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| '''Second-class citizen''' is an informal term used to describe a person who is legally ] against within a ] or other political jurisdiction, despite being native-born or a legal resident. While not necessarily ], ] or ], second-class citizens have limited legal rights, civil rights and economic opportunities, and are often subject to mistreatment or neglect at the hands of their putative superiors. | '''Second-class citizen''' is an informal term used to describe a person who is legally ] against within a ] or other political jurisdiction, despite being native-born or a legal resident. While not necessarily ], ] or ], second-class citizens have limited legal rights, civil rights and economic opportunities, and are often subject to mistreatment or neglect at the hands of their putative superiors. | ||
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| Examples include: | Examples include: | ||
| * ]. The discrimination is educational , economical, legislative, , and religious . | |||
| * Non-slave ] and ] in many ]n and ]- and ]n nations up to approximately the mid-]. | * Non-slave ] and ] in many ]n and ]- and ]n nations up to approximately the mid-]. | ||
| * The native black population of the former ] society of ]. | * The native black population of the former ] society of ]. | ||
| * Blacks in the ].<ref>"Racism in China", ''Shanghai Star, 2003-04-17'' ]</ref> <ref></ref> | * Blacks in the ].<ref>"Racism in China", ''Shanghai Star, 2003-04-17'' ]</ref> <ref></ref> | ||
| * ] in ]'s ]. | * ] in ]'s ]. | ||
| * Native ] under ], and also ] in India |
* Native ] under ], and also ] in India.(till late 70's) | ||
| * ] in ]. | * ] in ]. | ||
| * ], ] (also called Gypsies), ] and other "]" in ]. | * ], ] (also called Gypsies), ] and other "]" in ]. | ||
| * ] <ref>, ], retrieved August 16, 2006.</ref><ref>Kent, Jonathan. , ''BBC News'', March 8, 2006, retrieved August 16, 2006.</ref><ref>, ''BBC News'', March 18, 2005, retrieved August 16, 2006.</ref><ref>Hughes, John. , ''Christian Science Monitor'', June 29, 2005, retrieved August 16, 2006.</ref> and ] in certain ] or Muslim-majority countries. | |||
| * Political ]s and "]" in ] nations. | * Political ]s and "]" in ] nations. | ||
| * ]'s ] and ] population under the rule of ]. | * ]'s ] and ] population under the rule of ]. | ||
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| *] | *] | ||
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| ] | ] | ||
| ] | ] | ||
Revision as of 00:30, 22 August 2006
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Second-class citizen is an informal term used to describe a person who is legally discriminated against within a state or other political jurisdiction, despite being native-born or a legal resident. While not necessarily slaves, outlaws or criminals, second-class citizens have limited legal rights, civil rights and economic opportunities, and are often subject to mistreatment or neglect at the hands of their putative superiors.
Second-class citizenry is generally regarded as a violation of human rights. Typical impediments facing second-class citizens include disenfranchisement (a lack or loss of voting rights), limitations on civil or military service (not including conscription in every case), as well as restrictions on language, religion, caste, education, and freedom of movement and association.
Examples include:
- Arab citizens of Israel. The discrimination is educational , economical, legislative, , and religious .
- Non-slave native Americans and black people in many African and North- and South American nations up to approximately the mid-20th Century.
- The native black population of the former apartheid society of South Africa.
- Blacks in the People's Republic of China.
- Whites in Robert Mugabe's Zimbabwe.
- Native Indians under British India, and also outcastes in India.(till late 70's)
- Burakumin in Japan.
- Jews, Roma (also called Gypsies), homosexuals and other "undesirables" in Nazi Germany.
- Political dissidents and "class enemies" in communist nations.
- Iraq's Kurdish and Shia population under the rule of Saddam Hussein.
The term is generally used as a pejorative or in the context of civil society activism and governments will typically deny the existence of a second class within the polity, except in the cases of segregation in the United States, apartheid in South Africa, and the German Nazi rulers.
By contrast, a resident alien or foreign national may have limited rights within a jurisdiction (such as not being able to vote, and having to register with the government), but is also given the law's protection, and is usually accepted by the local population. A naturalized citizen carries essentially the same rights and responsibilities as a born citizen (a possible exception being ineligibility for certain public offices), and is also legally protected.
Notes
- "Racism in China", Shanghai Star, 2003-04-17 Racism in China]
- Misc. other sources