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{{redirect|Ceramics|the material|Ceramic}}
]: Diomedes and Polyxena, from the Etruscan amphora of the Pontic group, ca. 540–530 BC. From ].]]
]|thumb|], before 25,000 BCE]]

In ], '''ceramic art''' and '''ceramics''' mean ] such as figures, ]s, and tableware made from clay and other raw materials by the process of ]. Some ] products are regarded as ], while others are regarded as ], ] or ] objects, or as ] in ]. They may be made by one individual or in a ] where a group of people design, make and decorate the ware. Decorative ceramics are sometimes called "art pottery".<ref>{{cite web
| title=Art Pottery Manufacturers and Collectors|url=http://www.artpotterymanufacturers.com/Welcome.html|accessdate=2003-01-05}}</ref>

The word "ceramics" comes from the Greek ''keramikos'' (κεραμικος), meaning "pottery", which in turn comes from ''keramos'' (κεραμος) meaning "potter's clay."<ref>''The Webster Encyclopedic Dictionary''</ref> Most traditional ceramic products were made from ] (or clay mixed with other materials), shaped and subjected to heat, and tableware and decorative ceramics are generally still made this way. In modern ceramic engineering usage, ceramics is the art and science of making objects from inorganic, non-metallic materials by the action of heat. It excludes ] and ] made from glass '']''.

There is a long history of ceramic art in almost all developed cultures, and often ceramic objects are all the artistic evidence left from vanished cultures, like that of the ] in Africa over 2,000 years ago. Cultures especially noted for ceramics include the ], ], ], ], ], ]ese, and ]n cultures, as well as the modern Western cultures.

Elements of ceramic art, upon which different degrees of emphasis have been placed at different times, are the shape of the object, its decoration by painting, carving and other methods, and the glazing found on most ceramics.

==Prehistoric pottery==
], late ] (4,500-4,000 BCE)]]

Early pots were made by what is known as the "coiling" method, which worked the clay into a long string that wound to form a shape that later made smooth walls. The ] was probably invented in ] by the 4th millennium BC, but spread across nearly all Eurasia and much of Africa, though it remained unknown in the ] until the arrival of Europeans. Decoration of the clay by incising and painting is found very widely, and was initially geometric, but often included figurative designs from very early on.

So important is pottery to the archaeology of prehistoric cultures that many are known by names taken from their distinctive, and often very fine, pottery, such as the ], ], ], ] and ], to take examples only from ] (approximately 7000-1800 BCE).

Ceramic art has generated many styles from its own tradition, but is often closely related to contemporary sculpture and metalwork. Many times in its history styles from the usually more prestigious and expensive art of metalworking have been copied in ceramics. This can be seen in early Chinese ceramics, such as pottery and ceramic-wares of the Shang Dynasty, in Ancient Roman and Iranian pottery, and ] European styles, copying contemporary silverware shapes. A common use of ceramics is for "pots" - containers such as bowls, vases and ], as well as other tableware, but figurines have been very widely made.

===Ceramics as wall decoration===
].]]
] tiles, which would have originally formed part of a much larger group.]]
The earliest evidence of glazed brick is the discovery of glazed bricks in the ]ite Temple at ], dated to the 13th century BCE. Glazed and coloured bricks were used to make low reliefs in Ancient ], most famously the ] of ] (ca. 575 BCE), now partly reconstructed in ], with sections elsewhere. Mesopotamian craftsmen were imported for the palaces of the ] such as ]. The tradition continued, and after the Islamic conquest of Persia coloured and often painted glazed bricks or tiles became an important element in ], and from there spread to much of the Islamic world, notably the ] of ] under the ] in the 16th and 17th centuries.

Using the ] technology, one of the finest examples of medieval Islamic use of ceramics as wall decoration can be seen in the ] also known as the Great Mosque of kairouan (in ]), the upper part of the ] wall is adorned with polychrome and monochrome lusterware tiles; dating from 862-863, these tiles were most probably imported from Mesopotamia.<ref></ref><ref></ref>

Transmitted via Islamic Spain, a new tradition of ]s developed in Spain and especially ], which by the ] period produced extremely large painted scenes on tiles, usually in blue and white. ] tiles, typically with a painted design covering only one (rather small) tile, were ubiquitous in the Netherlands and widely exported over Northern Europe from the 16th century on. Several 18th century royal palaces had porcelain rooms with the walls entirely covered in porcelain. Surviving examples include ones at ], Naples, the ] and the nearby ].<ref> Comprehensive but shaky video</ref> Elaborate tiled stoves were a feature of rooms of the middle and upper-classes in Northern Europe from the 17th to 19th centuries.

There are several other types of traditional tiles that remain in manufacture, for example the small, almost mosaic, brightly coloured ] tiles of ]. With exceptions, notably the ], tiles or glazed bricks do not feature largely in East Asian ceramics.

==East Asia==
Although pottery figurines are found from earlier periods in Europe, the oldest pottery vessels come from East Asia, with finds in China and Japan, then still linked by a land bridge, and some in what is now the ], providing several from between 20,000 and 10,000 BCE, although the vessels were simple utilitarian objects.<ref name="'Oldest pottery' found in China"></ref><ref name="Boaretto">{{cite journal |author=Boaretto, E. |year=2009 |title=Radiocarbon dating of charcoal and bone collagen associated with early pottery at Yuchanyan Cave, Hunan Province, China |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=106 |issue=24 |pages=9537–9538| url=http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2009/06/01/0900539106.abstract |doi=10.1073/pnas.0900539106 |displayauthors=1 |last2=Wu|first2=X.|bibcode=2009PNAS..106.9595B |last3=Yuan |first3=J. |last4=Bar-Yosef |first4=O. |last5=Chu |first5=V. |last6=Pan |first6=Y. |last7=Liu |first7=K. |last8=Cohen |first8=D. |last9=Jiao |first9=T. |last10=Li |first10=S. |last11=Gu |first11=H. |last12=Goldberg |first12=P. |last13=Weiner |first13=S. }}</ref> ] in ] province contained pottery fragments that date back to 20,000 years ago.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.boston.com/2012-06-28/science/32452370_1_bone-fragments-sediment-pottery|title=Harvard, BU researchers find evidence of 20,000-year-old pottery|publisher=Boston.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://content.usatoday.com/communities/ondeadline/post/2012/06/pottery-found-in-from-china-cave-confirmed-as-worlds-oldest/1#.UDiyGtZlRv0|title=Pottery found in China cave confirmed as world's oldest|author=Stanglin, Douglas|publisher='']''|date=2012-06-29}}</ref>

===Cambodia===
Recent archaeological excavations at ] (in southern Cambodia) have recovered a large number of ceramics, some of which probably date back to the prehistoric period. Most of the pottery, however, dates to the pre-Angkorian period and consists mainly of pinkish terracotta pots which were either hand-made or thrown on a wheel, and then decorated with incised patterns.

Glazed wares first appear in the archaeological record at the end of the 9th century at the Roluos temple group in the Angkor region, where green-glazed pot shards have been found. A brown glaze became popular at the beginning of the 11th century and brown-glazed wares have been found in abundance at Khmer sites in northeast Thailand. Decorating pottery with animal forms was a popular style from the 11th to 13th century. Archaeological excavations in the ] region have revealed that towards the end of Angkor period production of indigenous pottery declined while there was a dramatic increase in Chinese ceramic imports.

Direct evidence of the shapes of vessels is provided by scenes depicted on bas-reliefs at Khmer temples, which also offer insight into domestic and ritualistic uses of the wares. The wide range of utilitarian shapes suggest the Khmers used ceramics in their daily life for cooking, food preservation, carrying and storing liquids, as containers for medicinal herbs, perfumes and cosmetics. <ref>http://www.cambodiamuseum.info/en_khmer_art_history.html Cambodia Museum</ref>

===China===
{{Main|Chinese ceramics}}
], ], 13th century. ] was first made in China, and then exported to various parts of Asia and Europe. Celadon became a favourite of various kings and monarchs, such as the ] Sultans, because of its pristine beauty, its resemblance to Chinese jade, and the belief that the celadon would change its colour if the food or wine were poisoned.<ref></ref>]]

There is ] from the late ] period (100 to 200&nbsp;AD), the ] period (220 to 280&nbsp;AD), the ] period (220 to 589&nbsp;AD), and thereafter. China in particular has had a continuous history of large-scale production, with the Imperial factories usually producing the best work. The ] (618 to 906&nbsp;AD) is especially noted for ] figures of humans, animals and model houses, boats and other goods, excavated (usually illegally) from graves in large numbers.

The Imperial porcelain of the ] (960–1279), featuring very subtle decoration shallowly carved by knife in the clay, is regarded by many authorities as the peak of ], though the large and more exuberantly painted ceramics of the ] (1368–1644) have a wider reputation.

Chinese emperors gave ceramics as diplomatic gifts on a lavish scale, and the presence of Chinese ceramics no doubt aided the development of related traditions of ceramics in Japan and ] in particular.

===Japan===
{{Main|Japanese ceramics}}
]s]]

The earliest Japanese pottery was made around the 11th millennium BC. ] ware emerged in the 6th millennium BC and the plainer ] style in about the 4th century BC. This early pottery was soft earthenware, fired at low temperatures. The potter’s wheel and a ] capable of reaching higher temperatures and firing stoneware appeared in the 3rd or 4th centuries AD, probably brought from China via the Korean peninsula.<ref>The Metropolitan Museum of Art "Although the roots of Sueki reach back to ancient China, its direct precursor is the grayware of the Three Kingdoms period in Korea."</ref> In the 8th century, official kilns in Japan produced simple, green ]. Unglazed stoneware was used as funerary jars, storage jars and kitchen pots up to the 17th century. Some of the kilns improved their methodsmil {{what|date=July 2014}} From the 11th to the 16th century, Japan imported much porcelain from China and some from Korea. The Japanese overlord ]'s attempts to conquer China in the 1590s were dubbed the "Ceramic Wars" the emigration of Korean potters appeared to be a major cause. One of these potters, ], discovered the raw material of porcelain in Arita and produced first true porcelain in Japan.

In the 17th century, conditions in China drove some of its potters into Japan, bringing with them the knowledge to make refined porcelain. From the mid-century, the ] began to import Japanese porcelain into Europe. At this time, ] wares were produced at the factories of ], which had much in common with the Chinese ] style. The superb quality of its ] decoration was highly prized in the West and widely imitated by the major European porcelain manufacturers. In 1971 it was declared an important "intangible cultural treasure" by the ].

In the 20th century, interest in the art of the village potter was revived by the ] folk movement led by potters ], Kawai Kajiro and others. They studied traditional methods in order to preserve native wares that were in danger of disappearing. Modern masters use ancient methods to bring pottery and porcelain to new heights of achievement at ], ], ], ], and ]. A few outstanding potters were designated living cultural treasures (''mukei bunkazai'' 無形文化財). In the old capital of ], the ] family continued to produce the rough ] that had so delighted connoisseurs. At ], potters continued to reconstruct the classic formulas of Momoyama-era Seto-type tea wares of Mino, such as ]. By the 1990s many master potters worked away from ancient kilns and made classic wares in all parts of Japan.

===Korea===
{{Main|Korean pottery and porcelain}}
Korean pottery has had a continuous tradition since simple ] from about 8000 BCE. Styles have generally been a distinctive variant of Chinese, and later Japanese, developments. The ceramics of the ] Dynasty (918–1392) and early ] of the following dynasty are generally regarded as the finest achievements.

==Western Asia and the Middle East==

===Islamic pottery===
{{main|Islamic pottery}}
] script. Terracotta, ] (Tepe Madraseh). ] collections.]]
From the 8th to 18th centuries, ] was important in ], usually in the form of elaborate ],<ref>{{cite journal | last=Mason | first=Robert B. | title=New Looks at Old Pots: Results of Recent Multidisciplinary Studies of Glazed Ceramics from the Islamic World | journal=Muqarnas: Annual on Islamic Art and Architecture | year=1995 | volume=XII | publisher=Brill Academic Publishers | isbn=90-04-10314-7}} Mason (1995), p. 1</ref> developing on vigorous Persian and Egyptian pre-Islamic traditions in particular. ] was developed by the Islamic potters, the first examples found as blue-painted ware in ], dating from about the 8th century. The Islamic world had contact with China, and increasingly adapted many Chinese decorative motifs. Persian wares gradually relaxed Islamic restrictions on figurative ornament, and painted figuratives scenes became very important.

], originating from 9th century Iraq, was also an important material in Islamic pottery.<ref>Mason (1995), p. 5</ref> ] was produced in ], ], in the 8th century.<ref name=Henderson>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1111/j.1475-4754.2004.00167.x|first1=J.|last1=Henderson|first2=S. D.|last2=McLoughlin|first3=D. S.|last3=McPhail|year=2004|title=Radical changes in Islamic glass technology: evidence for conservatism and experimentation with new glass recipes from early and middle Islamic Raqqa, Syria|journal=Archaeometry|volume=46|issue=3|pages=439–68|postscript=}}</ref> Other centers for innovative ceramics in the Islamic world were ] (near modern ]) from 975 to 1075, ] from 1100 to around 1600 and ] from 1470 to 1550.<ref>Mason (1995), p. 7</ref>

The ] form, a type of ] earthenware jar originally designed to hold ] ointments and dry drugs, was first made in the Islamic Middle East. It was brought to Italy by ] traders; the earliest Italian examples were produced in Florence in the 15th century.

], made in western ], is highly decorated ceramics whose heyday was the late 16th century under the ] sultans. Iznik vessels were originally made in imitation of ], which was highly prized. Under ] (1520–66), demand for Iznik wares increased. After the conquest of ] in 1453, the ] sultans started a programme of building, which used large quantities of Iznik tiles. The ] in Istanbul (built 1609-16) alone contains 20,000 tiles and tiles were used extensively in the ] (commenced 1459). As a result of this demand, tiles dominated the output of the Iznik potteries.

==Europe==

===Early figurines===
The earliest known ceramic objects are the ] figurines from the ] period, such as those discovered at Dolní Věstonice in the modern-day ]. The ] (Věstonická Venuše in Czech) is a statuette of a nude female figure dating from some time between 29,000 and 25,000 BCE.<ref></ref> It was made by moulding and then firing a mixture of clay and powdered bone.<ref>Chris Stringer. ''Homo Britannicus'', Alan Lane, 2006, ISBN 978-0-7139-9795-8.</ref> Similar objects in various media found throughout Europe and Asia and dating from the Upper Paleolithic period have also been called ]. Scholars are not agreed as to their purpose or cultural significance.

===The ancient Mediterranean===
] ] of ca. 320 BCE, probably just intended to represent a fashionable lady with a sun-hat.]]
Glazed ] goes back to the ], with painted but unglazed pottery developed even earlier in the ] culture. Faience became sophisticated and produced on a large scale, using moulds as well modelling, and later also throwing on the wheel. Several methods of glazing were developed, but colours remained largely limited to a range in the blue-green spectrum.

On the Greek ] of ] are some of the earliest finds created by the ] dating to the third millennium BC, with the original settlement at ] dating to the fourth millennium BC;<ref></ref> excavation work continues at the principal ] site of Akrotiri. Some of the excavated homes contain huge ceramic storage jars known as '']''.

Ancient ] and ] ceramics are renowned for their figurative painting, especially in the ] and ] styles. Moulded ], especially ], were small figures, often religious but later including many of everyday genre figures, apparently used purely for decoration.

], such as ], was rarely as fine, and largely copied shapes from metalwork, but was produced in enormous quantities, and is found all over Europe and the Middle East, and beyond. ] is a ] in Rome made almost entirely of broken ] used for transporting and storing liquids and other products. Few vessels of great artistic interest have survived, but there are very many small figures, often incorporated into oil lamps or similar objects, and often with religious or erotic themes (or both together - a Roman speciality). The Romans generally did not leave grave goods, the best source of ancient pottery, but even so they do not seem to have had much in the way of luxury pottery, unlike ], which the elite used with gold or silver tableware. The more expensive pottery tended to use relief decoration, often moulded, rather than paint. Especially in the Eastern Empire, local traditions continued, hybridizing with Roman styles to varying extents.

===Tin-glazed pottery===
{{main|Tin-glazed pottery}}
] dish, approx 32cm diameter, with Christian monogram "IHS", decorated in cobalt blue and gold lustre. Valencia, c.1430-1500. ]]]
] (1368-1644 AD) blue-and-white porcelain dish from the reign of the ] (1521-1567 AD). ] collections.]]

] pottery, or ], originated in ] in the 9th century, from where it spread to Egypt, Persia and Spain before reaching ] in the ], ] in the 16th century and ], ] and other European countries shortly after. Important regional styles in Europe include: ], ], ], and ]. By the ] the ] of ] was the most sophisticated pottery being produced in Europe, with elaborate decoration. It introduced tin-glazing to Europe, which was developed in the ] in maiolica. Tin-glazed pottery was taken up in the Netherlands from the 16th to the 18th centuries, the potters making household, decorative pieces and tiles in vast numbers,<ref>Caiger-Smith, Alan, ''Tin Glazed Pottery'', Faber and Faber, 1973</ref> usually with ]. Dutch potters took tin-glazed pottery to the British Isles, where it was made between about 1550 and 1800. In France, tin-glaze was begun in 1690 at ] in Brittany,<ref></ref> followed in ], ] and ]. The development of white, or near white, firing bodies in Europe from the late 18th century, such as ] by ] and ], reduced the demand for Delftware, faience and majolica. Today, tin oxide usage in glazes finds limited use in conjunction with other, lower cost opacifying agents, although it is generally restricted to specialist low temperature applications and use by studio potters,<ref>‘Ceramic Glazes.’ F.Singer & W.L.German. ''Borax Consolidated Limited''. London. 1960.</ref><ref>‘Ceramics Glaze Technology.’ J.R.Taylor & A.C.Bull. The Institute Of Ceramics & Pergamon Press. Oxford. 1986.</ref> including ] who produced pottery using tin glazes.

===Porcelain===
{{see|Porcelain#European porcelain}}
Until the 16th century, small quantities of expensive ] were imported into Europe. From the 16th century onwards attempts were made to imitate it in Europe, including ] and the ] made in ]. None was successful until a recipe for ] was devised at the ] factory in ] in 1710. Within a few years, porcelain factories sprung up at ] in ] (1754) and ] in ] (1743) and many other places, often financed by a local ruler.

] was made at ] in the 1680s, but the first important production was at ], letters-patent being granted in 1702. The ] established a soft-paste factory, the ], in the grounds of his ] in 1730; a soft-paste factory was opened at ]; and the ] factory was set up by workers from Chantilly in 1740, moving to larger premises at <ref></ref> in 1756. The superior soft-paste made at Sèvres put it in the leading position in Europe in the second half of the 18th century.<ref></ref> The first soft-paste in England was demonstrated in 1742, apparently based on the Saint-Cloud formula. In 1749 a patent was taken out on the first ], subsequently perfected by ]. The main English porcelain makers in the 18th century were at ], ], St James's, ], ] and ].

Porcelain was ideally suited to the energetic ] curves of the day. The products of these early decades of European porcelain are generally the most highly regarded, and expensive. The Meissen modeler ] and ] of Nymphenburg are perhaps the most outstanding ceramic artists of the period. Like other leading modelers, they trained as sculptors and produced models from which moulds were taken.

By the end of the 18th century owning porcelain tableware and decorative objects had become obligatory among the prosperous middle-classes of Europe, and there were factories in most countries, many of which are still producing. As well as tableware, early European porcelain revived the taste for purely decorative figures of people or animals, which had also been a feature of several ancient cultures, often as ]. These were still being produced in China as ] religious figures, many of which had reached Europe. European figures were almost entirely secular, and soon brightly and brilliantly painted, often in groups with a modelled setting, and a strong narrative element (see picture).

===Wedgwood and the North Staffordshire Potteries===
] ] urn in ], ca. 1820]]

From the 17th century, ] in North Staffordshire emerged as a major centre of pottery making.<ref></ref> Important contributions to the development of the industry were made by the firms of ], ], ] and ].

The local presence of abundant supplies of coal and suitable clay for earthenware production led to the early but at first limited development of the local pottery industry. The construction of the ] allowed the easy transportation of ] from ] together with other materials and facilitated the production of ] and ]. Other production centres had a lead in the production of high quality wares but the preeminence of North Staffordshire was brought about by methodical and detailed research and a willingness to experiment carried out over many years, initially by one man, Josiah Wedgwood. His lead was followed by other local potters, scientists and engineers.

Wedgwood is credited with the ] of the manufacture of ]. His work was of very high quality: when visiting his workshop, if he saw an offending vessel that failed to meet with his standards, he would smash it with his stick, exclaiming, "This will not do for Josiah Wedgwood!" He was keenly interested in the scientific advances of his day and it was this interest that underpinned his adoption of its approach and methods to revolutionize the quality of his pottery. His unique glazes began to distinguish his wares from anything else on the market. His matt finish ] in two colours was highly suitable for the ] of the end of the century, imitating the effects of Ancient Roman ] ]s like the ], or the ] ], of which Wedgwood produced copies.

He also is credited with perfecting ], first developed in England about 1750. By the end of the century this had largely replaced hand-painting for complex designs, except at the luxury end of the market, and the vast majority of the world's decorated pottery uses versions of the technique to the present day.

Stoke-on-Trent's supremacy in pottery manufacture nurtured and attracted a large number of ceramic artists including ], ], ], ], ] and ].

===Studio pottery in Britain===
] is made by artists working alone or in small groups, producing unique items or short runs, typically with all stages of manufacture carried out by one individual.<ref>Emmanuel Cooper, ''Ten Thousand Years of Pottery'' (British Museum Press, 2000) ISBN 0-7141-2701-9</ref> It is represented by potters all over the world but has strong roots in Britain, with potters such as ], ], ], ] and ]. Bernard Leach (1887–1979) established a style of pottery influenced by Far-Eastern and medieval English forms. After briefly experimenting with earthenware, he turned to ] fired to high temperatures in large oil- or wood-burning kilns. This style dominated British studio pottery in the mid-20th century. The Austrian refugee Lucie Rie (1902–1995) has been regarded as essentially a ] who experimented with new glaze effects on often brightly coloured bowls and bottles. ] (1920–1981) produced non-functional, sculptural and unglazed pieces. After the Second World War, studio pottery in Britain was encouraged by the wartime ban on decorating manufactured pottery and the modernist spirit of the ]. The simple, functional designs chimed in with the modernist ethos. Several potteries were formed in response to this fifties boom, and this style of studio pottery remained popular into the nineteen-seventies.<ref>Harrod, Tanya, "From A Potter's Book to The Maker's Eye: British Studio Ceramics 1940-1982", in ''The Harrow Connection'', Northern Centre for Contemporary Art, 1989</ref> ] (1940-) took up ceramics working under ] at the ] (1968–1971). Fritsch was one of a group of outstanding ceramicists who emerged from the Royal Collage of Art at that time. Fritschs' ceramic vessels broke away from traditional methods and she developed a hand built flattened coil technique in stoneware smoothed and refined into accurately profiled forms. They are then hand painted with dry matt slips, in colours unusual for ceramics.

==The Americas==
] ], 19th century, artist unknown. ] collections.]]
] area, ]. Note the T-shaped cut-out in the left mug's handle. Ancestral Puebloan doorways often have this same shape.]]

===Native American pottery===
{{Main|Native American pottery}}
The people in North, Central, and South America continents had a wide variety of pottery traditions before Europeans arrived. The oldest ceramics known in the ] — made from 5,000 to 6,000 years ago — are found in the Andean region, along the Pacific coast of ] at ] and Puerto Hormiga, and in the San Jacinto Valley of ]; objects from 3,800 to 4,000 years old have been discovered in ]. Some archaeologists believe that ceramics know-how found its way by sea to ], the second great cradle of civilization in the ].<ref>The New York Times, Art Review Museum of American Indian's 'Born of Clay' Explores Culture Through Ceramics By GRACE GLUECK, Published: July 1, 2006</ref>

The best-developed styles found in the central and southern ] are the ceramics found near the ceremonial site at ] de Huántar (800–400&nbsp;BC) and ] (1000–400&nbsp;BC). During the same period, another culture developed on the southern coast of Peru, in the area called ]. The Paracas culture (600–100&nbsp;BC) produced marvelous works of embossed ceramic finished with a thick oil applied after firing. This colorful tradition in ceramics and textiles was followed by the ] (AD 1–600), whose potters developed improved techniques for preparing clay and for decorating objects, using fine brushes to paint sophisticated motifs. In the early stage of ] ceramics, potters painted realistic characters and landscapes.

The ] cultures (AD 1–800) that flourished on the northern coast of modern Peru produced modelled clay sculptures and effigies decorated with fine lines of red on a beige background. Their pottery stands out for its ] portrait vases, in which human faces are shown expressing different emotions — happiness, sadness, anger, melancholy — as well for its complicated drawings of wars, human sacrifices, and celebrations.<ref>Born of Clay - Ceramic from the National Museum of the American Indian, 2005 Smithsonian Institution</ref>

The ]ns were a relative latecomer to ceramic development, as their ceramic arts flourished in the ], or the 2nd to 10th century. One important site in southern ] is known as ], that boasts particularly detailed and prolific works. As evidence of the extent to which these ceramic art works were prized, many specimens traced to Lubaantun have been found at distant Mayan sites in ] and ].<ref>C. M.Hogan, ''Comparison of Mayan sites in southern and western Belize'', Lumina Technologies (2006)</ref> Furthermore, the current Mayan people of Lubaantun continue to hand produce copies of many of the original designs found at Lubaantun.

In the United States, the oldest pottery dates to 2500&nbsp;BC. It has been found in the ] in ], and some slightly older along the ] in ].<ref name=FTU>{{cite news |title= The Mocama: New name for an old people|first= Matt|last= Soergel|newspaper= ]|date= 18 Oct 2009 |url= http://jacksonville.com/news/metro/2009-10-18/story/the_mocama_new_name_for_an_old_people|accessdate= May 12, 2010}}</ref>

The ] in Northern Arizona and several other ] including the ], ], and ] people (all in the ]) are renowned for painted pottery in several different styles. ]<ref>, a display of some of Nampeyo's work</ref> and her relatives created pottery that became highly sought after beginning in the early 20th century. Pueblo tribes in the state of ] have styles distinctive to each of the various pueblos (villages). They include ], ], ] Pueblos, ], ] and ] Pueblo, amongst others. Some of the renowned artists of Pueblo pottery include: ], Elva Nampeyo, and ] of the Hopi; ] of San Juan Pueblo; and ] and ] of San Ildefonso Pueblo. In the early 20th century Martinez and her husband Julian rediscovered the method of creating traditional San Ildefonso Pueblo Black-on Black ].

===Mexican ceramics===
], ] at a temporary exhibit on ] crafts at the ], ].]]
] are an ancient tradition. ] potters built up their wares with pinching, coiling, or hammer-an-anvil methods and, instead of using glaze, burnished their pots.

===Studio pottery in the United States===
{{See also2|]|l1=Category: American potters| ]}}
There is a strong trdition of studio artists working in ceramics in the United States. It had a period of growth in the 1960s and continues to present times. Many fine art, craft, and contemporary art museums have pieces in their permanent collections.

] was an American artist and studio potter located in ]. She developed a unique form of luster-glaze technique, and was active from the 1930s to her death in 1998 at 105 years old. ] created larger sculptural work, in an abstracted representational style. There are ceramics arts departments at many colleges, universities, and fine arts institutes in the ].

==Sub-Saharan Africa==
Pottery in Sub-Saharan Africa is traditionally made by coiling and is fired at low temperature. The figurines of the ancient ], whose function remains unclear, are an example of high-quality figural work, found in many cultures, such as ].

], a ]n ] who worked in the ] tradition, made large pots decorated with incised patterns. Her work is an interesting hybrid of traditional African with western ]. ] is a ]n-born ] ] whose ceramics are hand built and burnished.

==Gallery==
<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px" perrow="5">
File:Mihrab, Great Mosque of Kairouan.jpg|thumb|left|Upper part of the ] decorated with lusterware tiles (dating from the 9th century) in the ''']''' also known as the Great Mosque of Kairouan, ]
File:Tile, late 19th-early 20th century, X1047.7.jpg|Tile,Hopi Pueblo (Native American), late 19th-early 20th century, ]
File:Ceramic male female joined nayarit.jpg|Ceramic art, Cantor Arts Center at ].
Image:Egypte louvre 180 pot.jpg|]ian ceramic art, ] Museum.
Image:NavdatoliGoblet1300BCE.jpg|Ceramic goblet from Navdatoli, ], India, 1300 BCE.
Image:Funerary Urn from Oaxaca.jpg|A funerary urn in the shape of a "bat god" or a jaguar, from ], Mexico, dated to AD 300–650. Height: 9.5 in (23&nbsp;cm).
File:ChateaudUsseMadonna.jpg|], ''Virgin and Child with John the Baptist''
File:Ming-Schale1.jpg|] plate depicting dragons, in the classic blue on white
File:Catherine Palace heater.jpg|18th century tiled stove in the ], ]
Image:Hopi canteen p1070217.jpg|] ], 19th century, artist unknown, ] collections.
Image:Meissen-Porcelain-Korean.Girl.JPG|Industrial art example: "Korean girl." ] museum.
File:Franz Anton Bustelli Liebesgruppe 1756-1.jpg|Group with lovers, modelled by ], Nymphenburg, 1756.
Image:Angel by Deborah Halpern 01a.jpg|"Angel", ] in ], ] by ].(mixed media of tiles on steel frame.)<ref></ref>
File:Ceramic Art Display, 1963.JPG|Ceramic art display, 1963
File:Black & white - Ceramic jar.jpg|About 2-3 inch miniature ceramic jar with lid
</gallery>

==See also==
{{Portal|Arts}}

* ]
* ]
* ]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

== Further reading ==
* de Waal, Edmund. '''' File retrieved February 10, 2007.

== External links ==
* - Largest Ceramic Museum in the United States
* by Victor Bryant
* Online catalogue & more from the ]
*
* from the ]
* - see "ceramics" for many features
*

{{decorative arts}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ceramic Art}}
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