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National liberalism (Template:Lang-de; Template:Lang-da; Template:Lang-fi; Template:Lang-sv; Template:Lang-ro) is a variant of liberalism, combining liberal policies and issues with elements of nationalism, and/or a term used to describe a series of European political parties that have been active, especially in the 19th century, in several national contexts from Central Europe to the Nordic countries and Southeast Europe.

Definitions

National liberalism, whose goals where the pursuit of individual/economic freedom and national sovereignty, refers primarily to an ideology and a movement of the 19th century, but national-liberal parties exist today, for instance in Austria, where the ideology is one of the three country's traditional ideological strains, and Romania, where it is at the base of the oldest and second-largest political party of the country. József Antall, the first post-communist Prime Minister of Hungary, described national liberalism as "part and parcel of the emergence of the nation state" in 19th-century Europe.

According to Oskar Mulej, "in terms of both ideologies and political party traditions it may be argued that in the Central European lands a distinct type of liberalism, peculiar to this region evolved through the nineteenth century" and, citing Maciej Janowski, "the word 'national' acted as more or less synonymous with 'liberal'" ("'national' alone was sufficient to arouse suspicions of liberal associations"). Also according to Mulej, in Southeast Europe "'national liberals' also played visible if not central roles, but with rather different, region-specific characteristics, which to a considerable extent distinguished them from their Central European counterparts".

In his book Up From Conservatism, Michael Lind defines "national liberalism" in a way that The Progressive describes as matching historian Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr.'s use of the expression "Vital Center". Lind himself defines "national liberalism" as uniting "moderate social conservatism with moderate economic liberalism."

History

The roots of national liberalism are to be found in the 19th century, when conservative liberalism and/or classical liberalism was the ideology of the political classes in most European countries and in particular those of Central Europe, then governed by hereditary monarchies.

At their origin, national liberals, although pro-business, were not, however, Manchesterian free-traders, that is advocates of economic liberalism, like the mainstream liberals of the 19th century everywhere else in the world, favoring instead cooperation between the government and the national industry by moderate levels of protectionism, the establishment of preferential custom unions, subsidies for infant industry or companies considered of strategic importance for national development, and various forms of incipient industrial planning. In German-speaking countries, national liberals were also in favour of a more authoritarian or conservative political regime because of the multi-ethnic character or heterogeneous nature of countries like the Austrian Empire (later officially renamed Austria-Hungary) or the newly created Germany.

National liberalism was popular in a number of countries including Germany, Austria, Denmark, Sweden, Finland, and Romania during the 19th century. In Germany, Austria and Romania, national liberals and/or "National Liberal" parties were long in government.

Germany

In 19th-century Germany believers in national liberalism differed from liberal nationalists in that they believed in a more authoritarian presence in Europe and a strong Germanic Empire. Liberal nationalists, such as Max Weber, were looking towards a democratic Germany in cooperation with the other European powers.

At the time of the German Empire national liberalism was represented by the National Liberal Party (NLP), the largest in the Reichstag for several years. During the Weimar Republic the NLP was succeeded by the German People's Party (DVP), whose main leader was Gustav Stresemann, Chancellor (1923) and Minister of Foreign Affairs (1923–29). The DVP has been classified as a "national-liberal" party by several observers.

The current Free Democratic Party, which was the joint successor of the DVP and the social-liberal German Democratic Party, originally featured conservative and partly nationalist efforts, which were particularly strong in some state associations until the 1950s, and still includes a national-liberal faction, which holds a consistently Eurosceptic position, differently from the rest of the party. Some right-wing elements of the FDP, including Sven Tritschler (former leader of FDP's Stresemann Club), have more recently joined the Alternative for Germany (AfD), which has in turn been characterised by some observers as "national-liberal".

Austria

In Austria-Hungary the Constitutional Party was the main representative of national liberalism. In Austria, national liberalism has remained the basis of one of the three Lager, or ideological camps, in the country, dating back to the Revolutions of 1848 in the Austrian Empire. During the interwar period, the national-liberal camp was gathered into the Greater German People's Party. By 1938, with the Anschluss of Austria into Nazi Germany, the national-liberal camp had been swallowed whole by Austrian National Socialism and all other parties were eventually absorbed into Nazi totalitarianism. Both Socialists and Christian Socials were persecuted under the Nazi regime, and the national-liberal camp was scarred after the war due to guilt by association with National Socialism.

In 1949 the Federation of Independents (VdU) was founded as a national-liberal alternative to the main Austrian parties. It incorporated an array of political movements, including free-market liberals, populists, former Nazis and German nationalists, all of whom had been unable to join either of the two main parties. The VdU evolved into the Freedom Party of Austria (FPÖ) in 1955–56. When Jörg Haider was chosen as new FPÖ leader in 1986, the party started an ideological turn towards right-wing populism, which resulted in the split of most liberals, who formed the Liberal Forum (LiF), which took over the FPÖ's membership in the Liberal International and would later eventually merge into NEOS. Haider himself would split from the party and form the Alliance for the Future of Austria in 2005.

Denmark

In Denmark, from the 1840s, the core concept of "national liberalism" was that the nation and the state should have the same extent. National liberals supported the union the Kingdom of Denmark and the Duchy of Schleswig under a common constitutional framework. On the economy, the state should not interfere with trade and the national-liberal economic vision was transposed in the 1857 Law on Freedom of Business, which abolished the last remnants of the feudal monopolies which had previously formed the framework for the craft of the cities. Danish national liberal supported Scandinavism and, thus, Scandinavian unity.

Sweden

In Sweden, in the 1860s, liberals described themselves as "national liberals", the national liberaler, and constitued a coalition of monarchists and liberal reformists in support of parliamentary reforms. Also Swedish national liberals supported Scandinavism.

Finland

In the Grand Duchy of Finland, an autonomous part of the Russian Empire, where as many as 80% of the population was Protestant and Finnish-speaking, somewhat under 20% were Protestant Swedish speakers (Sweden ruled Finland until 1809,) and a small number were Russian Orthodox, the term "national liberal" was used by elite speakers of Swedish who advocated liberal ideals but who wanted to keep Swedish as the dominant language, an idea opposed by Finnish-speaking nationalists.

Romania

In Romania the National Liberal Party (PNL), founded in 1875, revived in 1990 and enlarged in 2014, has also been part of the national-liberal tradition.

Other uses

In the 1990s a Russian movement self-describing as "national liberalism" claimed to be redefining "liberal" principles as understood in the Western tradition to produce a "national liberalism" better suited to Russian culture.

Political parties

Many political parties have included "national liberal" in their names or ideology. A list is available at National Liberal Party.

Footnotes

1. Lothar Gall und Dieter Langewiesche - Liberalismus und Region, München 1995, pp. 4–10.
2. Özsel, Doğancan (2011). Reflections on Conservatism. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 255. ISBN 1443833959. Retrieved 16 May 2017.
3. ^ http://rcin.org.pl/Content/56895/WA303_77550_A295-APH-R-111_Mulej.pdf
4. Maciej Janowski, ‘ Wavering Friendship : liberal and national ideas in nineteenth century East-Central Europe’, Ab Imperio , 3–4 (2000), 69–90, 80.
5. http://www.iwm.at/publications/5-junior-visiting-fellows-conferences/vol-xxxiii/national-liberal-heirs-of-the-old-austria
6. http://www.worldebooklibrary.org/articles/Liberalism_in_Austria
7. Harvey, Kaye (October 1966). "Wobbling around the center". The Progressive. Retrieved 16 May 2017.
8. Lind, Michael (2013). Up from Conservatism. Simon and Schuster. p. 32. ISBN 1476761159. Retrieved 16 May 2017.
9. ^ Kurunmaki, Jussi. “On the Difficulty of Being a National Liberal in Nineteenth-Century Finland.” Contributions to the History of Concepts, vol. 8, no. 2, 2013, pp. 83–95., http://www.jstor.org/stable/43610946.
10. Dittberner, Jürgen (2008), Sozialer Liberalismus: Ein Plädoyer, Logos, pp. 55, 58
11. Neugebauer, Wolfgang (ed.) (2000), Handbuch der Preussischen Geschichte, vol. 3, de Gruyter, p. 221 {{citation}}: |first= has generic name (help)
12. Van De Grift, Liesbeth (2012), Securing the Communist State: The Reconstruction of Coercive Institutions in the Soviet Zone of Germany and Romania, 1944-48, Lexington Books, p. 41
13. Gert-Joachim Glaeßner: Politik in Deutschland, VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften 2006, p. 457
14. Kirchner, Emil Joseph (1988). Liberal Parties in Western Europe. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge. p. 214. ISBN 978-0-521-32394-9.
15. Taggart, Paul; Szczerbiak, Aleks. "The Party Politics of Euroscepticism in EU Member and Candidate States" (PDF). SEI Working Paper. 51. Sussex European Institute: 11. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
16. https://rechtsliberale.wordpress.com/personen
17. http://www1.wdr.de/fernsehen/westpol/sendungen/afd-nrw-steckbriefe-100.html
18. https://www.freitag.de/autoren/idefix/die-populistische-versuchung
19. https://www.tagesschau.de/inland/patzelt-sachsen-landtagswahl-100.html
20. Riedlsperger, Max (1998). "The Freedom Party of Austria: From Protest to Radical Right Populism". In Betz, Hans-Georg; Immerfall, Stefan (eds.). The new politics of the Right: neo-Populist parties and movements in established democracies. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-312-21338-1.
21. Jelavich, Barbara (1987). Modern Austria: Empire and Republic, 1815-1986. Cambridge University Press. p. 168.
22. ^ Riedlsperger, Max (1998). "The Freedom Party of Austria: From Protest to Radical Right Populism". In Betz, Hans-Georg; Immerfall, Stefan (eds.). The new politics of the Right: neo-Populist parties and movements in established democracies. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 28. ISBN 978-0-312-21338-1.
23. ^ Meret, Susi (2010). The Danish People’s Party, the Italian Northern League and the Austrian Freedom Party in a Comparative Perspective: Party Ideology and Electoral Support (PhD thesis). SPIRIT PhD Series. Vol. 25. University of Aalborg. p. 186. ISSN 1903-7783.
24. Krzyżanowski, Michał; Wodak, Ruth (2009). The politics of exclusion: debating migration in Austria. Transaction. p. 36. ISBN 978-1-4128-0836-1.
25. Blamires, Cypriam (2006). World fascism: a historical encyclopedia. Vol. 1. ABC-CLIO. p. 70. ISBN 978-1-57607-940-9.
26. Prakke, L.; Kortmann, C. A. J. M.; van den Brandhof, J. C. E. (2004). Constitutional law of 15 EU member states. Kluwer. p. 42. ISBN 978-90-13-01255-2.
27. Piringer, Kurt (1982). Die Geschichte der Freiheitlichen. Orac. p. 326.
28. Schambeck, Herbert (1986). Österreichs Parlamentarismus: Werden und System. Duncker & Humblot. ISBN 978-3-428-06098-6.
29. http://www.danmarkshistorien.dk/leksikon-og-kilder/vis/materiale/nationalliberalisme
30. ^ Mary Hilson (2006). "Denmark, Norway, and Sweden". In Timothy Baycroft; Mark Hewitson (eds.). What Is a Nation?: Europe 1789-1914. OUP Oxford. p. 203. ISBN 978-0-19-929575-3.
31. Evans, Mark (2001). The Edinburgh Companion to Contemporary Liberalism. PsychologyPress. p. 273. ISBN 1579583393. {{cite book}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)

References

• Verlag Beck, Germany from Napoléon to Bismarck, 1800-1866, Princeton University Press
• Lucien Calvié, Unité nationale et liberté politique chez quelques libéraux allemands au début des années 30 and Naissance et évolution du libéralisme allemand, in Françoise Knopper and Gilbert Merlio (edited by), Notices politiques et littéraires sur l'Allemagne, Presses Universitaires du Mirail, Paris, 1835
• Alfred Wahl, Les forces politiques en Allemagne, Armand Colin

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• National liberalism
• Political ideologies
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