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| There requires some realization that Afghan nationalism can be synonymous with that of ] nationalism and as a result cannot be conflated into an Afghan national identity as the country is a multiethnic entity. Thus, it is important to note that there have been a variety of groups who have lived in what is today Afghanistan, but were not ethnic Afghans such as the aforementioned Tajiks as well as Uzbeks and Hazaras etc. who are currently divided as to what constitutes a national Afghan identity. Because Afghan history is fraught with regional cleavages it is important to note that any notion of an Afghan nation-state is largely absent until the 18th century and the rise of the Durrani Empire. For this reason, important figures from the past such as ] and ], who were of ethnic ] (]) identity, are often not identified as ethnic Afghans or even as Afghan people, at least according to academics, while they are generally included within the context of the collective history of the modern nation-state in the geographic sense. | There requires some realization that Afghan nationalism can be synonymous with that of ] nationalism and as a result cannot be conflated into an Afghan national identity as the country is a multiethnic entity. Thus, it is important to note that there have been a variety of groups who have lived in what is today Afghanistan, but were not ethnic Afghans such as the aforementioned Tajiks as well as Uzbeks and Hazaras etc. who are currently divided as to what constitutes a national Afghan identity. Because Afghan history is fraught with regional cleavages it is important to note that any notion of an Afghan nation-state is largely absent until the 18th century and the rise of the Durrani Empire. For this reason, important figures from the past such as ] and ], who were of ethnic ] (]) identity, are often not identified as ethnic Afghans or even as Afghan people, at least according to academics, while they are generally included within the context of the collective history of the modern nation-state in the geographic sense. | ||
| ], the famous National Geographic "Afghan Girl" and an ethnic ].]] | |||
| ===Pashtuns=== | ===Pashtuns=== | ||
| {{main|Pashtun people}} | {{main|Pashtun people}} | ||
| Pashtun or Pakhtun, are independent people that reside mainly in southern, south western, and eastern ] and western ]. Considerable pockets also exist throughout other parts of Afghanistan and they make up major ethnic minority in all the major cities of Pakistan. Smaller groups of Pashtuns are also found in ] and ] as well. Pashtun culture is ancient and much of it is yet to be recorded in contemporary times. There are many conflicting theories, some contemporary, some ancient, about the origins of the Pashtun people, both among historians and the Pashtun themselves. Most scholars agree that the Pashtuns are partly descendants of eastern Iranian peoples and speak Pashtu, an eastern Iranian language. According to the writer W.K. Frazier Tyler writing in his book Afghanistan, "The word Afghan… first appears in history in the Hudud-al-Alam, a work by an unknown Arab geographer who wrote in 982 AD." The Afghan identity began to develop as Pashtun identity under the rule of Ahmad Shah who united the Pashtun (Afghan) chiefdoms in the late ]. Another boost took place under the rule of ] who with Pashtun support further centralized the government. Until the advent of the modern Afghan state in the 20th century, the word ''Afghan'' had been synonymous with ''Pashtun''. | Pashtun or Pakhtun, are independent people that reside mainly in southern, south western, and eastern ] and western ]. Considerable pockets also exist throughout other parts of Afghanistan and they make up major ethnic minority in all the major cities of Pakistan. Smaller groups of Pashtuns are also found in ] and ] as well. Pashtun culture is ancient and much of it is yet to be recorded in contemporary times. There are many conflicting theories, some contemporary, some ancient, about the origins of the Pashtun people, both among historians and the Pashtun themselves. Most scholars agree that the Pashtuns are partly descendants of eastern Iranian peoples and speak Pashtu, an eastern Iranian language. According to the writer W.K. Frazier Tyler writing in his book Afghanistan, "The word Afghan… first appears in history in the Hudud-al-Alam, a work by an unknown Arab geographer who wrote in 982 AD." The Afghan identity began to develop as Pashtun identity under the rule of Ahmad Shah who united the Pashtun (Afghan) chiefdoms in the late ]. Another boost took place under the rule of ] who with Pashtun support further centralized the government. Until the advent of the modern Afghan state in the 20th century, the word ''Afghan'' had been synonymous with ''Pashtun''. | ||
| ], ] resistance leader and an ethnic ].]] | |||
| ===Tajiks=== | ===Tajiks=== | ||
Revision as of 20:24, 21 August 2006
- "Afghans" redirects here. For other uses, see Afghan.
The Demographics of Afghanistan are ethnically and linguistically mixed. This reflects its location astride historic trade and invasion routes leading from Central Asia into South and Southwest Asia. Pashtuns are the dominant ethnic group, accounting for about 42% of the population. Tajik (27%), Hazara (9%), Uzbek (9%), Aimaq (4%), Turkmen (3%), Baluch (2%) and other small groups (4%) make up the remaining. Persian (Dari) and Pashto are official languages. Persian is spoken by more than one-half of the population as a first language and serves as a lingua franca for most Afghans. Pashto is spoken in the south, Uzbek and Turkmen are spoken widely in the north. Smaller groups throughout the country also speak more than 70 other languages and numerous dialects.
The term Afghan, historically synonymous with Pashtun, is nowadays used to describe a person from the country of Afghanistan. It is, however, hard to combine the varying groups. Often the Pastun are referred to as Afghans while other groups hold to their ethnic name (e.g., Tajiks are known as Tajiks, etc.). Thus, in recent years, the term Afghanistani has been suggested for the citizens of Afghanistan in contrast to (ethnic) Afghans who would be the Pashtuns. The citizens of Afghanistan are in many ways somewhat distinct from the notion of ethnic Afghans as a result of this understanding. But despite that - usually - they all refer to themselves as Afghans.
99% of Afghanistan's population adheres to Islam. An estimated 80% of the population is Sunni, following the Hanafi school of jurisprudence; 19% is predominantly Shi'a, mainly Hazaras. Despite attempts during the years of communist rule to secularize Afghan society, Islamic practices pervade all aspects of life. In fact, Islam served as the principal basis for expressing opposition to communist rule and the Soviet invasion. Likewise, Islamic religious tradition and codes, together with traditional practices, provide the principal means of controlling personal conduct and settling legal disputes. Excluding urban populations in the principal cities, most Afghans are divided into tribal and other kinship-based groups, which follow traditional customs and religious practices.
History and identification of the Afghan people
- For more information see: History of Afghanistan and Durrani Empire
Afghans as a whole draw their modern national identity from the founding of the Durrani Empire in the mid 1700's. From 1747 until 1823 Ahmed Shah Abdali and his sons and grandsons held the monarchy. They were the first Pashtun rulers of Afghanistan, from the Sadozai line of the Abdali (known as the Durrani since Ahmad Shah's reign) group of clans. It was under the leadership of Ahmad Shah that the nation of Afghanistan began to take shape following centuries of fragmentation and exploitation. However each ethnic group has its own unique history which makes up the entire Afghan history.
There requires some realization that Afghan nationalism can be synonymous with that of Pashtun nationalism and as a result cannot be conflated into an Afghan national identity as the country is a multiethnic entity. Thus, it is important to note that there have been a variety of groups who have lived in what is today Afghanistan, but were not ethnic Afghans such as the aforementioned Tajiks as well as Uzbeks and Hazaras etc. who are currently divided as to what constitutes a national Afghan identity. Because Afghan history is fraught with regional cleavages it is important to note that any notion of an Afghan nation-state is largely absent until the 18th century and the rise of the Durrani Empire. For this reason, important figures from the past such as Avicenna and Rumi, who were of ethnic Persian (Tajik) identity, are often not identified as ethnic Afghans or even as Afghan people, at least according to academics, while they are generally included within the context of the collective history of the modern nation-state in the geographic sense.
Pashtuns
Main article: Pashtun peoplePashtun or Pakhtun, are independent people that reside mainly in southern, south western, and eastern Afghanistan and western Pakistan. Considerable pockets also exist throughout other parts of Afghanistan and they make up major ethnic minority in all the major cities of Pakistan. Smaller groups of Pashtuns are also found in Iran and India as well. Pashtun culture is ancient and much of it is yet to be recorded in contemporary times. There are many conflicting theories, some contemporary, some ancient, about the origins of the Pashtun people, both among historians and the Pashtun themselves. Most scholars agree that the Pashtuns are partly descendants of eastern Iranian peoples and speak Pashtu, an eastern Iranian language. According to the writer W.K. Frazier Tyler writing in his book Afghanistan, "The word Afghan… first appears in history in the Hudud-al-Alam, a work by an unknown Arab geographer who wrote in 982 AD." The Afghan identity began to develop as Pashtun identity under the rule of Ahmad Shah who united the Pashtun (Afghan) chiefdoms in the late 18th century. Another boost took place under the rule of Nadir Shah who with Pashtun support further centralized the government. Until the advent of the modern Afghan state in the 20th century, the word Afghan had been synonymous with Pashtun.
Tajiks
Main article: TajiksThe Persian-speaking Tajiks are closely related to the Persians of Iran and are amongst the oldest inhabitants of the region. They can trace their roots back to the original Iranian peoples that settled Central Asia in ancient times, such as the Bactrians, Sogdians, Scythians and Parthians, as well as ancient Persians who fled to Central Asia during Arab Islamic expansion. The Tajiks also comprise the majority population of Tajikistan and are found in large numbers in Uzbekistan and Iran as well as the western Pakistan and Xinjiang province of China. A related group in Afghanistan known as the Farsiwan are often affiliated with the Tajiks, but are generally of the Shia sect and are mostly distinct from the Hazaras as the Farsiwans are a Mediterrean people and are basically almost identical to the Persians of Iran. Tajiks are, by contrast, considered the Persians of Central Asia.
Hazaras
Main article: HazaraHistorically, the Hazara seem to have Turkic-Mongolian origins, but with some Caucasoid admixture from surrounding groups. Linguistically though the Hazara speak Persian, but their variant is interspersed with more Mongolian words, but this is also the case with many Turkic languages such as Uzbek. It may simply be the case that the Hazara are of Uyghur Turkic origin as many Turks accompanied the Mongol armies or arrived in the region long before the Mongols. It is however commonly believed by many Afghans that the Hazara are descendants of Genghis Khan's army, which marched into the area during the 12th century. Proponents of this view hold that many of the Mongol soldiers and their family members settled in the area and remained there after the Mongol empire dissolved in the 13th century, converting to Islam and adopting local customs. The theory regarding a more Turkic origin for the Hazara has equal validity and the relatively small number of actual Mongols in comparison to Turks makes it more likely that the Hazara are descendants of Turkic invaders who were Persianized over time. Unlike most Afghans the Hazara are Shia, which has often set them apart from their neighbors.
Uzbeks
Main article: Uzbek peopleThe Uzbeks are the main Turkic people of Afghanistan and are found mainly in the northern regions of the country. Most likely the Uzbeks migrated with a wave of Turkic invaders and intermingled with local Iranian tribes over time to become the ethnic group they are today. By the 1500s the Uzbeks had settled throughout Central Asia and reached Afghanistan following the conquests of Muhammad Shaybani. Most Uzbeks are Sunni Muslim and are closely related to the Turkmen who also can be found in Afghanistan. The Uzbeks of Afghanistan are usually bilingual, fluent in both Persian and Uzbek.
Turkmen
Main article: Turkmen peopleThe Turkmen are the smaller Turkic group who can also be found in neighoring Turkmenistan. Largely Sunni Muslim, their origins are very similar to that of the Uzbeks. Unlike, the Uzbeks, however, the Turkmen are traditionally a nomadic people (though they were forced to abandon this way of life in Turkmenistan itself under Soviet rule).
Baluch
Main article: BalochThe Baluch are another Iranian ethnic group that numbers around 200,000 in Afghanistan. The main Baloch areas located in Balochistan province in Pakistan and Sistan and Baluchistan province of Iran. Many also live in southern Afghanistan. They are most likely an offshoot of the Kurds and reached Afghanistan sometime between 1000 and 1300 BCE. Mainly pastoral and desert dwellers, the Baluch are also Sunni Muslim.
Nuristani
Main article: NuristaniThe Nuristani are an Indo-Iranian people, representing a third branch of independent of the Iranian and Indo-Aryan groups, who live in isolated regions of northeastern Afghanistan. Better known historically as the Kafirs of what was once known as Kafiristan (now called Nuristan), they were forcibly converted to Islam during the rule of "Iron" Amir Abdur Rahman and their country was renamed "Nuristan" or "Land of Light" as in the light of Islam. Many Nuristanis believe that they are the descendants of Alexander's Greeks, but there is a lack of genetic evidence for this and they are more than likely an isolated pocket of early Aryan invaders. They are largely Sunni Muslim.
Culture
Main article: Culture of AfghanistanContributions to Humanity
The different ethnic groups that today make up Afghanistan made significant contributions in poetry, architecture, art, music, and religion. Prominent individuals are:
Literature:
- Rumi of Balkh, Persian poet; considered one of the greatest poets of all time.
- Khushal Khan Khattak, the greatest poet of the Pashto language.
- Abdur Rahman Baba, a famous Pashto poet.
- Sana'i of Ghazni, a great Persian poet of the Ghaznavid era.
- Mirza Abdul Qadir Bedel, a famous Persian poet.
- Jami of Herat, the last great Persian Sufi poet of the medieval times.
- Nava'i of Herat, an important politician and Chaghatay and Persian poet of the Timurid era.
Theology And Philosophy:
- Although the renowned Imam and jurist, Abu Hanifa, was born in Kufa (located in modern day Iraq) his ancestors were from Kabul.
- al-Bukhari, choronologist of Hadiths.
Kings And Conquerors:
- Mahmūd Ghaznavī, most powerful ruler of the Ghaznavī dynasty.
- Muhammad Ghorī, most powerful ruler of the Ghorī dynasty.
- Shāhrukh Mīrzā, famous ruler of the Timurid dynasty.
- Babur, the founder of the Moghul Dynasty in India.
- Ahmed Shah Abdali, founder of modern Afghanistan.
- Jalal ud din Firuz Khilji, founder of the Turko-Pashtun Khalji dynasty.
- Ala ud din Khilji, most powerful and famous of the Khalji rulers.
Modern prominent individuals include mucisians:
- Ahmad Zahir
- Farhad Darya
- Ustad Mohammad Hashem Cheshti
- Ustad Mohammad Hussain Sarahang
- Safdar Tawakoli
- Dawood Sarkhosh
Poets:
Language
Afghans speak a variety of languages of which the largest are Pashto and Persian (Dari or Afghan Persian). Other significant languages include the Turkmen and the Uzbek. Pashto and Persian are the official languages of Afghanistan.
Religion
Afghans are 99% Muslim, the majority are Sunni. The remaining are mostly Shiites. Before Islam's arrival, the region was predominately Buddhist and Zoroastrian. Recent media attention to the arrest of an Afghan Christian Convert indicates that there are a few Afghan Christians living inside and outside Afghanistan.
Additional demographic information
Population
- 31,056,997 (July 2006 est.)
Age structure
- 0-14 years: 44.6% (male 7,095,117/female 6,763,759)
- 15-64 years: 53% (male 8,436,716/female 8,008,463)
- 65 years and over: 2.4% (male 366,642/female 386,300) (2006 est.)
Median age
- Total: 17.6 years
- Male: 17.6 years
- Female: 17.6 years (2006 est.)
Population growth rate
- 2.67% (2006 est.)
Birth rate
- 46.6 births/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Death rate
- 20.34 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Net migration rate
- 0.42 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Sex ratio
- At birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
- Under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
- 15-64 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
- 65 years and over: 0.95 male(s)/female
- Total population: 1.05 male(s)/female (2006 est.)
Infant mortality rate
- Total: 160.23 deaths/1,000 live births
- Male: 164.77 deaths/1,000 live births
- Female: 155.45 deaths/1,000 live births (2006 est.)
Life expectancy at birth
- Total population: 43.34 years
- Male: 43.16 years
- Female: 43.53 years (2006 est.)
Total fertility rate
- 6.69 children born/woman (2006 est.)
HIV/AIDS
- HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: 0.01% (2001 est.)
- HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS: NA
- HIV/AIDS - deaths: NA
Nationality
- Noun: Afghan(s)
- Adjective: Afghan
Major infectious diseases
- degree of risk: high
- food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
- vectorborne disease: malaria is a high risk countrywide below 2,000 meters from March through November
- animal contact disease: rabies (2005)
Ethnic groups
Religions
- Sunni Muslim 80%, Shi'a Muslim 19%, other 1%
- Islam in Afghanistan - Approximately 99% of Population
Languages
- Afghan Persian or Dari (official) 50%, Pashtu (official) 35%, Turkic languages (primarily Uzbek and Turkmen) 11%, 30 minor languages (primarily Balochi and Pashai) 4%, much bilingualism
Literacy
- Definition: Age 15 and over can read and write
- Total population: 36%
- Male: 51%
- Female: 21% (1999 est.)
Notes and references
- Template:CIA WFB 2006
This article incorporates public domain material from U.S. Bilateral Relations Fact Sheets. United States Department of State. 2003