Artaxerxes I	Only recognised in Persia and Elam, killed by Darius II
Darius II	Ochus		The Great King, King of Kings, Pharaoh of Egypt	?–404 BC	424 BC	404 BC	Son of Artaxerxes I
Artaxerxes II	Arsaces		The Great King, King of Kings	436–358 BC	404 BC	358 BC	Son of Darius II
Artaxerxes III	Ochus		The Great King, King of Kings, Pharaoh of Egypt	?–338 BC	358 BC	338 BC	Son of Artaxerxes II	Killed
Artaxerxes IV	Arses		The Great King, King of Kings, Pharaoh of Egypt	?–336 BC	338 BC	336 BC	Son of Artaxerxes III	Killed
Darius III	Artashata		The Great King, King of Kings, Pharaoh of Egypt	380–330 BC	336 BC	330 BC	Son of Artaxerxes IV	Killed by Artaxerxes V
Artaxerxes V	Bessus		The Great King, King of Kings	?–329 BC	330 BC	329 BC	Probably a descendant of Artaxerxes II	Killed by Alexander III

Macedonian Empire (330–309 BC)

Throne Name	Original Name	Portrait	Title	Born-Died	Entered office	Left office	Family Relations	Note
Macedonian Empire (330–312 BC)
Alexander the Great			King	356 – 13 June 323 BC	330 BC	323 BC	Son of Philip II of Macedonia	King of Macedonia from 336 BC as Alexander III
Philip III	Arrhidaeus		King	c. 359 – 317 BC	June 323 BC	317 BC	Son of Philip II of Macedonia	Killed by Olympias
Alexander IV			King	Sept. 323 – 309 BC	Sept. 323 BC	309 BC	Son of Alexander III	King of Macedonia as Alexander IV until 309 BC. Killed by Cassander son of Antipater
Perdiccas			Regent	?–321 BC	June 323 BC	321 BC		Regent for Alexander IV & Philip III, Prince of Orestis
Antipater			Regent	398?–319 BC	321 BC	319 BC	Son of Iollas	Regent for Alexander IV & Philip III
Polyperchon			Regent	394–303 BC	319 BC	316 BC	Son of Simmias	Regent for Alexander IV & Philip III
Antigonus Monophthalmus			King	382–301 BC	312 BC	301 BC	Son of Philip of Elymiotis	Ruler over Anatolia from 323, adding Syria and the east in 317. King from 306 BC until 301 BC. Killed at the Battle of Corupedium

Seleucid Empire (311–129 BC)

Throne Name	Original Name	Portrait	Title	Born-Died	Entered office	Left office	Family Relations	Note
Seleucid dynasty (311–129 BC)
Seleucus I Nicator			King	c. 358–281 BC	311 BC	281 BC	Son of Antiochus son of Seleucus	Assumed title of "King" from 306 BC.
Antiochus I Soter			King	?–261 BC	281 BC	261 BC	Son of Seleucus I	Co-ruler from 291
Antiochus II Theos			King	286–246 BC	261 BC	246 BC	Son of Antiochus I
Seleucus II Callinicus			King	?–225 BC	246 BC	225 BC	Son of Antiochus II
Seleucus III Ceraunus	Alexander		King	c. 243–223 BC	225 BC	223 BC	Son of Seleucus II
Antiochus III the Great			Great King	c. 241–187 BC	223 BC	187 BC	Son of Seleucus II
Seleucus IV Philopator			King	?–175 BC	187 BC	175 BC	Son of Antiochus III
Antiochus IV Epiphanes			King	c. 215–163 BC	175 BC	163 BC	Son of Antiochus III	Killed in Elymais
Antiochus V Eupator			King	c. 172–161 BC	163 BC	161 BC	Son of Antiochus IV
Demetrius I Soter			King	185–150 BC	161 BC	150 BC	Son of Seleucus IV
Alexander Balas			King	?–146 BC	150 BC	146 BC	Purported son of Antiochus IV
Demetrius II Nicator			King	?–139 BC	146 BC	139 BC	Son of Demetrius I	Defeated and captured by Parthians. He married Rhodogune daughter of Mithridates I
Antiochus VI Dionysus			King	148–138 BC	145 BC	142 BC	Son of Alexander III.	Jointly with Demetrius II.
Antiochus VII Sidetes			King	?–129 BC	139 BC	129 BC	Son of Demetrius I	Killed in battle with Phraates II

Parthian Empire (247 BC – AD 228)

The Seleucid Dynasty gradually lost control of Persia. In 253, the Arsacid Dynasty established itself in Parthia. The Parthians gradually expanded their control, until by the mid-2nd century BC, the Seleucids had completely lost control of Persia. Control of eastern territories was permanently lost by Antiochus VII in 129 BC. For more comprehensive lists of kings, queens, sub-kings and sub-queens of this Era see:

• List of rulers of Parthian sub-kingdoms

Throne Name	Original Name	Portrait	Title	Born-Died	Entered office	Left office	Family Relations	Note
Arsacid dynasty (247 BC – 228 AD)
Arsaces I	Tiridates I or Arsaces		King, Karen, Autocrator	?–211 BC	247 BC	211 BC	A descendant of Arsaces son of Phriapatius who was probably son of Artaxerxes II
Arsaces II	Arsaces			?–185 BC	211 BC	185 BC	Son of Arsaces I
Arsaces III	Phriapatius			?–170 BC	185 BC	170 BC	Grandson of Tiridates I
Arsaces IV	Phraates I			?–167 BC	170 BC	167 BC	Son of Phriapatius
Arsaces V	Mithridates I		The Great King, Theos, Theopator, Philhellene	?–132 BC	167 BC	132 BC	Son of Phriapatius
Arsaces VI	Phraates II		The Great King, Philopator, Theopator, Nikephoros	?–127 BC	132 BC	127 BC	Son of Mithridates I	Killed in battle with Scythians
Arsaces VII	Artabanus I		King	?–126 BC	127 BC	126 BC	Son of Phriapatius	Killed in battle with Tocharians
Arsaces VIII	Vologases (I)		The Great King, Theopator, Philadelphos, Philhellene, Epiphanes	?–122 BC	126 BC	122 BC	Son of Phriapatius	He was the first Arsacid king of Media, Arran and Iberia
Arsaces IX	Artabanus (II)		The Great King, King of kings, Epiphanes, Philhellene	?–121 BC	122 BC	121 BC	Son of Artabanus I	Killed in battle with Medians
Arsaces X	Mithridates II		The Great King, The Great King of Kings, Epiphanes, Soter	?–91 BC	121 BC	91 BC	Son of Artabanus I
Arsaces XI	Gotarzes I		The Great King, Epiphanes, Philhellene, Euergetes, Autocrator	?–87 BC	91 BC	87 BC	Son of Mithridates II
Arsaces XII	Artabanus (III)		The Great King, Theopator, Nicator	?–77? BC	91 BC	77? BC	Son of Vologases (I)
Arsaces XIII	Mithridates (III)		The Great King, The Great King of Kings, Dikaios, Euergetes, Philhellene, Autocrator, Philopator, Epiphanes	?–67 BC	88 BC	67 BC	Son of Mithridates II
Arsaces XIV	Orodes I		The Great King, Euergetes, Epiphanes, Philhellene	?–75 BC	80 BC	75 BC	Son of Mithridates II
Arsaces XV	Sanatruces I	File:Coin of Sanatruces of Parthia.jpg	The Great King, Theopator, Euergetes, Epiphanes, Philhellene	157–70 BC	77 BC	70 BC	Son of Vologases (I)
Arsaces XVI	?		The Great King, Theopator, Euergetes, Epiphanes, Philhellene, Eusebes	?–66 BC	77 BC	66 BC	?	The most obscure major monarch of the first millennium BC. Nothing about him is currently known.
Arsaces XVII	Phraates III		The Great King, Theos, Euergetes, Epiphanes, Philhellene	?–57 BC	70 BC	57 BC	Son of Sanatruces I	Killed by Orodes II
Arsaces XVIII	?		The Great King, Philopator, Euergetes, Epiphanes, Philhellene	?–63 BC	66 BC	63 BC	Son of Arsaces XVI	The second most obscure monarch of the first millennium BC, nothing about him is known.
Arsaces XIX	Mithridates III (or IV)	File:Coin of Mithridates III of Parthia.jpg	The Great King, The Great King of Kings, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Theos, Eupator, Theopator, Philhellene	?–54 BC	65 BC	54 BC	Son of Phraates III	Killed by Orodes II
Arsaces XX	Orodes II		King of Kings, Philopator, Eupator, Euergetes, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene, Ktistes	?–38 BC	57 BC	38 BC	Son of Phraates III	Killed by Phraates IV
Arsaces XXI	Pacorus I		King of Kings, Euergetes, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene	?–38 BC	50 BC	38 BC	Son of Orodes II	Killed in battle with Romans
Arsaces XXII	Phraates IV		King of Kings, Euergetes, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene	?–2 BC	38	2 BC	Son of Orodes II	Killed by Musa
Arsaces XXIII	Tiridates II		King of Kings, Euergetes, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene, Autocrator, Philoromaeos	?–after 23 BC	30 BC	25 BC	Probably a descendant of Mithridates (III)	Deposed and went to Rome
Arsaces XXIV	Mithridates (V)		?	?–? BC	12 BC	9 BC	Probably a descendant of Mithridates (III)
Musa	Musa		Queen of Queens, Thea, Urania	?–4? AD	2 BC	4 AD	Queen of Phraates IV
Arsaces XXV	Phraates V	File:Coin of Phraates V of Parthia.jpg	King of Kings, Euergetes, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene	?–4 AD	2 BC	4 AD	Son of Phraates IV & Musa	Deposed and went to Rome
Arsaces XXVI	Orodes III		King of Kings, Euergetes, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene	?–6	4	6	Probably a descendant of Mithridates (III)	Killed by Parthian aristocrats
Arsaces XXVII	Vonones I		The Great King, King of Kings, Euergetes, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene, Nikephorus	?–19	8	12	Son of Phraates IV	Deposed and went to Rome. Later, He was killed by Romans.
Arsaces XXVIII	Artabanus III		King of Kings, Euergetes, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene	?–40	10	40	Probably a descendant of Mithridates (III)
Arsaces XXIX	Tiridates III		?	?–?	35	36	Probably a descendant of Tiridates II	Deposed and went to Rome
Arsaces XXX	Cinnamus		?	?–?	37	37	Son of Artabanus III	Abdicated
Arsaces XXXI	Gotarzes II		King of Kings, Euergetes, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene	11–51	40 –	51	Son of Artabanus III
Arsaces XXXII	Vardanes I		King of Kings, Euergetes, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene	?–46	40	46	Son of Artabanus III	Killed by Gotarzes II
Arsaces XXXIII	Vonones II		King of Kings, Euergetes, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene	?–51	c. 45	51
Arsaces XXXIV	Mithridates (VI)		?	?–?	49	50	Son of Vonones II	Deposed and mutilated by Gotarzes II
Arsaces XXXV	Vologases I (or II)		King of Kings, Euergetes, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene, The Lord	?–77	51	77	Son of Vonones II
Arsaces XXXVI	Vardanes II		King of Kings, Euergetes, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene	?–?	55	58	Son of Vologases I (or II)	Deposed
Arsaces XXXVII	Vologases II (or III)		King of Kings, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene	?–?	77	89/90	Probably son of Vologases I
Arsaces XXXVIII	Pacorus II		King of Kings, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene	?–115	77	115	Son of Vonones II
Arsaces XXXIX	Artabanus IV		King of Kings, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene	?–?	80	81	Probably son of Artabanus III
Arsaces XL	Osroes I		King of Kings, Euergetes, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene	?–130	89/90	130	Probably son of Vologases II (or III)
Arsaces XLI	Vologases III (or IV)		King of Kings, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene	?–148	105	148	?
Arsaces XLII	Mithridates IV (or VII)		King of Kings, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene	?–c. 145	115	c. 145	Brother of Osroes I	Killed in battle with Romans
Arsaces XLIII	Parthamaspates		King of Kings, Euergetes, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene	?–after 123	116	117	Son of Osroes I	Deposed and went to Rome
Arsaces XLIV	Sanatruces II		King of Kings, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene	?–c. 145	c. 145	c. 145	son of Mithridates IV (or VII)	Killed in battle with Romans
Arsaces XLV	Vologases IV (or V)	File:Coin of Vologases IV of Parthia.jpg	King of Kings, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene	?–191	148	191	Son of Mithridates IV (or VII)
Arsaces XLVI	Vologases V (or VI)	File:Coin of Vologases V of Parthia.jpg	King of Kings, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene	?–208	191	208	Son of Vologases IV (or V)
Arsaces XLVII	Osroes II		King of Kings, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene	?–?	c. 190	c. 195	Probably son of Vologases IV (or V)
Arsaces XLVIII	Vologases VI (or VII)		King of Kings, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene	181–228	208	228	Son of Vologases V (or VI)	Killed by Ardashir I
Arsaces XLIX	Artabanus V		King of Kings, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene	?–226	213	226	Son of Vologases V (or VI)	Killed by Ardashir I
Arsaces L	Tiridates IV		King of Kings, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene	?–?	217	222	Son of Vologases IV (or V)	He was also king of Armenia

Sasanian Empire (224–651)

Throne Name	Original Name	Portrait	Title	Born-Died	Entered office	Left office	Family Relations	Note
House of Sasan
Ardashir I			Shahanshah	180 – February 242	28 April 224	February 242	Son of Papak, who was son of Sasan
Shapur I			Shahanshah	215 – May 270	12 April 240	May 270	Son of Ardashir I
Hormizd I	Hormozd-Ardashir		Shahanshah, Wuzurg Armananshah	?–June 271	May 270	June 271	Son of Shapur I
Bahram I			Shahanshah, Gilanshah	?–September 274	June 271	September 274	Son of Shapur I
Bahram II			Shahanshah	?–293	September 274	293	Son of Bahram I
Bahram III			Shahanshah, Sakanshah	?–293	293	293	Son of Bahram II	Deposed
Narseh I			Shahanshah, Wuzurg Armananshah	?–302	293	302	Son of Shapur I
Hormizd II			Shahanshah	?–309	302	309	Son of Narseh I	Killed by Iranian aristocrats
Adhur Narseh			Shahanshah	?–309	309	309	Son of Hormizd II	Killed by Iranian aristocrats
Shapur II		File:Shapur.jpg	Shahanshah, Dhū al-aktāf	309 – 379	309	379	Son of Hormizd II
Ardashir II			Shahanshah	?–383	379	383	Son of Shapur II
Shapur III			Shahanshah	?–Dec. 388	383	Dec. 388	Son of Shapur II	Killed by Iranian aristocrats
Bahram IV			Shahanshah, Kirmanshah	?–399	Dec. 388	399	Son of Shapur II
Yazdegerd I			Shahanshah	363 – 21 January 420	399	21 January 420	Son of Shapur III	Killed by Iranian aristocrats
Bahram V			Shahanshah	406 – 20 June 438	21 January 420	20 June 438	Son of Yazdegerd I
Yazdegerd II			Shahanshah	?–15 December 457	20 June 438	15 December 457	Son of Bahram V
Hormizd III			Shahanshah	399–459	457	459	Son of Yazdegerd II	Killed by Peroz I
Peroz I			Shahanshah	?–Jan. 484	457	Jan. 484	Son of Yazdegerd II	Killed in battle with Hephthalites
Balash			Shahanshah	?–488	Feb. 484	488	Son of Yazdegerd II
Kavadh I			Shahanshah	449 – 13 September 531	488	496	Son of Peroz I	Deposed
Djamasp			Shahanshah	?–502	496	498	Son of Peroz I	Deposed
Kavadh I			Shahanshah	449 – 13 September 531	498	13 September 531	Son of Peroz I
Khosrau I			Shahanshah, Anushiravan, The Just	500 – 31 January 579	13 September 531	31 January 579	Son of Kavadh I
Hormizd IV			Shahanshah	540 – 5 September 590	31 January 579	5 September 590	Son of Khosrau I	Killed by Vistahm
Khosrau II			Shahanshah, Aparviz	570 – February 28, 628	Sept. 590	Sept. 590	Son of Hormizd IV	Deposed and went to Byzantine territory
House of Mihran
Bahram VI	Mehrbandak		Shahanshah, Chubineh	?–591	Sept. 590	Jan. 591	Son of Bahram Gushnasp from House of Mihran	Assassinated under the order of Khosrau II
House of Sasan
Khosrau II			Shahanshah, Aparviz	570 – February 28, 628	Jan. 591	25 February 628	Son of Hormizd IV	Executed by Mihr Hormozd under the orders of Kavadh II
House of Ispahbudhan
Vistahm			Shahanshah	?–596 or 600	591	596 or 600	Son of Shapur from the House of Ispahbudhan. He was the uncle of Khosrau II and husband of Gorduya, sister of Bahram VI	Killed by his wife Gorduya or by his general Pariowk
House of Sasan
Kavadh II	Shiruyah		Shahanshah	?–15 September 628	25 February 628	15 September 628	Son of Khosrau II	Died from plague
Ardashir III			Shahanshah	621 – 27 April 629	15 September 628	27 April 629	Son of Kavadh II	Killed by Shahrbaraz
House of Mihran
Shahrbaraz			Shahanshah, Shahrvaraz	?–17 June 629	27 April 629	17 June 629	Sasanian general from the House of Mihran	Killed by Farrokh Hormizd under the orders of Borandukht
House of Sasan
Khosrau III			Shahanshah	?–630	630	630	Nephew of Khosrau II	Killed after a few days reign
Borandukht (First reign)			Shahbanu	590 – 632	17 June 629	16 June 630	Daughter of Khosrau II	Deposed by Iranian aristocrats and replaced by Shapur-i Shahrvaraz
Shapur-i Shahrvaraz			Shahanshah	?–?	630	630	Son of Shahrbaraz and an unknown sister of Khosrau II	Deposed by Iranian aristocrats and replaced by Azarmidokht
Peroz II	Gushnasp-Bandeh		Shahanshah	?–630	630	630	Son of Mihran-Goshnasp & Chaharbakht who was daughter of Yazdandad son of Khosrau I.	Killed by Iranian aristocrats
Azarmidokht			Shahbanu	?–631	630	631	Daughter of Khosrau II	Killed by Iranian aristocrats
Khosrau IV	Khurrazadh		Shahanshah	?–631	631	631	Son of Khosrau II	Killed by Iranian aristocrats
House of Ispahbudhan
Farrokh Hormizd			Shahanshah	?–631	630	631	Son of Sasanian general Vinduyih, the brother of Vistahm	Killed by Siyavakhsh under the orders of Azarmidokht
House of Sasan
Hormizd VI			Shahanshah	?–631	630	631	Grandson of Khosrau II	Killed by Iranian aristocrats
Borandukht (Second reign)			Shahbanu	590 – 632	631	632	Daughter of Khosrau II	Restored to the Sasanian throne, and later strangled to death by Piruz Khosrow
Yazdegerd III			Shahanshah	624 – 651	16 June 632	651	Son of Shahryar the son of Khosrau II	Killed by a miller

Rulers of Tabaristan

Dabuyid dynasty (642–760)

Name	Portrait	Title	Born-Died	Entered office	Left office	Family Relations	Note
Dabuyid dynasty (642–760)
Gil Gavbara		Ispahbadh	?–660	642	660	Son of Piruz
Dabuya		Ispahbadh, Gil-Gilan, Padashwargarshah	?–676	660	676	Son of Gil Gavbara
Farrukhan I the Great		Ispahbadh, Gil-Gilan, Padashwargarshah	?–728	712	728	Son of Dabuya
Dadhburzmihr		Ispahbadh, Gil-Gilan, Padashwargarshah	?–740/741	728	740/741	Son of Farrukhan the Great
Farrukhan II the Little		Ispahbadh, Gil-Gilan, Padashwargarshah	?–747/48	740/741	747/48	Son of Farrukhan the Great	Regent for Khurshid of Tabaristan
Khurshid of Tabaristan		Ispahbadh, Gil-Gilan, Padashwargarshah	734 – 761	740/741	760	Son of Dadhburzmihr	Committed suicide

Rashidun Caliphate (651–661)

For more comprehensive lists of kings and sub-kings of this Era see:

• Muslim dynasties of Iran

Kunya	Name	Portrait	Title	Born-Died	Entered office	Left office	Family Relations	Note
Rashidun Caliphate (632 - 661)
Abu Amr	Uthman ibn Affan		Zonnurain, Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin	579–656	644	656	Son of Affan, of the Umayyad clan.	Killed by Kharijites
Abul-Hasan	Ali Ibn Abi Talib		Al-Mortaza, Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin, Great Imam	598–661	656	661	Son of Abu Talib, of the Hashemite clan. Son-in-law of Muhammad.	Killed by Kharijites

Umayyad Caliphate (661–750)

Kunya	Name	Portrait	Title	Born-Died	Entered office	Left office	Family Relations	Note
Umayyad Clan (661–750)
Abu Abdullah	Muawiyah I		Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin		661	680	Son of Abu Sufyan ibn Harb, cousin of Uthman ibn Affan and distant cousin of Muhammad
Abu Khalid	Yazid I		Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin		680	683	Son of Muawiyah I
Abu Abd ur-Rahman	Muawiyah II		Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin		683	684	Son of Yazid I	Abdicated (?)
Abu Abd al-Malik	Marwan I		Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin		684	685	Son of Hakam cousin of Muawiyah I	Killed by his wife
Abu'l-Walid	Abd al-Malik		Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin		685	705	Son of Marwan I
Abu'l-Abbas	Al-Walid I	File:درهم ولید ابن عبدالملک از ایالت سجستان (سیستان.jpg	Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin		705	715	Son of Abd al-Malik
Abu Ayyub	Sulayman		Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin		715	717	Son of Abd al-Malik
Abu Hafṣ	Umar II		Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin		717	720	Son of Abd al-Aziz son of Marwan I
Abu Khalid	Yazid II		Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin		720	724	Son of Abd al-Malik
Abu'l-Walid	Hisham		Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin		724	743	Son of Abd al-Malik
Abu'l-Abbas	Al-Walid II		Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin		743	744	Son of Yazid II
Abu Khalid	Yazid III		Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin		744	744	Son of Al-Walid I and Shahfarand daughter of Peroz III	Killed
Abu Ishaq	Ibrahim		Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin		744	744	Son of Al-Walid I	Killed
Abu Abd al-Malik	Marwan II		Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin		744	750	Son of Muhammad son of Marwan I	Ruled from Harran in the Jazira. Killed by Saffah

Abbasid Caliphate (750–946)

Throne name	Original name	Portrait	Title	Born-Died	Entered office	Left office	Family Relations	Note
Abbasid Clan (750-946)
As-Saffah	Abu'l-Abbas Abdullah		Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin	721-754	750	754	Son of Muhammad ibn Ali ibn Abdallah who was Muhammad's paternal uncle
Al-Mansur	Abu Ja'far Abdullah		Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin	714-775	754	775	Brother of As-Saffah
Al-Mahdi	Abu Abdullah Muhammad		Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin	744/5-785	775	785	Son of Al-Mansur
Al-Hadi	Abu Mohammad Musa		Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin	764-786	785	786	Son of Al-Mahdi
Ar-Rashid	Abu Ja'far Harun		Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin	763/766-809	786	809	Son of Al-Mahdi
Al-Amin	Abu Abdullah Muhammad		Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin	787-813	809	813	Son of Harun al-Rashid	Killed by Al-Ma'mun
Al-Ma'mun	Abu'l-Abbas Abdullah		Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin	786-833	813	833	Son of Harun al-Rashid
Al-Mu'tasim	Abu Ishaq Muhammad		Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin	795-842	833	842	Son of Harun al-Rashid
Al-Wathiq	Abu Ja'far Harun		Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin	816-847	842	847	Son of Al-Mu'tasim
Al-Mutawakkil	Abu'l-Fazl Ja'far		Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin	821-861	847	861	Son of Al-Mu'tasim	Killed by Al-Muntasir
Al-Muntasir	Abu Ja'far Muhammad		Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin	837-862	861	862	Son of Al-Mutawakkil
Al-Musta'in	Abu'l-Abbas Ahmad		Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin	836-866	862	866	Son of Muhammad son of Al-Mu'tasim	Deposed and later killed
Al-Mu'tazz	Abu Abdullah Zubayr		Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin	847-869	866	869	Son of Al-Mutawakkil	Deposed and later killed
Al-Muhtadi	Abu Ishaq Muhammad		Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin	??-870	869	870	Son of Al-Wathiq
Al-Mu'tamid	Abu'l-Abbas Ahmad		Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin	844-892	870	892	Son of Al-Mutawakkil
Al-Mu'tadid	Abu'l-Abbas Ahmad		Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin	854/861-902	892	902	Son of Talha al-Muwaffaq son of Al-Mutawakkil
Al-Muktafi	Abu Mohammad Ali		Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin	877/8-908	902	908	Son of Al-Mu'tadid
Al-Muqtadir (First reign)	Abul-Fazl Ja'far		Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin	895-932	908	929	Son of Al-Mu'tadid	Briefly deposed.
Al-Qahir (First reign)	Abu Mansur Muhammad		Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin	899-950	929	929	Son of Al-Mu'tadid	Forced to resign the throne in the face of public protest
Al-Muqtadir (Second reign)	Abul-Fazl Ja'far		Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin	895-932	929	932	Son of Al-Mu'tadid
Al-Qahir (Second reign)	Abu Mansur Muhammad		Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin		932	934	Son of Al-Mu'tadid	Deposed and blinded
Abu'l-Abbas Ar-Radi	Muhammad		Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin	907-940	934	940	Son of Al-Muqtadir	De facto power in the hands of Ibn Ra'iq 936-938
Al-Muttaqi	Abu Ishaq Ibrahim		Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin	908-968	940	944	Son of Al-Muqtadir	De facto power in the hands of Bajkam 940-941, Ibn Ra'iq 941-942, Nasir al-Dawla 942-943 & Tuzun 943-944, who deposed and blinded him.
Al-Mustakfi	Abu'l-Qasim Abdullah		Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin	905-949	944	946	Son of Al-Muktafi	De facto power in the hands of Tuzun 944-945 & Abu Jafar 945-946. Deposed and blinded by Mu'izz al-Dawla

Saffarid dynasty (861–1003)

For more comprehensive lists of kings and sub-kings of this Era see:

• Muslim dynasties of Iran

Kunya	Name	Portrait	Title	Born-Died	Entered office	Left office	Family Relations	Note
Saffarid Dynasty (861–1003)
	Ya'qub as-Saffar	File:Ya'qubfounderofSaffarid.jpg	Emir	840 – 879	861	879	Son of al-Layth	Died of sickness
	Amr		Emir	?–902	879	901	Son of al-Layth	Captured by the Samanids, later executed on 20 April 902 in Baghdad
Abu'l-Hasan	Tahir		Emir	?–?	901	908	Son of Muhammad, son of Amr	Imprisoned in Baghdad
	Al-Layth		Emir	?–928	909	910	Son of Ali, son of al-Layth	Dies of natural causes as a prisoner in Baghdad in 928
	Muhammad		Emir	?–?	910	911	Son of Ali, son of al-Layth	Imprisoned in Baghdad
Abu Hafs	Amr		Emir	902 – ?	912	913	Son of Ya'qub	Overthrown by the Samanids
Abu Ja'far	Ahmad		Emir	June 21, 906 – March 31, 963	923	963	Son of Muhammad, son of Amr	Killed by Abu’l-‘Abbas and a Turkic Ghilman
Abu Ahmad	Khalaf		Emir	November 937 – March 1009	963	1003	Son of Ahmad ibn Muhammad	Overthrown by the Ghaznavids in 1003, dies as exile in 1009

Buyid Empire (934–1062)

The Buyid Empire was divided into a number of separate emirates, of which the most important were Fars, Ray, and Iraq. Generally, one of the emirs held a sort of primus inter pares supremacy over the rest, which would be marked by titles like Amir al-umara and Shahanshah. For more comprehensive lists of kings and sub-kings of this Era see:

• Muslim dynasties of Iran

Throne Name	Original Name	Portrait	Title	Born-Died	Entered office	Left office	Family Relations	Note
Buyids of Fars (933–1062)
Imad al-Dawla	Abu'l-Hasan Ali		Emir, Amir al-umara	891 – 949	934	949	Son of Buya	Also Senior Buyid Emir (934-949)
Adud al-Dawla	Fanna Khusraw		Emir, Shahanshah	936–983	949	983	Son of Rukn al-Dawla and nephew of Imad al-Dawla	Senior Buyid Emir (976-983) and Emir of Iraq (978-983)
Sharaf al-Dawla	Abu'l-Fawaris Shirdil		Emir, Amir al-umara	962–989	983	989	Son of Adud al-Dawla	Also Senior Buyid Emir and Emir of Iraq (987-989)
Samsam al-Dawla	Abu Kalijar Marzuban		Emir, King	964–998	989	998	son of Adud al-Dawla	Also Emir of Iraq and self-proclaimed Senior Buyid Emir (983-986)
Baha' al-Dawla	Abu Nasr Firuz		Emir, King, Shahanshah	971–1012	998	1012	Son of Adud al-Dawla	Also Emir of Iraq (988-1012) and Senior Buyid Emir (997-1012)
Sultan al-Dawla	Abu Shuja		Emir	992–1024	1012	1024	Son of Baha' al-Dawla	Also Emir of Iraq and Senior Buyid Emir (1012-1021)
Abu Kalijar	Marzuban		Emir, Shahanshah	?1011 – 1048	1024	1048	Son of Sultan al-Dawla	Also Emir of Kerman (1028-1048), Senior Buyid Emir (1037-1048) and Emir of Iraq (1044-1048)
Abu Mansur Fulad Sutun			Emir	?–1062	1048	1054	Son of Abu Kalijar	Lost Fars to Abu Sa'd Khusrau Shah
Abu Sa'd Khusrau Shah			Emir	?–?	1051	1054	Son of Abu Kalijar	Lost Fars to Abu Mansur Fulad Sutun
Abu Mansur Fulad Sutun			Emir	?–1062	1054	1062	Son of Abu Kalijar	Killed by the Shabankara tribal chief Fadluya
Buyids of Rey, Isfahan, and Hamadan (935–1038)
Rukn al-Dawla	Abu Ali Hasan		Emir, Amir al-umara	898–976	935	976	Son of Buya	Also Senior Buyid Emir (949-976)
Fakhr al-Dawla (First reign)	Abu'l-Hasan Ali		Emir	952–997	976	980	Son of Rukn al-Dawla
Mu'ayyad al-Dawla	Abu Mansur		Emir	941–983	976	983	Son of Rukn al-Dawla	Also Emir of Hamadan (976–983), Jibal (977–983), Tabaristan (980–983), and Gorgan (981–983)
Fakhr al-Dawla (Second reign)	Abu'l-Hasan Ali		Emir, King, Shahanshah	983–997	976	997	Son of Rukn al-Dawla	Also Emir of Hamadan & Tabaristan (984-997) and Senior Buyid Emir (991-997)
Majd al-Dawla	Abu Taleb Rostam		Emir	993–1029	997	1029	Son of Fakhr al-Dawla	Only in Rey, briefly self-proclaimed Senior Buyid Emir
Shams al-Dawla	Abu Taher		Emir	?–1021	997	1021	Son of Fakhr al-Dawla	Only in Isfahan and Hamaedan, briefly self-proclaimed Senior Buyid Emir
Sama' al-Dawla	Abu'l-Hasan Ali		Emir	?–1023	1021	1023	Son of Shams al-Dawla	Only in Hamadan, Deposed by Kakuyids
Buyids of Iraq and Khuzistan (945–1055)
Mu'izz al-Dawla	Abu'l-Husayn Ahmad		Emir, Amir al-umara	915–966	945	966	Son of Buya
Izz al-Dawla	Abu Mansur Bakhtiyar		Emir, Amir al-umara	943–979	966	979	Son of Mu'izz al-Dawla	Self-proclaimed Senior Buyid Emir (976-978)
Adud al-Dawla	Fanna Khusraw		Emir, Shahanshah	937–983	977	983	Son of Rukn al-Dawla	Also Emir of Fars (949-983) and Senior Buyid Emir (976-983)
Samsam al-Dawla	Abu Kalijar Marzban		Emir, King	964–998	983	987	Son of Adud al-Dawla	Also self-proclaimed Senior Buyid Emir (983-986) and Emir of Fars & Kerman (989-998)
Sharaf al-Dawla	Abu'l-Fawaris Shirdil		Emir, Amir al-umara	962–989	987	989	Son of Adud al-Dawla	Also Emir of Fars (983-989) and Senior Buyid Emir (987-989)
Baha' al-Dawla	Abu Nasr Firuz		Emir	970–1012	989	1012	Son of Adud al-Dawla	Also Senior Buyid Emir (997-1012) and Emir of Fars (999-1012)
Sultan al-Dawla	Abu Shuja		Emir	992–1024	1012	1021	Son of Baha' al-Dawla	Also Senior Buyid Emir (1012-1021) and Emir of Fars (1012-1024)
Musharrif al-Dawla	Abu 'Ali		Emir, Shahanshah, King	1002–1025	1021	1025	Son of Baha' al-Dawla	Closest thing to Senior Buyid Emir (1024-1025)
Jalal al-Dawla	Abu Tahir Jalal al-Dawla		Emir	994–1043	1027	1043	Son of Baha' al-Dawla
Abu Kalijar	Marzuban		Emir, Shahanshah	?1011 – 1048	1043	1048	Son of Sultan al-Dawla	Also Emir of Fars (1024-1048), Emir of Kerman (1028-1048) and Senior Buyid Emir (1037-1048)
Al-Malik al-Rahim	Abu Nasr Khusrau Firuz		Emir	?–1058	1048	1055	Son of Abu Kalijar	Also Senior Buyid Emir (1051-1055). Deposed by Tughril of the Seljuqs

Great Seljuq Empire (1029–1194)

For more comprehensive lists of kings and sub-kings of this Era see:

• Muslim dynasties of Iran

Throne Name	Original Name	Portrait	Title	Born-Died	Entered office	Left office	Family Relations	Note
House of Seljuq (1029–1191)
Rukn ad-Dunya wa'd-Din	Toğrül I Abu Talib Mohammad		Beg, Sultan	995–1063	1029	1063	Son of Mikha'il son of Seljuq
ʿAdud ad-Dawla	Alp Arslan Abu Shujaʿ Mohammad		Sultan	1039–1072	1063	1072	Son of Chaghri Beg Dawud brother of Toğrül I
Jalal ad-Dawla wa'd-Din	Malik Shah I Abu'l-Fath Hasan		Sultan	1055–1092	1072	1092	Son of Alp Arslan	Killed by Assassins
Nasir ad-Dawla wa'd-Din	Abu'l-Qasim Mahmud I		Sultan	1086–1094	1092	1094	Son of Malik Shah I
Rukn ad-Dunya wa'd-Din	Abu'l-Muzaffar Barkiyaruq		Sultan	1080–1105	1094	1105	Son of Malik Shah I
Ghiyath ad-Dunya wa'd-Din	Abu Shuja Muhammad I Tapar		Sultan	1082–1118	1105	1118	Son of Malik Shah I
Muglith ad-Dunya wa'd-Din	Mahmud II		Sultan	1104–1131	1118	1131	Son of Muhammad I	Dominated by his uncle Sanjar and killed in a rebellion against him.
Rukn ad-Dunya wa'd-Din	Abu Talib Toghrul II		Sultan	1109–1134	1132	1134	Son of Muhammad I	Ruled only in Iraq, dominated by his uncle Ahmed Sanjar
As-Salatin Muʿizz ad-Dunyā wa'd-Dīn	Abu'l-Harith Ahmed Sanjar		Sultan	1087–1157	1097	1157	Son of Malik Shah I	Ruled in Khorasan, dominating a series of nephews in Iraq.
Ghiyath ad-Dawla wa'd-Din	Abu'l-Fath Mas'ud		Sultan	1109–1152	1134	1152	Son of Muhammad I	Ruled over the western portion of the empire. Preoccupations in the east meant Sanjar was unable to dominate him.
Mugith ad-Dunya wa'd-Din (First reign)	Malik Shah II		Sultan	1128–1160	1152	1153	Son of Mahmud II	Deposed by Khass Bey
Ghiyath ad-Dunya wa'd-Din	Abu Shuja Muhammad II		Sultan	1128–1160	1153	1160	Son of Mahmud II	Rule contested with his uncle Sulayman Shah (1153-1155)
Mu'izz ad-Dunya wa'd-Din (First reign)	Abu'l-Harith Sulayman Shah		Sultan	1118–1162	1153	1155	Son of Muhammad I	Rule contested with his nephew Muhammad II
Mugith ad-Dunya wa'd-Din (Second reign)	Malik Shah II		Sultan	1128–1160	1160	1160	Son of Mahmud II	Deposed by the people of Isfahan after 16 days.
Mu'izz ad-Dunya wa'd-Din (Second reign)	Abu'l-Harith Sulayman Shah		Sultan	1118–1162	1160	1161	Son of Muhammad I	Deposed by Inanj, Lord of Reyy and the court officials
Rukn ad-Dunya wa'd-Din	Arslan		Sultan	1134–1176	1161	1176	Son of Toghrul II	De facto power in the hands of Ildeniz (1160-1174) and his son Pahlavan (1174-1176)
Rukn ad-Dunya wa'd-Din (First reign)	Abu Talib Toghrul III		Sultan	?–1194	1176	1194	Son of Arslan	De facto power in the hands of Pahlavan (1176-1186) and Qizil Arslan (1186-1188). Deposed by Qizil Arslan in 1191.
	Sanjar II		Sultan		1189	1191	Son of Sulayman Shah	De facto power in the hands of Qizil Arslan (1189-1191). Deposed by Qizil Arslan in 1191.
Atabegs of Azerbaijan (1191)
	Qizil Arslan		Sultan	?–1191	1191	1191	Son of Ildeniz	Held de facto power (1186-1188). Deposed Qizil Arslan in 1191, declared himself Sultan and died an hour before his coronation.
House of Seljuq (1191–1194)
Rukn ad-Dunya wa'd-Din (Second reign)	Abu Talib Toghrul III		Sultan	?–1194	1176	1194	Son of Arslan	Killed by Khwarazm Shah Tekish

Khwarezmid Empire (1153–1231)

An empire built from Khwarezm, covering part of Iran and neighbouring Central Asia. For more comprehensive lists of kings and sub-kings of this Era see:

• Muslim dynasties of Iran

Throne Name	Original Name	Portrait	Title	Born-Died	Entered office	Left office	Family Relations	Note
Khwarezmid Empire (1153–1231)
Ala ad-Dunya wa ad-Din Abul-Muzaffar	Atsiz		Sultan	1097/1105–1156	1153	1156	son of Muhammad I of Khwarazm	Ruling in Khwārazm from 1127
Taj ad-Dunya wa ad-Din Abul-Fath	Il-Arslan		Sultan	?–1171	1156	1172	son of Atsiz
Ala ad-Dunya wa ad-Din Abul-Muzaffar	Tekish		Sultan	?–1200	1172	1200	son of Il-Arslan	With opposition from Sultan shah
Ala ad-Dunya wa ad-Din Abul-Fath	Muhammad Sanjar		Shah	?–1220	1200	1220	son of Tekish	Eliminated by the Mongols
Jalal ad-Dunya wa ad-Din Abul-Muzaffar	Mingburnu	File:Памятник Джелал ад-Дину Манкбурны.JPG	Jalal od-Din, Sultan	?–1231	1220	1231	son of Muhammad	Reign largely guerilla warfare against the Mongol conquerors

Mongol Empire (1230–1357)

For more comprehensive lists of kings and sub-kings of this Era see:

• Muslim dynasties of Iran

Throne Name	Original Name	Portrait	Title	Born-Died	Entered office	Left office	Family Relations	Note
Great Khans (1221–1256)
Genghis	Temujin		Khan	1162–1227	1221	1227	Son of Yesugei Baghatur	Ruling in Mongolia from 1206
	Tolui		Khan	1192–1232	25 August 1227	13 September 1229	Son of Genghis	Regent
	Ögedei		Khan	c. 1186 – 11 December 1241	13 September 1229	11 December 1241	Son of Genghis
	Töregene		Khatun	?–?	1242	1246	Wife of Ögedei	Regent
	Güyük		Khan	c. 1206–1248	1246	1248	Son of Ögedei and Töregene
	Oghul Qaimish		Khatun	?–1251	1248	1251	Wife of Güyük	Regent
	Möngke		Khan	10 January 1209 – 11 August 1259	1 July 1251	11 August 1259	Son of Tolui
Ilkhanate (1256–1357)
	Hulagu		Khan, Ilkhan	c. 1217 – 8 February 1265	1256	8 February 1265	Son of Tolui
	Abaqa		Khan, Ilkhan	1234–1282	1265	1 April 1282	Son of Hulagu
Ahmad	Nicholas Tekuder		Khan, Ilkhan, Sultan	?–1284	1282	1284	Son of Hulagu	Killed by Arghun
	Arghun		Khan, Ilkhan, Sultan	c. 1258 – 7 March 1291	1284	7 March 1291	Son of Abaqa
	Gaykhatu		Khan, Ilkhan, Sultan	?–1295	1291	1295	Son of Abaqa	Killed by general Taghachar
	Baydu		Khan, Ilkhan, Sultan	?–1295	1295	1295	Son of Taraqai son of Hulagu	Executed by Ghazan
Mahmud	Ghazan		Khan, Ilkhan, Sultan	5 November 1271– 11 May 1304	1295	1304	Son of Arghun
Muhammad Khodabandeh	Öljaitü		Khan, Ilkhan, Sultan,	1280 – 16 December 1316	1304	16 December 1316	Son of Arghun
Abu Sa'id	Ala' ad-Din Bahadur		Khan, Ilkhan, Sultan	2 June 1305 – 1 December 1335	1316	1 December 1335	Son of Öljaitü
Arpa Ke'un	Mu'izz ad-Din Mahmud		Khan, Ilkhan, Sultan	?–1336	1335	10 April 1336	Son of Suseh son of Munkqan son of Malik-Temur son of Ariq Böke son of Tolui	Killed in battle by Ali Padshah
Nasir ad-Din	Musa		Khan, Ilkhan, Sultan	?–1337	12 April 1336	1337	Son of Ali son of Baydu	Puppet of Ali Padshah, fled after being defeated by the Jalayirid Hasan Buzurg
	Togha Temür		Khan, Ilkhan, Sultan	?–1353	1335	1353	Son of Sudi son of Bababahathor son of Abokan son of Amakan son of Tur son of Jujiqisar son of Yesugei Baghatur	In opposition to Jalayirid and Chupanid candidates, killed by the Sarbadar Yahya Karawi
Muzaffar ad-Din	Muhammad		Khan, Ilkhan, Sultan,	?–1338	1336	1338	Son of Yul Qotloq son of Il Temur son of Ambarji son of Mengu Temur son of Hulagu	Puppet of Hasan Buzurg, executed by the Chupanid Hasan Kucek
	Sati beg		Khatun	c.1300 – after 1345	1338	1339	Daughter of Öljaitü	Puppet of Hasan Kucek, who deposed her.
Izz ad-Din	Jahan Temür		Khan, Ilkhan, Sultan,	?–?	1339	1340	Son of Ala-Fireng son of Gaykhatu	Puppet of Hasan Buzurg, who deposed him for Togha Temür.
	Suleiman		Khan, Ilkhan, Sultan	?–?	May 1339	1345	Husband of Sati beg and son of Yusef Shah son of Soga son of Yeshmut son of Hulagu	Puppet of Hasan Kucek, fled to Diyarbakr in the disorder after his death.
	Anushirwan		Khan, Ilkhan, Sultan	?–?	1344	1356	?	Puppet of the Chupanid Malek Ashraf
	Luqman		Khan, Ilkhan, Sultan	?–?	1353	1388	Son of Togha Temür	Puppet of Timur
	Ghazan II		Khan, Ilkhan, Sultan	?–?	1356	1357	?	Puppet of Malek Ashraf

Rival Dynasties (1332–1501)

For more comprehensive lists of kings and sub-kings of this Era see:

• Muslim dynasties of Iran

Sarbadars (1332–1386)

Chupanids (1335–1357)

Jalayirids (1335–1432)

Injuids (1335–1357)

Muzaffarids (1314–1393)

Kara Koyunlu (1375-1468)

Throne Name	Original Name	Portrait	Title	Born-Died	Entered office	Left office	Family Relations	Note
Kara Koyunlu (1375-1468)
Qara Muhammad	Qara Muhammad Turmush ibn Bairam Khwaja		Bey	?–1388	1378	1388	First Bey of Kara Koynulu
Qara Yusuf	Abu Nasr Qara Yusuf Nuyan ibn Muhammad		Bey	?–1420	1388	1420		Reign ended by Timurid invasion
Qara Iskander	Qara Iskander ibn Yusuf		Bey	?-1436	1420	1436		killed
Jahan Shah	Muzaffar al-Din Jahan Shah ibn Yusuf		Bey	1397-11 November, 1467	1438	11 November, 1467	Son of Qara Yusuf	Killed by Uzun Hasan of the Ak Koyunlu
Hasan Ali	Hasan Ali ibn Jahan Shah		Bey	?-1468	11 November, 1467	1468	Son of Jahan Shah	Killed by Uzun Hasan of the Ak Koyunlu

Ak Koyunlu (1378-1497)

Timurid Empire (1370–1507)

Throne Name	Original Name	Portrait	Title	Born-Died	Reign began	Reign ended	Family Relations	Note
Timurid Empire (1370–1449)
Timur	Tarmashirin Khan Barlas		Emir, Beg, Khan, Mirza, Gurkani	9 April 1336 – 18 February 1405	1370	18 February 1405	Son of Muhammad Taraghai
Pir Muhammad	Pir Muhammad Khan bin Jahangir		Emir, Khan	c. 1374 – 22 February 1407	18 February 1405	22 February 1407	Grandson of Timur
Khalil Sultan	Khalil Sultan bin Miran Shah	File:Xalil-Sulton.jpg	Emir, Sultan, Shah	c. 1384 – 4 November 1411	18 February 1405	13 May 1409	Grandson of Timur
Shahrukh Mirza	Shahrukh Mirza		Mirza	30 August 1377 – 12 March 1447	18 February 1405	12 March 1447	Son of Timur
Ulugh Beg	Mirza Muhammad Tāraghay		Mirza, Sultan	22 March 1394 – 27 October 1449	12 March 1447	27 October 1449	Son of Shahrukh Mirza
Division of the Timurid Empire (1449–1507)

Rulers in Transoxiana:

1. Abd al-Latif ibn Muhammad Taraghay Ulughbek, son of Ulugh Beg, 1449–1450
2. 'Abdullah Mirza, grandson of Shah Rukh, 1450–1451
3. Abu Sa'id ibn Muhammad, grandson of Miran Shah, 1451–1469, conquered Khurasan in 1459

Rulers in Khurasan:

1. Babur Ibn-Baysunkur, grandson of Shah Rukh, 1449–1457
2. Shah Mahmud, son of Babur, 1457
3. Ibrahim, 1457
4. Jahan Shah, leader of the Black Sheep Turcomans, 1457–1458

Abu Sa'id, agreed to divide Iran with the Black Sheep Turcomans under Jahan Shah, but the White Sheep Turcomans under Uzun Hassan defeated and killed first Jahan Shah and then Abu Sa'id.

After Abu Sa'id's death a fourth era of fragmentation follows. While the White Sheep Turcomans dominated in the western parts until the ascent of the Safavid dynasty, the Timurides could maintain their rule in Samarkand and Herat.

Rulers in Samarkand:

1. Sultan Ahmad, son Abu Sa'id, 1469–1494
2. Sultan Mahmud, son of Abu Sa'id, 1494–1495
3. Masud, 1495
4. Sultan Baysunghur, 1495–1497
5. Sultan Ali Mirza 1495–1500

Conquered by the Uzbeks

Rulers in Herat:

1. Sultan Mahmud, son of Abu Sa'id, 1469
2. Husayn Bayqarah, 1469–1506
3. Badi' al-Zaman, son of Husayn, 1506–1507, fled to the court of Ismail I

Conquered by the Uzbeks, later recaptured by the Safavids

Safavid dynasty (1501–1736)

Throne Name	Original Name	Portrait	Title	Born-Died	Entered office	Left office	Family Relations	Note
Safavid dynasty (1501–1736)
Ismail I			Shah, Sultan	1487–1524	7 November 1502	23 May 1524	son of Sultan Heidar
Tahmasp I			Shah, Sahib-i-Qiran, Sultan bar Salatin	1514–1576	23 May 1525	25 May 1576	son of Ismail I
Ismail II			Shah	1537–1577	25 May 1576	24 November 1577	son of Tahmasp I	Poisoned (?)
Mohammad I			Khodabandeh, Ashraf, Soltan	1532–1596	25 May 1576	1 October 1587	son of Tahmasp I	Deposed
Abbas I			Shahanshah, Sultan, Great	1571–1629	1 October 1587	19 January 1629	son of Mohammad I
Safi	Sam Mirza		Shah, Mirza	1611–1642	19 January 1629	12 May 1642	son of Mohammd Baqer (Safi) Mirza son of Abbas I
Abbas II			Shah	1632–1666	12 May 1642	26 October 1666	son of Safi
Suleiman I	Safi Mirza		Shah, Hakem-ol Hokama	1645–1694	26 October 1666	29 July 1694	son of Abbas II
Sultan Husayn			Shah, Sultan, Sadr-ol Hakem	1668–1726	29 July 1694	11 September 1722	son of Suleiman I	Deposed & then killed by Ashraf Hotak
Afghan Conquest
Mahmud Hotak			Shah	1697?–1725	23 October 1722	22 April 1725	son-in-law of Sultan Husayn son of Mirwais Khan Hotak	Recognised as Shah of Persia after the Siege of Isfahan
Ashraf Hotak			Shah	?–1730	22 April 1725	5 October 1729	cousin of Mahmud Hotak	Ruled in opposition to Tahmasp II and lost control of Persia after the Battle of Damghan
Safavid restoration
Tahmasp II			Shah	1704–1740	11 September 1722	16 April 1732	son of Sultan Husayn	Ruled in opposition to Mahmud Hotak, later deposed & then killed by Nader
Abbas III			Shah	1730–1739	16 April 1732	22 January 1736	son of Tahmasp II	Under control of Nader. Deposed & then killed by Nader

Afsharid dynasty (1736–1796)

Throne Name	Original Name	Portrait	Title	Born-Died	Entered office	Left office	Family Relations	Note
Afsharid dynasty (1736–1796)
Nader Shah	Nadhar Qoli Khan		Shah, Sultan, Hakem-ol Hokama, Hazrat-e Ashraf	1698–1747	22 January 1736	19 June 1747	son of Imam Qoli Beig Afshar	Before crowning his title was Tahmasp Qoli Khan. Killed
Adil Shah	Ali Qoli Beig		Shah	1719/20–1749	19 June 1747	29 July 1748	son of Mohammad Ebrahim Khan brother of Nader	Deposed, blinded & then killed by Ebrahim
Ebrahim Afshar	Mohammd Ali Beig		Shah	1724–1749	29 July 1748	3 September 1748	son of Mohammad Ebrahim Khan brother of Nader	Deposed & then killed by Shahrukh Afshar
Shahrukh Afshar			Shah	1734–1796	3 September 1748	1796	son of Reza Qoli Mirza son of Nader. His mother was Fatemeh Soltan Beigom daughter of Sultan Husayn I Safavi	Deposed & blinded by Suleiman II (1749), restored (1750)

Azad dynasty (1750-1758)

Zand dynasty (1751–1794)

Throne Name	Original Name	Portrait	Title	Born-Died	Entered office	Left office	Family Relations	Note
Zand dynasty (1751–1794)
Karim Khan	Mohammad Karim		Khan, Vakil e-Ra'aayaa	1705–1779	1751	6 March 1779	son of Inaq Khan & Bay Agha
Mohammad Ali Khan			Khan	1760–1779	6 March 1779	19 June 1779	son of Karim
Abol Fath Khan			Khan	1755–1787	6 March 1779	22 August 1779	son of Karim
Zaki Khan			Khan	?–22 August 1779	6 March 1779	22 August 1779	son of Budaq Khan & Bay Agha
Sadiq Khan Zand	Mohammad Sadeq		Khan	?–1782	22 August 1779	14 March 1781	son of Inaq Khan & Bay Agha
Ali Murad Khan			Khan	1720–1785	14 March 1781	11 February 1785	son of Allah Morad (Qeytas) Khan Zand Hazareh
Jafar Khan			Khan	?–1789	18 February 1785	23 January 1789	son of Sadeq
Sayed Murad Khan			Khan	?–1789	23 January 1789	10 May 1789	son of Khoda Morad Khan Zand Hazareh
Lotf Ali Khan			Khan	1769–1794	23 January 1789	20 March 1794	son of Ja'far	Deposed, blinded & then killed by Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar

Qajar dynasty (1794–1925)

Throne Name	Original Name	Portrait	Title	Born-Died	Entered office	Left office	Family Relations	Note
Qajar dynasty (1794–1925)
Mohammad Khan Qajar	Agha Mohammad Khan		Khan, Shah, Khaqan	1742–1797	20 March 1794	17 June 1797	Son of Mohammad Hassan Khan Qajar	Killed
Fat′h-Ali Shah Qajar	Baba Khan		Shah, Khaqan, Soltane Saheb Qaran	1772–1834	17 June 1797	23 October 1834	son of Hosein Qoli Khan Jahansuz brother of Mohammad
Mohammad Shah Qajar			Shah, Khaqan	1808–1848	23 October 1834	5 September 1848	son of Abbas Mirza Nayeb os-Saltaneh son of Fat'h Ali
Naser al-Din Shah Qajar			Shah, Khaqan, Soltane Saheb Qaran, Qebleye alam	1831–1896	5 September 1848	1 May 1896	son of Mohammad and Mahd-e Olia	Killed
Mozaffar al-Din Shah Qajar			Shah, Khaqan	1853–1907	1 May 1896	3 January 1907	son of Naser ed-Din
Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar			Shah	1872–1925	3 January 1907	16 July 1909	son of Mozaffar ed-Din	Deposed
Ahmad Shah Qajar			Shah	1898–1930	16 July 1909	15 December 1925	son of Mohammd Ali	Deposed

Pahlavi dynasty (1925–1979)

Throne Name	Original Name	Portrait	Title	Born-Died	Entered office	Left office	Family Relations	Note
Pahlavi dynasty (1925–1979)
Reza Shah			Alahazrat, Homayoun, Shahanshah, Sardar Sepah	1878–1944	15 December 1925	16 September 1941	Son of Abbas Ali	Deposed during the Anglo-Soviet invasion
Mohammad Reza Shah			Alahazrat, Homayoun, Shahanshah, Ariamehr, Bozorg Arteshtaran, Khodaygan	1919–1980	16 September 1941	11 February 1979	son of Reza Shah	Deposed during the Iranian Revolution

Notes and references

1. Awan's geographical site is unknown. But it is very probable that it was near Poshtkuh of Lorestan.
2. The first three kings of Awan were also kings of Mesopotamia.
3. Legrain, 1922; Cameron, 1936; The Cambridge History of Iran; Hinz, 1972; The Cambridge Ancient History; Majidzadeh, 1991; Majidzadeh, 1997; Vallat "Elam ...", 1998.
4. ^ Cameron, 1936.
5. ^ Potts, 1999.
6. ^ Hinz, 1972.
7. Some archaeologists have suggested that Simashki was located in the north of Elam and Anshan near modern Isfahan.
8. Cameron, 1936; The Cambridge History of Iran; Hinz, 1972; The Cambridge Ancient History; Majidzadeh, 1991; Majidzadeh, 1997; Vallat "Elam ...", 1998.
9. ^ Cameron, 1936; The Cambridge History of Iran; Hinz, 1972; The Cambridge Ancient History; Majidzadeh, 1991; Majidzadeh, 1997; Vallat, "Elam ...", 1998.
10. ^ Vallat, "Elam ...", 1998.
11. "Ruhushak" means son of sister but probably it refers to a dynastical marriage between siblings. See Vallat, "Elam ...", 1998.
12. ^ Vallat, Francois. Elam: The History of Elam.
13. Cameron, 1936; The Cambridge History of Iran; Hinz, 1972; The Cambridge Ancient History; Majidzadeh, 1991; Vallat, 1995; Majidzadeh, 1997; Vallat, "Elam ...", 1998; Reade, 2000; Henkelman, 2003; Tavernier, 2004.
14. ^ Cameron, 1936; D’yakonov 1956; The Cambridge History of Iran
15. ^ Assar, 2004.Assar, 2005. Assar, "Moses of Choren & the Early Parthian Chronology", 2006.
16. ^ Ghashghai, H.R., "The successors of Mithridates II"
17. ^ Assar, G.R.F., "A Revised Parthian Chronology of the Period 165-91 B.C." Ghashghai, H.R., "The successors of Mithridates II"
18. Assar, G.R.F., "A Revised Parthian Chronology of the Period 165-91 B.C."
19. Josephus Flavius, Antiquities of the Jews, Book XVI, Ch.8.4
20. Tacitus, The Annals, 11.10
21. See: Unknown King (III) (c. A.D. 140)
22. See: Tiridates III (c. A.D. 224 – 228?)
23. In Persian it means "King of Kings"
24. "The great king of Armenians"
25. "The penetrator of the shoulders"
26. ^ "Queen"
27. Muʾayyid S̲ābitī, ʻAlī (1967). Asnad va Namahha-yi Tarikhi (Historical documents and letters from early Islamic period towards the end of Shah Ismaʻil Safavi's reign.). Iranian culture & literature (46). Kitābkhānah-ʾi Ṭahūrī., pp. 193, 274, 315, 330, 332, 422 and 430. See also: Abdul Hussein Navai, Asnaad o Mokatebaat Tarikhi Iran (Historical sources and letters of Iran), Tehran, Bongaah Tarjomeh and Nashr-e-Ketab, 2536, pages 578,657, 701-702 and 707
28. H.R. Roemer, "The Safavid Period", in Cambridge History of Iran, Vol. VI, Cambridge University Press 1986, p. 339: "Further evidence of a desire to follow in the line of Turkmen rulers is Ismail's assumption of the title 'Padishah-i-Iran', previously held by Uzun Hasan."
29. The Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 7, 1991, p. 960.
30. http://www.azadkhanafghan.com/index.html. this website was founded by Nazim Azadzoi. He works fornthe university of Massachusetts so that makes his website a scholarY source.
31. Perry, J. R. (1987), "Āzād Khan Afḡān", in: Encyclopædia Iranica, Vol. III, Fasc. 2, pp. 173-174. Online (Accessed February 20, 2012).
32. The Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 7, 1991, p. 961.
33. The Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 7, 1991, p. 962.

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See also

• Iranian monarchy
• Supreme Leader of Iran
• History of Iran
• Persian Empire
• List of ancient Persians
• Shahzada
• Shahbanu

• Use dmy dates from October 2012
• Iran history-related lists
• Lists of monarchs
• Monarchs of Persia