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People for Legal and Non-Sectarian Schools (PLANS) is a lobby group, based principally in San Francisco, U.S. and on the Web, and campaigns against Waldorf education, Anthroposophy and Rudolf Steiner generally, and especially against the public funding of Waldorf methods charter schools. The organization claims that Waldorf education has an occult spiritual basis with origins in Anthroposophy, and that Waldorf schools obscure this by remaining silent about Waldorf education's esoteric educational theory with prospective parents.

The group was founded in 1995 by former Waldorf parents and became a California non-profit corporation in 1997. Its secretary is sound engineer and sceptic activist Dan Dugan. While its bylaws state that it shall have no members, in 2000, Dugan reported 44 members.

Because of the number and type of negative allegations about Waldorf education and anthroposophy supported, cultivated, and published by PLANS , one support group of Waldorf education, Americans for Waldorf Education, describes it as a group that uses argumentation characteristic of hate groups.

Mission statement

The groups describes its mission as to

1. "Provide parents, teachers, and school boards with views of Waldorf education from outside the cult of Rudolf Steiner."
2. "Expose the illegality of public funding for Waldorf school programs in the US."
3. "Litigate against schools violating the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment in the US."

Charter schools law suit

In February 1998, PLANS brought a law suit against two California public schools districts, Sacramento City Unified School District and Twin Ridges Elementary School District, that had funded two Waldorf-methods schools, one a charter school and one a magnet school. PLANS argued that because of Waldorf education's basis in anthroposophy, publicly-financed Waldorf methods charter schools are in violation of the "church and state" establishment clause of the First Amendment.

The organization asserted that not only independent Waldorf schools, but also public Waldorf methods schools, formed not to violate the establishment clause of the First Amendment teach Anthroposophy, that anthroposophy is a religion, and that as a result public schools which have adopted Waldorf methods or practices are promoting religion in violation of the US Constitution. PLANS argued in this law suit that a primary purpose and primary effect of the operation of the two Waldorf-methods schools by the school districts was "to advance religion, including the religious doctrines of Anthroposophy" . Today, there are 19 Waldorf methods charter schools i California.

In 1999, the Court ruled against the main contention in the litigation, finding that the two school districts targeted have a secular, non-religious purpose for the operation of the two schools using Waldorf methods, but let the case proceed, to find whether public Waldorf-methods programs might have the unintended consequence of directly and substantially advancing religion to such an extent that it violates the U.S. Constitution.

The trial was scheduled on September 12, 2005 and was expected to run for sixteen days. The presiding judge determined two issues which were to be decided in the trial. The first issue was to determine whether anthroposophy is a religion for Establishment Clause purposes - the defendants contended it was not. The second issue, which required first an affirmative ruling that anthroposophy is a religion for Establishment Clause purposes, would decide whether the public schools in those two districts were promoting anthroposophy, now viewed as a religion, to such an extent that it violated the U.S. Constitution.

The trial convened as scheduled, but ended after thirty minutes during which PLANS was ordered to show an offer of proof they had evidence to present on the issues to be decided, and failed to do so. Their attorney admitted to the court they could not meet their burden of proof, and could offer no witnesses and only one piece of documentary evidence on the religion issue to argue before the court. Arguments were heard, but no evidence was presented at the trial. The court determined that PLANS failed to produce any legally-admissible evidence, ruled in favor of the public schools, and ordered PLANS to pay costs.

PLANS is appealing this ruling. The appeal claims that due to an earlier ruling before the court, in which two witnesses PLANS intended to testify at trial were disallowed, PLANS was left with no qualified witnesses able to give evidence that anthroposophy was a religion. This earlier ruling resulted from pretrial motions submitted six months prior to trial. PLANS also argues the court ruled improperly when it refused to allow PLANS to enter their one piece of documentary evidence into evidence.

PLANS contends in their appeal that the two disallowed witnesses were irreplaceable to their case. These witnesses PLANS argued vital to their own case were first disclosed by the defendants as expert witnesses who would testify against PLANS in the case.

As a result of the pretrial motions, the judge ruled:

• the plaintiff, PLANS, could not use the defendants' expert witnesses to testify as experts in their own case in chief,
• the plaintiff also failed in its duty to disclose to the defendants their intention to call these individuals to testify as percipient witnesses prior to the court's deadline for such witness disclosure, and PLANS was thus prohibited from calling them to give percipient testimony

PLANS argues in the appeal that the timely disclosure rule cited in the judge's dismissal was not in effect yet at the outset of the case in 1998, and argues the witnesses were fully disclosed under the applicable rules.

The appeal also argues that the court erred in disallowing attempts to introduce as evidence a particular book which one school sued purchased for inclusion in their educational reference library. PLANS had no witnesses prepared to offer foundational testimony at trial for the evidence, and as a result it too was disallowed, the judge describing it as "rank hearsay". In its appeal, PLANS argues that the school's earlier interrogatory admission to purchasing the book served as an "adoptive admission", and as such no further foundation was necessary prior to introducing it as testimony in evidence at trial. The Defendants dispute the validity of the Appeal.

Ultimately, the only fully qualified expert witness to be heard on the question whether anthroposophy is a religion would have been Douglas Sloan, a witness slated to testify for the defendants. Sloan is a Columbia University Professor Emeritus of Education, adjunct Professor of Religion and Education at the Union Theological Seminary and The Jewish Theological Seminary in New York City and former Director of the Masters Degree Program in Waldorf Education at Sunbridge College, New York.

Since PLANS presented no legally acceptable testimony or other evidence, the defense won the case without calling their witnesses at trial. However, Sloan did submit his testimony rejecting the assertion that anthroposophy was a religion in a declaration. . The judge accepted this submission when PLANS filed a motion asking the court to decide the issue prior to trial and declare anthroposophy to be a religion, a motion rejected by the Court. .

Case history

After its first ruling in 1999, the U.S. District Court -- Eastern District of California has issued the following rulings on the case in 2001, 2004 and 2005:

• In 2001, the Court dropped the case based on PLANS' failure to bring sufficient supporting evidence. A legal precedent set earlier in a similar case in New York, though not related to Waldorf education, led the Court to conclude that PLANS lacked a basis to claim taxpayer standing in the case. After an appeal by PLANS, the 9th Circuit Appellate Court in February 2003 reversed the decision on taxpayer standing by the lower court, allowing the case to proceed towards trial.

• In May 2004, PLANS filed a motion for summary judgment, or, in the alternative, summary adjudication, requesting that the Court rule that anthroposophy is a religion, based on material presented by PLANS. But the Court did not accept these arguments, and on 15 November 2004 denied the motion, stating that "triable issues of material fact exist as to whether anthroposophy is a religion". The Court also provided a new opportunity for both sides to declare witnesses and evidence, with a deadline of January 2005 for disclosure of these.

• By the January 2005 deadline given by the Court for witness and evidentiary disclosures, PLANS had declared no expert witnesses. It also failed to declare any of the percipient witnesses it later sought to call and all but one of the exhibits it later sought to present.

• In April 2005, the Court issued an order outlining the trial issues and the evidentiary and procedural guidelines for the trial, scheduled for September 12, 2005. The court separated the issues, stating that it would be first necessary to try the question of whether anthroposophy was a religion, and secondly, whether anthroposophy was present in the schools. The order denied PLANS eleven witnesses, for failure by its attorney to make timely disclosure to Defendants, and 101 of PLANS' exhibits, as a result of discovery sanctions.

Misrepresentations in PLANS' press release

PLANS' official press release reporting the results of the court case misrepresented the judge's decision in a variety of ways:

• The press release claimed that the organization had refused to present its case at trial.
  • At the trial, PLANS' attorney presented all the evidence and witnesses that were allowed; it was the judge that had disallowed witnesses that had not been properly disclosed according to a law that had been in place for six years.
• The press release claimed that the judge said he intended to dismiss the case.
  • The judge gave the case a full trial and decided the case for the defendants.
• The press release claimed that the school district had withdrawn two witnesses - that were also witnesses for PLANS - due to fears that their testimony would hurt the schools, implying that this made it impossible for PLANS to interrogate them during the trial.
  • The judge stated that the plaintiff could have presented these witnesses independently of whether they were to appear for the schools if they had followed the rules of disclosure. The school district had not withdrawn the witnesses; rather, the trial did not require the defence to present a case, as the judge ruled that the plaintiff had not presented minimum standards of proof.

History of the public activity of the group

In May 1997, PLANS Inc. started campaigning against the addition of Waldorf methods in public schools by picketing outside Waldorf methods schools in Sacramento and Marysville, CA. Allegations were spread among parents, teachers and anti-Waldorf activists that Waldorf engages in witchcraft or pagan rituals and practices, and these rumors were soon reported in the media as well. In a newspaper interview, Dugan commented on the independent Waldorf school in Davis, California: "They believe that there are spirits behind everything. I know there are people who would call that evil. (They) would consider anthroposophy a satanic religion."

When criticized on his mailing list by a supporter for the way PLANS used allegations of Wicca and Satanism at Waldorf schools in its campaign against public Waldorf methods schools, Dugan defended this, stating "What I say 'in defense of the Waldorfians' is that 'they don't eat babies.'" and "Am I pandering to the prejudices of Christians? Personally, yes I am!"

In July 1997, an evangelical legal organization, the Pacific Justice Institute (PJI) secured a grant on behalf of PLANS from the Alliance Defense Fund (ADF) to initiate a lawsuit by PLANS against two school districts operating two public Waldorf methods elementary schools, the Sacramento City Unified School District and the Twin Ridges Elementary School District, The application was motivated with alleged "Wicca" based practices in one of the schools and complemented with a video of a News story on the picketing. However, during depositions for the trial PLANS secretary, Dan Dugan, testified that he did not believe in the allegations himself.

In August 1997 Dan Dugan started to build a section at his personal web site, that was later developed into the web site of the group . He is also the owner of a discussion list on Topica for critics of Waldorf education from which he republishes all postings at the group's web site.

The mailing list includes discussion of:

• The Waldorf curriculum.
• The role of anthroposophy in Waldorf education.
• The Waldorf science curriculum.
• Anthroposophical approaches to science and medicine.
• Sharing of experiences in Waldorf schools (focusing on negative experiences).
• Anthroposophy and philosophy.

At his mailing list, Dugan also republishes numerous articles about Waldorf education and anthroposophy from different journals, newspapers and web pages world wide, and private mails sent to him, that he answers and comments on on his list.

In July 2000, the President and Vice-President of PLANS, Debra Snell and Lisa Ercolano, also founded a separate, confidential list for those who have had negative experiences related to Waldorf Schools, Anthroposophy, Camphill and other anthroposophical initiatives. .

In December 2000, the President and Secretary of PLANS, Debra Snell and Dugan, hired a private detective to attend an outside school hours voluntary advent celebration in a private home for K-3rd graders from one of the public charter schools targeted in PLANS' lawsuit, the Yuba River Waldorf Charter School, with a hidden camera to in secret videotape the children celebrating the coming Christmas. The goal of the action was to prove that Waldorf methods education is religious to school boards considering to support of Waldorf methods at their schools.

Secret action group

In February 2004, a special secret mailing group was founded for approximately 20 people for discussion of actions against Waldorf education . It led to a marked decrease in in the number of postings on the public, but confidential mailing list of the President and Vice-President of PLANS.

Criticism of PLANS

PLANS claim that the Anthroposophical Society and the anthroposophical movement is a sect has been disputed in legal cases in Europe. In 2000, a court case was brought in France against a government minister for making this claim publicly; the court decided that the minister's comments were defamatory. In 1999 and 2006, Belgian courts decided for the Anthroposophical Society in a case where anthroposophy had been included in a list of dangerous sects; the group that had made the list was fined. Americans for Waldorf Education , an organization that supports Waldorf education, claims that:

"PLANS' statements on their web site and in online discussions on the "Waldorf Critics" mailing list, owned by the secretary of the group, are seriously distorted and are not supported by the published research on Waldorf education."

An "Anthroposophical world conspiracy" myth

In 1999, the Law firm Pacific Justice Institute (PJI), that in 1997 had used false allegations of witchcraft and satanism at Waldorf schools to apply for money on PLANS' behalf from the evangelical organization Alliance Defense Fund to finance the initiation of its law suit, in a Press Release claimed that the (secret) agenda of Waldorf education is to train the pupils at Waldorf schools to become the future leaders of the world. In October 2000, Lisa Ercolano, a journalist in Baltimore, in cooperation with Dugan then continued to cultivate the myth on his mailing list. As a follow up the myth continued to be cultivated also by others up to April 2003 on Dugan's mailing list. After the cultivation of the myth, Ercolano was made Vice President of PLANS.

Judgement by large web portals

After reviewing the PLANS site, a number of large web portals have decided that it does not qualify as informational site on Waldorf education.

After it had been listed in the "Waldorf theory" category at Open Directory Project (DMOZ) for some time, in 2001, a meta editor at DMOZ decided that it did not qualify as informational site on Waldorf education according to the standards of DMOZ, and removed it from the category.

In 2002, the site was removed from the "Waldorf organizations" category of Google's web directory, and Google AdWords canceled an ad from the group.

After the group started to advertise for its site at Overture, in 2003, Altavista after looking at the site deleted all links to it from its web index, and stopped publishing all ads from Overture for searches on "waldorf", "waldorf education" , and "Rudolf Steiner" , regardless of their origin, to get rid of the ads for PLANS, after Overture in a first instance had removed the ads for PLANS at the request of Altavista, and PLANS had set them up again.

PLANS continues to be listed in the category of Opposing Views on the Esoteric and Occult. together with other sites opposed to alleged Vampirism, Satanism, and Paganism.

References

1. PLANS' article page,PLANS' home page
2. Myths about Waldorf education, cultivated and published by PLANS described by Americans for Waldorf Education
3. History of the law suit
4. Public schools teaching occult religion? Worldnet Daily News October 1999
5. PLANS' Lawsuit
6. Memorandum and Order 24 September 1999
7. Court's ruling 28 September 2005
8. PLANS' Appeal 16 March 2006
9. Trial court transcript
10. Defendants Response to PLANS' Appeal 25 April 2006
11. Declaration of Douglas Sloan
12. Memorandum and Order 16 November 2004
13. The PLANS Litigation Americans for Waldorf Education
14. See above foot note
15. See above foot note
16. A complete overview of the course of the lawsuit.
17. PLANS Press Release on the 2005 Trial PLANS website
18. A detailed, if partisan analysis of the press release
19. The judge stated all of these facts in the transcript of the trial
20. See above footnote.
21. See above footnote.
22. School is teaching witchcraft, critics say Sacramento Bee, May 16, 1997
23. Editorial: The attack on Oak Ridge Sacramento Bee, June 10, 1997
24. Quote from an article in the California Aggie (Davis), dated May 22 1997, published by Dugan on his mailing list
25. Dugan on 9 June 1997 on his mailing list, quoted by Americans for Waldorf Education
26. From Application to ADF
27. From Sworn deposition by Dugan in the case of "PLANS vs Sacramento Unified School District and Twin Ridges School District" lawsuit, Volume II, April 1, 1999, pp. 160 and 163
28. PLANS web site
29. Waldorf-critics discussion list
30. Waldorf-Anthroposophy-Steiner Survivors Only" Mailing List
31. Posting by Snell 22 December 2000 on Dugan's mailing list
32. Survivors action mailing list
33. Das Goetheanum, 2006/18, p. 20
34. Americans for Waldorf Education
35. 10+ myths about Waldorf education, cultivated by "PLANS Inc." according to Americans for Waldorf Education
36. Press Release by Pacific Justice Institute
37. An "Anthroposophical world conspiracy" myth, cultivated and published by "PLANS Inc."
38. History of PLANS Inc.
39. See above note
40. Search at Altavista
41. Search at Altavista
42. Search at Altavista
43. History of PLANS Inc.
44. DMOZ listing Society: Religion and Spirituality: Opposing Views: Esoteric and Occult

External links

• PLANS web site
• Schooled in spirituality Article about Waldorf methods schools and PLANS litigation, Sacramento News and Review, February 03, 2005.
• Answers to allegations by PLANS by Waldorf Answers
• Description of and comments about PLANS by Americans for Waldorf Education

• Alternative education