| Revision as of 22:07, 1 February 2012 editVaultdoor (talk | contribs)228 edits oxides of nitrogen← Previous edit | Latest revision as of 20:00, 3 October 2016 edit undoChristian75 (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users, New page reviewers, Pending changes reviewers, Rollbackers114,654 edits {{R with history}} | ||
| (83 intermediate revisions by 20 users not shown) | |||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
| #REDIRECT ] | |||
| '''Redox signaling''' is when ], ] (ROS), and other electronically activated species such as ] and othe oxides of nitrogen act as biological messengers. Arguably, ] and ] are also redox signaling molecules. Similarly, modulation of charge-transfer processes and electronic conduction in macromolecules is also redox signaling.<ref>], Signal transduction and reactive species. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 47:1237-1238; 2009.</ref> | |||
| {{R with history}} | |||
| ==History== | |||
| The concept of electronically activated species as messengers in both normal metabolism and in pathogenesis goes back to the 19th century. For example, scientists now know that ] likely play a key role in fibrocyte activation<ref>{{cite journal|pmid=16297593}}</ref> and thus scar formation. | |||
| In a series of papers beginning in 1941,<ref>], A., 1941b. The study of energy-levels in | |||
| biochemistry. Nature 148 (3745), 157–159. | |||
| Szent-Gyorgyi, A., 1957. Bioenergetics. Academic Press, New | |||
| York. | |||
| Szent-Gyorgyi, A., 1960. Introduction to a Submolecular Biology. | |||
| Academic Press, New York. | |||
| Szent-Gyorgyi, A., 1968. Bioelectronics. Academic Press, New | |||
| York. | |||
| Szent-Gyorgyi, A., 1976. Electronic Biology and Cancer. Marcel | |||
| Dekker, Inc., New York. | |||
| Szent-Gyorgyi, A., 1978. The Living State and Cancer. Marcel | |||
| Dekker, Inc., New York.</ref> ] hypothesized that modulation of electronic processes in semiconductive macromolecules plays a key role in biological function and in diseases such as cancer. Hush <ref>Hush, N.S. An Overview of the First Half-Century of Molecular Electronics. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1006:1–20; 2003.</ref> reviews the history of such ]. | |||
| Similarly, the first modern statement of the "ROS are messengers" component of redox signaling appears to be that of ],<ref>{{cite journal |author=Proctor P |title=Electron-transfer factors in psychosis and dyskinesia |journal=Physiol. Chem. Phys. |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=349–60 |year=1972 |pmid=4680784 |url=http://www.nitrone.com/72rev.htm}}</ref> who at a congress of free radical investigators in 1979 generalized the concept to suggest that " ....active oxygen metabolites act as specific intermediary transmitter substances for a variety of biological processes including inflammation, fibrosis, and possibly, neurotransmission.." and " One explanation for this data is that various active oxygen species ( or such products as hydroperoxides ) may act as specific transmitter substances....". This was formally published in a review in 1984.<ref>http://www.drproctor.com/rev/84/84rev.htm</ref> The next reference seems to be Bochner and coworkers.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Bochner BR, Lee PC, Wilson SW, Cutler CW, ],|title=AppppA and related adenylylated nucleotides are synthesized as a consequence of oxidation stress |journal=Cell |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=225–32 |year=1984 |month=May |pmid=6373012 |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0092-8674(84)90318-0 |doi=10.1016/0092-8674(84)90318-0}}</ref> | |||
| ==Electronic conduction in redox signaling== | |||
| Hush <ref>Hush, N.S. An Overview of the First Half-Century of Molecular Electronics. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1006:1–20; 2003.</ref> credits Mcginness and coworkers <ref> | |||
| | doi = 10.1126/science.183.4127.853 | |||
| | volume = 183 | |||
| | issue = 4127 | |||
| | pages = 853–855 | |||
| | title = Amorphous Semiconductor Switching in Melanins | |||
| | journal = Science | |||
| | date = 1974-03-01 | |||
| | last1 = McGinness | |||
| | first1 = J. | |||
| | last2 = Corry | |||
| | first2 = P. | |||
| | last3 = Proctor | |||
| | first3 = P. | |||
| | pmid=4359339}}</ref> with the first experimental confirmation of Szent-Gyorgyi's theories concerning semiconductor mechanisms in cellular signaling. Priel and coworkers <ref>Priel A, Ramos AJ, Tuszynski JA, Cantiello HF. A biopolymer transistor: electrical amplification by microtubules. Biophys J. 2006 Jun 15;90(12):4639-43. Epub 2006 Mar 24. PMID 16565058; {{PMC|1471843}}.</ref> postulate active electronic mechanisms in modulation of cellular processes by microtubules. Bettinger and Bao <ref>Bettinger CJ, Bao Z. Biomaterials-Based Organic Electronic Devices. Polym Int. 2010 May 1;59(5):563-567. PMID 20607127; {{PMC|2895275}}</ref> review recent work on biomaterial-based organic electronic devices. Such may play s role in control of cellular function. | |||
| ==Reactive oxygen species as messengers== | |||
| The formation of ROS such as ]<ref>Shlomai 2010. Redox Control of Protein-DNA Ineractions: From Molecular Mechanisms to Significance in Signal Transduction, Gene Expresssion, and DNA Replication. Antioxidants and Redox Signaling 13:1429-1476</ref> underlies much biotic and abiotic stress signaling. For example, as signaling molecules, hydrogen peroxide and other ROS post- translationally modify target proteins by oxidizing ] ], thus forming ] that reversibly alter protein structure and function. Specificity is achieved by localized production, concatenate ] or ], with targeted secondary oxidation occurring via ]s or ]s.<ref>Winterbourn C.C., and Hampton M.B. 2008. Thiol chemistry and specificity in redox signaling. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 45: 549-561</ref> Target proteins containing reduction-oxidation (redox) sensitive thiol groups include i) signal transduction pathway proteins, such as ]s<ref>Tanner J.J., Parsons Z.D., Cummings A.H., Zhou H., Gates K.S. 2011. Redox Regulation of Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases: Structural and Chemical Aspects. Antioxidants & Redox Signaling 15:77-97.</ref> and ]s,<ref>Kovtun Y., Chiu W.L., Tena G., and Sheen J. 2000. Functional analysis of oxidative stress-activated mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade in plants. PNAS 97:2940-2945</ref> ii) embryogenesis regulating proteins<ref>Ufer C, Wang CC, Borchert A, Heydeck D, Kuhn H. 2010. Redox control in mammalian embryo development. Antioxidants & Redox Signaling 13: 833-875</ref> iii) many ]s, iv) ]s that direct ], and v) proteins involved in ] ], deacetylation or ].<ref>Sundar IK, Caito S, Yao H, and Rahman I. 2010. Oxidative stress, thiol redox signaling methods in epigenetics. Methods Enzymol.474:213-44.</ref><ref>Shlomai 2010. Redox Control of Protein-DNA Ineractions: From Molecular Mechanisms to Significance in Signal Transduction, Gene Expresssion, and DNA Replication. Antioxidants and Redox Signaling 13:1429-1476</ref> | |||
| Similarly, the tyrosine-specific ] are intracellular activities lacking disulfide bonds, but they might sense intracellular redox potential through the conserved cysteine in their active sites <ref>{{citation |title=Tyrosine specific protein phosphatases at PROSITE |url=http://www.expasy.org/prosite/PDOC00323}}</ref><ref>{{citation |title=Interpro record for Tyrosine specific protein phosphatases |url=http://www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/DisplayIproEntry?ac=IPR017867}}</ref> | |||
| An intracellular oscillation of oxidant levels has been previously experimentally linked to maintenance of the rate of cell proliferation.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Irani K, Xia Y, Zweier JL, ''et al.'' |title=Mitogenic signaling mediated by oxidants in Ras-transformed fibroblasts |journal=Science |volume=275 |issue=5306 |pages=1649–52 |year=1997 |month=March |pmid=9054359 |url=http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=9054359 |doi=10.1126/science.275.5306.1649}}</ref> | |||
| As an example, when chelating redox-active iron present in the endosomal/lysosomal compartment of cultured epithelial cell line HeLa with the iron chelator desferrioxamine, cell proliferation is inhibited.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Doulias PT, Christoforidis S, Brunk UT, Galaris D |title=Endosomal and lysosomal effects of desferrioxamine: protection of ] cells from hydrogen peroxide-induced DNA damage and induction of cell-cycle arrest |journal=Free Radic. Biol. Med. |volume=35 |issue=7 |pages=719–28 |year=2003 |month=October |pmid=14583336 |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0891584903003964 |doi=10.1016/S0891-5849(03)00396-4}}.</ref> | |||
| ] (Trx) signaling Is also important in Cancer , as are other aspects of redox signaling <ref>Gupta SC, Hevia D, Patchva S, Park B, Koh W, Aggarwal BB., Upsides and Downsides of Reactive Oxygen Species for Cancer: The Roles of Reactive Oxygen Species in Tumorigenesis, Prevention, and Therapy. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2012 Jan 16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22117137</ref>. <ref>Díaz B, Courtneidge SA. Redox signaling at invasive microdomains in cancer cells. Free Radic Biol Med. 2012 Jan 15;52(2):247-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22033009</ref>. | |||
| ==References== | |||
| {{reflist}} | |||
| ==Further reading== | |||
| *{{cite book |first=Peter H. |last=Proctor |chapter=Free Radicals and Human Disease |title=CRC Handbook of Free Radicals and Antioxidants |year=1989 |volume=1 |pages=209–221 |url=http://www.doctorproctor.com/crcpap2.htm}} | |||
| ==External links== | |||
| *http://www.redoxsignaling.com | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
Latest revision as of 20:00, 3 October 2016
Redirect to:
- With history: This is a redirect from a page containing substantive page history. This page is kept as a redirect to preserve its former content and attributions. Please do not remove the tag that generates this text (unless the need to recreate content on this page has been demonstrated), nor delete this page.
- This template should not be used for redirects having some edit history but no meaningful content in their previous versions, nor for redirects created as a result of a page merge (use {{R from merge}} instead), nor for redirects from a title that forms a historic part of Misplaced Pages (use {{R with old history}} instead).