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The U.S. Intelligence Community believes with "high confidence" that Russia interfered in US elections in 2016. CIA Director John O. Brennan, FBI Director James Comey and DNI James R. Clapper agreed the "scope, nature and intent" of Russia's interference was to assist Donald Trump in becoming U.S. President. President Barack Obama ordered a report on foreign interventions in elections going back to 2008. Senators, including Armed Services Committee Chair John McCain and Senate Minority Leader Chuck Schumer, called for a bipartisan investigation. President-elect Trump rejected the intelligence report, and attacked the U.S. intelligence services in an official statement released by his transition team. Wikileaks founder Julian Assange said Russia was not involved in the leaks.

Background

Internet Research Agency

Beginning in fall 2014, The New Yorker writer Adrian Chen performed a six-month investigation into Russian propaganda online by a group called the Internet Research Agency. The New Yorker reported it was widely documented in Russian media that Evgeny Prigozhin, a close associate of Vladimir Putin, was behind the operation which hired hundreds of individuals to work in Saint Petersburg. The group was regarded as a troll farm, a term used to refer to propaganda efforts controlling many accounts online with the aim of artificially providing a semblance of a grassroots organization. Chen reported that Internet trolling was used by the Russian government as a tactic largely after observing the social media organization of the 2011 protests against Putin. Chen interviewed Russian reporters and activists who said the end goal of propaganda by the Russian government was to sow discord and chaos online.

Counter-Disinformation Team scrapped pre-election

The International Business Times reported the United States Department of State planned to use a unit formed with the intention of combating disinformation from the Russian government, and that it was disbanded in September 2015 after department heads missed the scope of propaganda before the 2016 U.S. election. The unit had been in development for 8 months prior to being scrapped. Titled Counter-Disinformation Team, it would have been a reboot of the Active Measures Working Group set up by the Reagan Administration. It was set up under the Bureau of International Information Programs. Work began in 2014, with the intention to combat propaganda from Russian sources such as "Russia Today" TV network RT. A beta website was ready and staff were hired by the U.S. State Department for the unit prior to its cancellation. U.S. Intelligence officials explained to former National Security Agency analyst and counterintelligence officer John R. Schindler that the Obama Administration decided to cancel the unit as they were afraid of antagonizing Russia. A State Department representative told the International Business Times after being contacted regarding the closure of the unit, that the U.S. was disturbed by propaganda from Russia, and the strongest defense was sincere communication. U.S. Undersecretary of State for Public Diplomacy Richard Stengel was point person for the unit before it was canceled. Stengel previously wrote about disinformation by RT. After U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry called RT a Kremlin propaganda arm, RT insisted the State Department respond. Stengel wrote that RT engaged disinformation.

Russian trolls' support for Trump

Adrian Chen observed a pattern in December 2015 where pro-Russian accounts became supportive of 2016 U.S. presidential candidate Donald Trump. Chen noted the trolls "have turned into conservatives, like fake conservatives... all tweeting about Donald Trump and stuff", and wrote "maybe it's some really opaque strategy of like, electing Donald Trump to undermine the U.S. or something, like false flag kind of thing."

Andrew Weisburd and Foreign Policy Research Institute fellow and senior fellow at the Center for Cyber and Homeland Security at George Washington University, Clint Watts, wrote for The Daily Beast in August 2016 that Russian propaganda fabricated articles were popularized by social media. Weisburd and Watts documented how disinformation spread from government-controlled outlets Russia Today and Sputnik News to pro-Russian accounts on Twitter. Citing research by Chen, they compared Russian tactics during the 2016 U.S. election to Soviet Union Cold War strategies. They referenced the 1992 United States Information Agency report to the U.S. Congress, which warned about Russian propaganda called active measures. They wrote active measures were made easier with social media. Institute of International Relations Prague senior fellow and scholar on Russian intelligence, Mark Galeotti, agreed the Kremlin operations were a form of active measures. The Guardian reported in November 2016 the most strident Internet promoters of Trump were paid Russian propagandists, estimating several thousand trolls involved.

Weisburd and Watts collaborated with colleague J. M. Berger and published a follow-up to their Daily Beast article in online magazine War on the Rocks, titled: "Trolling for Trump: How Russia is Trying to Destroy Our Democracy". They researched 7,000 pro-Trump social media accounts over a two-and-a-half year period. Their research detailed trolling denigrating critics of Russian activities in Syria, and proliferating falsehoods about Clinton's health. Watts said the propaganda targeted the alt-right movement, the right wing, and fascist groups. BuzzFeed News reported Kremlin-financed trolls were open about spreading Russian disinformation.

On November 24, 2016, The Washington Post reported the Foreign Policy Research Institute stated Russian propaganda exacerbated criticism of Clinton and support for Trump. The strategy involved social media, paid Internet trolls, botnets, and websites denigrating Clinton. Watts stated Russia's goal was to damage trust in the U.S. Conclusions by Watts and colleagues Andrew Weisburd and J.M. Berger were confirmed by research from the Elliott School of International Affairs at George Washington University and by the RAND Corporation. Computer security company FireEye concluded Russia used social media as a weapon to influence the U.S. election. FireEye Chairman David DeWalt said the 2016 operation was a new development in cyberwarfare by Russia. FireEye CEO Kevin Mandia stated Russian cyberwarfare changed after fall 2014, from covert to overt tactics with decreased operational security.

U.S. intelligence analysis

Director of National Intelligence, Homeland Security and CIA

October 2016 joint statement

The U.S. Intelligence Community tasked resources debating why Putin chose summer 2016 to escalate active measures influencing U.S. politics. Director of National Intelligence James R. Clapper said after the 2011–13 Russian protests, Putin's confidence in his viability as a politician was damaged, and Putin responded with the propaganda operation. Former Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) officer Patrick Skinner explained the goal was to spread uncertainty. In July 2016, consensus grew within the CIA that Russia hacked the DNC.

In a joint statement on October 7, 2016, the Department of Homeland Security and the Office of the Director of National Intelligence issued a statement on Russian influence on the 2016 U.S. presidential election. The statement expressed confidence Russia interfered in the election by stealing emails from politicians and U.S. groups and publicizing the information. The statement represented the conclusions of 17 intelligence organizations within the United States government and the United States Secretary of Homeland Security. By December 2, 2016, intelligence sources told CNN the U.S. Intelligence Community gained confidence Russia's efforts were aimed at helping Trump win the election.

December 2016 CIA report

On December 9, the CIA told U.S. legislators the U.S. Intelligence Community concluded Russia conducted operations during the 2016 U.S. election to assist Donald Trump in winning the presidency. Multiple U.S intelligence agencies concluded people with direct ties to the Kremlin gave WikiLeaks hacked emails from the DNC and sources such as John Podesta, campaign chairman for Hillary Clinton. These intelligence organizations concluded Russia hacked the RNC as well as the DNC—and chose not to leak information obtained from the RNC. A senior administration official told The New York Times said they had high confidence Russians hacked into both the DNC and the RNC and chose not to publicize files from the RNC. This was based on evidence obtained before the election. A senior U.S. official said this was the consensus of multiple intelligence agencies. The CIA said the foreign intelligence agents were Russian operatives previously known to the U.S. The CIA told U.S. Senators it was strongly apparent Russia's intentions were to help Trump.

Vladimir Putin involvement

NBC News reported two senior federal employees said post-election intelligence led officials to believe Vladimir Putin personally controlled the operation. They said Putin's motives started as a feud against Hillary Clinton, and grew into a desire to foment global distrust of the U.S. They said the operation needed approval by top Russian officials, as Putin maintained absolute control. This assessment was echoed by officials to CBS News. ABC News reported similar accounts from U.S. and foreign officials. According to ABC News, the operation began with low-level Russian military, as an effort to penetrate computers belonging to Democratic and Republican politicians. Putin became personally involved after Russia accessed the DNC. Two senior officials told CNN the scale of the operation required support from the Russian government's top authority. Reuters reported that under Putin's direction the goals evolved from criticizing American democracy to attacking Clinton. Putin's aims shifted to help elect Trump during 2016, as he felt the candidate would favor Russia with regards to U.S. financial sanctions. An intelligence official explained to Reuters that due to Putin's prior experience as an operative for the KGB, he maintained tighter control over Russian intelligence operations.

Deputy National Security Adviser Ben Rhodes appeared on MSNBC on December 15, 2016 and agreed with this assessment, saying operations of this magnitude required Putin's consent. White House Press Secretary Josh Earnest noted in a December 15 press conference that the U.S. Intelligence Community reached similar conclusions, and he quoted from the October 2016 joint-letter by the Director of National Intelligence and Department of Homeland Security, saying the operation required top-level Russian government approval.

Federal Bureau of Investigation

In June 2016, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) notified the Illinois Republican Party in June that some of its email accounts may have been hacked. On October 31, 2016, The New York Times stated that the FBI had been examining possible connections between Trump and Russia did not find a connection. At the time FBI officials thought Russia was motivated to create chaos generally and not specifically elect Trump. An unnamed official disputed the RNC servers were hacked, and stated that Russian attempts to access the RNC server were unsuccessful. In a December 11, 2016 interview with George Stephanopoulos of ABC News, RNC chair Reince Priebus stated they communicated with the FBI when they learned about hacking of the DNC, and after a review it was determined their servers were secure. During a House Intelligence Committee hearing, the FBI said they were unclear as to motive.

On December 16, 2016, Director of the Central Intelligence Agency John O. Brennan stated the FBI and Director of National Intelligence supported the CIA's conclusion that the Russian government interfered in the U.S. elections in 2016 with the motive of assisting Donald Trump in securing the White House, and attacking U.S. democratic values. Brennan sent a letter to his staff saying he held a meeting with Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation James Comey and Director of National Intelligence James R. Clapper, and that all were in agreement about these conclusions. Brennan's letter stated: "Earlier this week, I met separately with (Director) FBI James Comey and DNI Jim Clapper, and there is strong consensus among us on the scope, nature, and intent of Russian interference in our presidential election." Brennan said the FBI, CIA, and DNI all acknowledged the importance of working together to complete the president's order to investigate.

Government response

U.S. Senate

Members of the U.S. Senate Intelligence Committee traveled to Ukraine and Poland in 2016 and learned about Russian operations to influence their elections. U.S. Senator Angus King said tactics used by Russia during the 2016 U.S. election were analogous to those used against other countries. King said the problem frustrated both political parties. On November 30, 2016, seven members of the U.S. Senate Intelligence Committee asked President Obama to declassify and publicize more information on Russia's role in the U.S. election. Representatives in the U.S. Congress took action to monitor the national security of the United States by advancing legislation to monitor propaganda. On November 30, 2016, legislators approved a measure within the National Defense Authorization Act to ask the U.S. State Department act against propaganda with an inter-agency panel. The initiative was developed through a bipartisan bill, the Countering Foreign Propaganda and Disinformation Act, written by U.S. Senators Republican Rob Portman and Democrat Chris Murphy. U.S. Senate Intelligence Committee member Ron Wyden said frustration over covert Russian propaganda was bipartisan.

Republican U.S. Senators stated they planned to hold hearings and investigate Russian influence on the 2016 U.S. elections. By doing so they went against the preference of incoming Republican President-elect Trump, who downplayed Russian interference. U.S. Senate Armed Services Committee Chairman John McCain and U.S. Senate Intelligence Committee Chairman Richard Burr planned investigations of Russian cyberwarfare. U.S. Senate Foreign Relations Committee Chairman Bob Corker planned a 2017 investigation. Senator Lindsey Graham indicated he would conduct an investigation in the 115th Congress. On December 11, 2016, top-ranking bipartisan members of the U.S. Senate issued a joint statement together on December 11, 2016 responding to the intelligence assessments Russia influenced the election. The two Republican signers were Senators Graham and McCain, both members of the Armed Services Committee; the two Democratic signers were incoming Minority Leader Chuck Schumer, and Senator Jack Reed, the ranking member of the Armed Services Committee. They said Russian interference was deeply troubling and a bipartisan concern.

In a response to Trump's disregard for the U.S. intelligence assessments on Russia, Republican Senator John McCain said: "The facts are there." Senator McCain called for a special select committee of the U.S. Senate to investigate Russian meddling in the election. Republican Senator and Intelligence Committee member James Lankford agreed looking into Russian influence on the elections should be cooperative between parties. Republican Senator Susan Collins said a bipartisan investigation should improve proactive cyber defence. Outgoing Senate Democratic Caucus leader Senate Minority Leader Harry Reid said the FBI covered up information about Russian interference in a bid to swing the election for Trump. Reid accused FBI Director James Comey of partisanship, and called for his resignation. Reid asserted the FBI organized a "coverup" for the Russian hack to tip the election in Trump's favor.

On December 12, 2016, Senate Majority Leader Republican Mitch McConnell disagreed with Trump and expressed confidence in U.S. intelligence. McConnell added that investigation of Russia's actions "should not be a partisan issue" and said that it "defies belief" that some members of the Republican Party would not want such an investigation. McConnell announced the Senate intelligence panel would conduct an investigation into Russian interference.

In a joint bipartisan letter issued on December 18, Senators McCain, Graham, Schumer, and Reed urged McConnell to create a new, select committee to undertake a "comprehensive investigation of Russian interference" and develop "comprehensive recommendations and, as necessary, new legislation to modernize our nation’s laws, governmental organization, and related practices to meet this challenge." McConnell, by contrast, has thus far held that the Senate Intelligence Committee is "more than capable of conducting a complete review" and that creating a select committee was unnecessary.

In a December 14, 2016 interview with Wolf Blitzer on CNN, Senator Lindsey Graham said Russians hacked into his Senate campaign email. Graham said the FBI contacted his campaign in August 2016 to notify them of the breach in security which occurred in June to his campaign vendor. On December 15, 2016, Senator Graham stated in order for Trump's nominee for United States Secretary of State, Rex Tillerson, to earn his confirmation vote, Tillerson would need to acknowledge his belief Russia interfered in the 2016 elections. On December 16, 2016, U.S. Senate Intelligence Committee Chairman Richard Burr said he supported the U.S. intelligence community conclusions. Burr stated intelligence employees working for the U.S. are diverse and hold varied political views. The U.S. Senate Intelligence Committee issued a release emphasizing they earnestly took into consideration the fact that both the Senate Majority and Minority Leaders were in agreement a bipartisan investigation should take place.

U.S. House of Representatives

U.S. Representative Adam Schiff, Ranking Member of the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, commented on Putin's aims, and said U.S. intelligence agencies were concerned with Russian propaganda. Speaking about disinformation that appeared in Hungary, Slovakia, the Czech Republic, and Poland, Schiff said there was an increase of the same behavior in the U.S. Schiff concluded Russian propaganda operations would continue against the U.S. after the election. He put forth a recommendation for a combined House and Senate investigation similar to the Joint Inquiry into Intelligence Community Activities before and after the Terrorist Attacks of September 11, 2001.

Republican U.S. Speaker of the House Paul Ryan said external interference in U.S. elections was intolerable. Ryan said an investigation should be conducted by Nunes, and stated interference from Russia was troubling due to Putin's activities against the U.S. On December 12, 2016, U.S. House Intelligence Committee chairman Representative Devin Nunes emphasized that at the time he had only viewed circumstantial evidence Russia intended to assist Trump win. On December 14, Nunes requested a formal briefing gain more information about assertions officials had revealed to the media,; the DNI refused, citing the ongoing review ordered by President Obama.

Obama Administration

President Obama and Vladimir Putin had a discussion about computer security issues in September 2016, which took place over the course of an hour and a half. During the discussion, which took place as a side segment during the then-ongoing G20 summit in China, Obama made his views known on cyber security matters between the U.S. and Russia. On December 9, 2016, President Obama ordered the U.S. Intelligence Community to investigate Russian interference in the election and report before he leaves office on January 20, 2017. U.S. Homeland Security Advisor and chief counterterrorism advisor to the president Lisa Monaco announced the study, and said foreign intrusion into a U.S. election was unprecedented and would necessitate investigation by subsequent administrations. The intelligence analysis would cover malicious cyberwarfare during the 2008 election to 2016. A senior administration official told CNN the White House was confident Russia interfered in the election. The official said the ordered by President Obama would be a lessons learned report, with options including sanctions and covert cyber response against Russia.

On December 12, 2016, White House Press Secretary Josh Earnest was critical of Trump's rejection of the idea that Russia used cyber-attacks to influence the election. Earnest contrasted Trump's comments on Twitter with the October 2016 conclusions of the U.S. Intelligence Community. At a subsequent White House press conference on December 15, Earnest said Trump and the public were aware prior to the 2016 election of Russian interference efforts, calling these undisputed facts. United States Secretary of State John Kerry spoke on December 15, 2016, about President Obama's decision to approve the October 2016 joint statement by the Department of Homeland Security and the Office of the Director of National Intelligence. Kerry stated the president's decision was deliberative and relied upon information cautiously weighed by the intelligence agencies. He said the president felt a need to warn the U.S. public and did.

President Obama was interviewed about the Russian covert operation on December 15, 2016 in an interview with National Public Radio journalist Steve Inskeep for the next day's Morning Edition program. Obama said the U.S. government would respond in overt and covert methods. The president said the government would be better able to speak to motive behind the Russian operation after the intelligence report he ordered was completed. Obama emphasized Russian efforts caused more harm to Clinton than Trump during the campaign. At a press conference the following day, President Obama highlighted his September 2016 admonition to Putin to cease engaging in cyberwarfare against the U.S. Obama explained the U.S. did not publicly reciprocate against Russia's actions due to a fear such choices would appear partisan. He said the U.S. would respond in order to send an unambiguous symbol to the world there were harsh consequences for such interference. President Obama minimized conflict between his administration and the Trump transition, stressing cyber warfare against the U.S. should be a bipartisan issue.

Commentary and reactions

Hillary Clinton

Hillary Clinton appeared on December 15, 2016 at the Plaza Hotel in Midtown Manhattan, New York City and gave a gratitude speech to her campaign donors in which she reflected on Putin's motivations for the covert operation. She partially attributed her loss in the 2016 election to Russian meddling organized by Putin. Clinton said Putin had a personal grudge against her, and linked his feelings to her criticism of the 2011 Russian legislative election and that he felt she was responsible for fomenting the 2011–13 Russian protests. She drew a specific connection from her 2011 assertions as U.S. Secretary of State in 2011 that Putin rigged the elections that year, to his actions in the 2016 U.S. elections. Clinton said that by personally attacking her through meddling in the election Putin additionally took a strike at the American democratic system. She said the cyber warfare was a larger issue than herself personally, and called them an attempt to attack the national security of the United States. Clinton noted she was unsuccessful in sufficiently publicizing to the media the cyber attacks against her campaign in the months leading up to the election. She voiced her support for a proposal put forth by U.S. Senators from both parties, to set up an investigative panel to look into the matter akin to the 9/11 Commission.

Republican National Committee

The RNC said there was no intrusion into its servers, while acknowledging email accounts of individual Republicans (including Colin Powell) were breached. Over 200 emails from Colin Powell were posted on the website DC Leaks. Chief of staff-designate for Trump and outgoing RNC Chairman Reince Priebus appeared on Meet the Press on December 11, 2016, and discounted the CIA conclusions. Priebus relayed the FBI investigated and found RNC servers had not been hacked. When asked by Chuck Todd whether Russia interfered in the election, Priebus stated there had been no decisive document asserting Russian involvement — a statement rated "False" by the fact-checking website Politifact.com, who noted Priebus neglected conclusions from the Director of Intelligence and Department of Homeland Security from October 2016.

Donald Trump

In September 2016, during the first presidential debate, Donald Trump said he doubted whether anyone was aware who hacked the DNC, and disputed Russian interference During the second debate, Trump said there might not have been hacking at all, and questioned why accountability was placed on Russia. After the election, Trump rejected the CIA analysis. Trump's transition team offered an official statement drawing attention to prior inaccuracy at the CIA. The statement said, regarding those at the CIA who concluded Russian interference in the election, "These are the same people that said Saddam Hussein had weapons of mass destruction." However, the intelligence analysts involved in monitoring Russian activities are most likely different from those who assessed that Iraq had stockpiles of weapons of mass destruction. Reacting to The Washington Post's reporting, Trump did not believe Russia's interference, and called it absurd. He placed blame on Democrats upset over election results for publicizing these reports.

WikiLeaks

In July 2016, WikiLeaks founder Julian Assange stated he had not seen evidence emails leaked from the DNC were traceable to Russia. In November 2016, Assange denied Russia was the source of John Podesta's hacked emails published by Wikileaks. Assange refused to elaborate on reports that appeared in The Daily Mail, that his associate Craig Murray traveled to the U.S. to obtain the leaked materials on his behalf, from a third-party who knew someone else with "legal access" to the Podesta and DNC emails. Assange said that Murray had no permission to speak on behalf of WikiLeaks.

Russian government

The Russian government said it had no involvement. In a statement given to Reuters in Moscow, Dmitry Peskov representative for Russian president Vladimir Putin said there was no likelihood Russia or its governmental organizations participated. Sergei Lavrov, Foreign Minister of Russia, rejected reports of Russian involvement in the 2016 U.S. elections. ABC News noted on reports Putin was directly involved in the covert operation, his representative referred to these accounts as "nonsense". Peskov said it was "rubbish". Reuters reported Sergei Lavrov appeared on government television station Rossiya-24 to speak about assertions Putin directed the election interference. Lavrov was shocked by the first reporting on the development by NBC News, and called such assertions "silly". On December 16, 2016, Peskov called on the U.S. government to cease discussion of the topic unless it provides evidence to back up the assertions of Russian interference during the election.

Electoral College

On December 10, ten electors, headed by Christine Pelosi, wrote an open letter to the Director of National Intelligence James Clapper demanding an intelligence briefing on investigations into foreign intervention in the presidential election. Fifty-eight additional electors subsequently added their names to the letter, bringing the total to 68 electors from 17 different states. The Clinton campaign supported the call for a classified briefing for electors, with John Podesta saying bipartisan request dealt with national security and the electors were exercising their Constitutional obligations.

Intelligence community

Current members

The CIA assessment, and Trump's dismissal of it, created an immediate and unprecedented rupture between the president-elect and the intelligence community. On December 11, 2016, U.S. intelligence officials responded to Trump's denunciation of its findings in a written statement, and expressed dismay Trump disputed their conclusions as politically motivated or inaccurate. They wrote intelligence officials were motivated to defend U.S. national security. On the same day, The Guardian reported that members of the intelligence community feared reprisals from Donald Trump once he takes office, in response to the reports that have been issued. Serving officers pointed to Trump's attempts to identify civil servants in the Department of Energy that had participated in symposiums on climate change as a parallel example. Other serving officers stated that retaliation by Trump was a near certainty.

Former members

Former CIA director Michael Morell said foreign interference in U.S. elections was an existential threat and called it the "political equivalent" of the September 11 attacks. In a Washington Post op-ed, former NSA director and CIA director Michael V. Hayden wrote that Trump's attack on the Intelligence Community's findings diminished the chances that the incoming administration would use intelligence for logical policy-making decisions. Former CIA spokesman George E. Little condemned Trump for dismissing the CIA assessment, saying that the president-elect's atypical response was disgraceful and denigrated the courage of those who serve in the CIA at risk to their own lives. Another former CIA spokesman, Bill Harlow, said that the dispute between Trump and the CIA was a hideous development and unheard of to occur publicly.

Independent presidential candidate and former CIA intelligence officer Evan McMullin said Republican leadership did not respond adequately during the 2016 election to their knowledge at the time about Russia's efforts to meddle in the process. McMullin said Republican politicians were aware the publicly revealed information about Russia's interference was likely simply the tip of the iceberg relative to the actual threat. McMullin said that with his experience having worked as an intelligence officer he was distressed by the CIA revelations. He said Republicans had not acted on the issue sufficiently during the election because they placed importance of the Republican party over U.S. national concerns.

Experts and scholars

Former U.S. ambassador to Russia Michael McFaul, director of the Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies at Stanford University, writing in The Washington Post, called the known facts about Russian interference in the election worrying and called for a full investigation to determine the facts that were still uncertain. McFaul said the investigation announced by President Obama was a smart first step, and wrote a significant inquiry would take longer, its investigators should come from both political parties, and look into decisions by the Obama Administration itself. McFaul called for a bipartisan inquiry to prepare for the 2020 U.S. election.

Historian Robert S. McElvaine wrote that there should be significant upset over the CIA's conclusion of Russian interference. McElvaine called actions by a foreign government to engage in manipulation of democratic processes as the most problematic scandal in U.S. history. He said this eventuality was specifically why the Founding Fathers of the United States created the Electoral College to intervene in such instances. McElvaine referred to Federalist No. 68 in calling upon the Electoral College to adopt a Government of National Unity.

Cybersecurity columnist, Joseph Steinberg, writing in Inc., stated an investigation into the possible hacking was warranted. Steinberg questioned if the public had a right to know whether there was negligence on the part of the government in protecting voting infrastructure, and by the DNC in protecting its information systems.

See also

• 2016 Democratic National Committee email leak
• American influence in the Honduran general election, 2009
• Cozy Bear
• Cyberwarfare by Russia
• Office of Personnel Management data breach
• Cyberwarfare in China
• DC Leaks
• Fancy Bear
• Operation Aurora
• Russian espionage in the United States
• Yahoo! data breaches

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Further reading

• Andrew Weisburd, Clint Watts and JM Berger (November 6, 2016), "Trolling for Trump: How Russia is Trying to Destroy Our Democracy", War on the Rocks, retrieved December 6, 2016
• Strohm, Chris (December 1, 2016), "Russia Weaponized Social Media in U.S. Election, FireEye Says", Bloomberg News, retrieved December 1, 2016
• Demirjian, Karoun (December 8, 2016), "Republicans ready to launch wide-ranging probe of Russia, despite Trump's stance", Chicago Tribune, The Washington Post, retrieved December 10, 2016
• Porter, Tom (December 1, 2016), "US House of representatives backs proposal to counter global Russian subversion", International Business Times UK edition, retrieved December 1, 2016

External links

• U.S. Department of Homeland Security and Director of National Intelligence (October 7, 2016), Joint Statement from the Department Of Homeland Security and Office of the Director of National Intelligence on Election Security, archived from the original on December 10, 2016, retrieved December 11, 2016
• John McCain, Lindsey Graham, Chuck Schumer, Jack Reed (December 11, 2016), McCain, Graham, Schumer, Reed Joint Statement on Reports That Russia Interfered with the 2016 Election, United States Senate Committee on Armed Services, retrieved December 11, 2016{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

• Articles to be merged from December 2016
• Donald Trump controversies
• Espionage in the United States
• Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation
• Foreign influence in national elections
• Information technology in Russia
• Internet in Russia
• Internet manipulation and propaganda
• Propaganda in Russia
• Russia–United States relations
• Russia intelligence operations
• United States presidential election, 2016