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{{cleanup-cliche| superficial treatment of the topic in various sources. Please help structuring this article, and clean up unreferenced material and use of inappropriate sources}} |
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'''Islamic fascism''' is a term adopted by journalists including ] and ] intended to refer to ] extremists, including ] groups such as ]. The term has gained wide currency in the ], particularly among ]. The term is a pejorative coined by critics of militant Islamist groups - there are no self-identified Islamic fascists. The most recent appellation by President Bush describing assorted cells of British Muslims of Pakistani origin in England. |
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'''Islamofascism''' is a ] and ] used to compare the ideological or operational characteristics of certain modern ] movements with ]an ] movements of the early ], ] movements, or ]. Organizations that have been labeled Islamofascist include ], the current ],<ref>{{cite web | url = http://washingtontimes.com/commentary/20060116-100037-9847r.htm | title = Mortal threat | publisher = The Washington Times | date = ]}}</ref> the ], the ], ], and ]. None label themselves fascist, however, and critics of the term argue that associating the religion of ] with ] is both offensive and historically inaccurate. |
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] is a particular kind of ] political movement adopted in ] during the ]. On the ]an axis of ] fascism is understood to be an expression of extreme ]. Modern usage has tended to extend the definition of the term to refer to any ] worldview regardless of political ideology (''see: ]''). In the case of "Islamic fascism" this refers to political movements that either call for, or are believed by their opponents to call for, some authoritarian imposition of ]. This explains how critics associate the term with groups of Islamic fundamentalists like the ] which governed ], al Qaeda, ], and ]. |
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Robert S. Wistrich has described Islamic fascism as adopting a ] mind-set, a hatred of the West, fanatical extremism, repression of women, loathing of Jews, a firm belief in conspiracy theories, and dreams of global hegemony. |
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Many dispute the accuracy of the term Islamic "fascism." They point to the fact that political ideologies actually derived from fascism have been violently opposed to ].{{fact}} |
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On the other hand, ] equates only militant Islamism to fascism. Thus Pipes and most others critics say they refer to a small number of ] zealots, including ] groups such as ]. |
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The use of the term "Islamofascism" is contentious and discussed on the page ]. For pre-1945 events, see ]. |
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==Concepts and terms== |
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{{Main|Neofascism and religion}} |
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Although the concept of ] is used widely in analyzing certain forms of fascism, it is disputed whether the term may be used to accurately describe certain Islamist groups. Some scholars say it is fair, including Walter Laqueur who discusses fascistic influences on militant Islam in his book ''Fascism: Past, Present, Future.'' |
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Robert S. Wistrich has described Islamic fascism as adopting a totalitarian mind-set, a hatred of the West, fanatical extremism, repression of women, loathing of Jews, a firm belief in conspiracy theories, and dreams of global hegemony. |
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J. Sakai, an analyst, has suggested that some middle class Islamists have formed groups that can be called fascist . |
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Still, many dispute the accuracy of the term "Islamic fascism". They argue that political ideologies in the Middle East derived from fascism have usually been violently opposed to ]. (''see: ]''). Fascist-derived ideologies in the Middle East such as the ], the ], and the ] have been explicitly secular and have drawn their strongest support from minority groups in the Arab world that feared the consequences of an Islamist government. The founders of the SSNP, the Baath, and the Kataeb were all Christians, and the movements have tended to have their strongest Muslim support from religious minorities like the Sunni Arabs of ] or the ]s of ]. |
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Discussions of Islamic neofascism often point to ] or ] Islam, which are claimed to display some of the signifiers of fascism or totalitarianism, , . Sometimes there are specific references to the ] and similar movements in ] inspired by the writings of ], while others use the term neofascism to describe all highly politicized strains of Islam, including ] radicalism as practiced in Iran. Iran practices partial control of the economy, nationalism and ], thus sharing some common ground with fascism. |
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Politicized strains of Islam, which seek to replace secular governments in Muslim countries with ] law, are often simply called ], but this is a broad political category which covers political movements such as ]'s ] which do not seek to overthrow secular constitutions. The classification of that party as Islamist is, however, disputed, precisely on those grounds. Others have proposed to classify it as an ] movement instead. |
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==Application== |
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Some writers have used "Islamofascism" to refer strictly to Islamic movements whose doctrines reflect the influence of propaganda promoted by the Nazis, especially the anti-Semitic ]. This includes Egypt's ]<ref name="erikson">{{cite web | last = Erikson | first = Marc | url = http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle_East/DL04Ak01.html | title = Islamism, fascism and terrorism | publisher = Asia Times | date = 2002-12-04 | accessdate = 2006-04-19}}</ref> and other movements inspired by the writings of ], an Egyptian Islamist who acknowledged that he was influenced by French fascist philosopher ].<ref name="Berman ">Paul Berman, Terror and Liberalism, 2003 / hardcover / ISBN 0-393-05775-5</ref> Other sources point out that Carrel did not see himself as a fascist, but he was affiliated with the ].<ref name="Walther">{{cite web | last = Walther | first = Rudolf | url = http://www.zeit.de/2003/32/A-Carrel | title = Die seltsamen Lehren des Doktor Carrel (The Exceptional Doctrines of Dr. Carrel)| work = DIE ZEIT | date = ] ] | accessdate = 2006-08-11}}: |
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:Zu Beginn des Zweiten Weltkriegs kehrte er erneut in die Heimat zurück; im Vichy-Frankreich machte ihn Marschall Pétain 1941 zum Chef der (...) Stiftung für das Studium der Probleme des Menschen. (...) Für Carrel gehörten Kapitalismus, Faschismus, Sozialismus und Kommunismus gleichermaßen in die „Zeit des Obskurantismus“. Die Demokratie wollte er durch eine „Biokratie“ ersetzen (...) |
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:At the start of the ] he (Carrel) returned refreshed to his home country; In 1941 ] ] made him director of the (...) ''Foundation for the study of the problems of mankind''. (...) For Carrel ], ''']''', ] and ] alike belonged to the "Age of ]". He wanted to replace democracy by what he called ], (...) |
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</ref> Others have applied it to all highly politicized strains of Islam, including ] radicalism as practised in ]. |
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While several modern political and militant organizations describe themselves as "Islamist", none refer to themselves as "fascist." Some view the term as an historically inaccurate metaphor.<ref name="sobran">{{cite web | last = Sobran | first = Joe | url = http://www.sobran.com/columns/2004/041111.shtml | title = Words in Wartime | accessdate = 2006-04-18}}</ref><ref name="stille">{{cite web | last = Stille | first = Alexander | url = http://www.16beavergroup.org/mtarchive/archives/000470.php | title = The Latest Obscenity Has Seven Letters | origdate = 2003-09-14}}</ref> The term is generally not used to describe historic fascist organizations that had Muslim members. A few scholars have cautiously used the term fascism to discuss certain forms of militant Islamic fundamentalism. (See: ].) |
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The more widely used term for politicized strains of Islam that seek to place governments in Muslim countries under the guidance of ] law is ]. |
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Islamists do not advocate ], an important component of "classic" fascist governments in ] and ]. However, the Islamist idea of ] has been compared to the German fascist idea of ]. <ref name="erikson"/> |
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Historian of fascism, Roger Eatwell, notes that the debate can be traced back to fascism's heyday: "Some made this equation – though in the reverse direction - back in the 1930s. For instance, ] said of ] in 1939: 'he is like ]. The emotion in Germany is Islamic, warlike and Islamic. They are all drunk with a wild god.'." <ref name="Jung">C. Jung, The Collected Works of C.G. Jung, Vol. 10. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1970, cited in Roger Eatwell "Reflections on Fascism and Religion" in Special Issue of Totalitarian Movements and Politics Religions, 4,3, 200, (Guest eds. A. Pedahzur and L. Weinberg), Religious Fundamentalism and Political Extremism </ref> |
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==Origins and usage== |
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The origins of the term are unclear, but appear to date back to an article, "Construing Islam as a language", by ] that appeared on ], ] in '']'', where he wrote: |
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<blockquote>Nevertheless there is what might be called a political problem affecting the ] world. In contrast to the heirs of some other non-Western traditions, including ], ] and ], Islamic societies seem to have found it particularly hard to institutionalise divergences politically: authoritarian government, not to say Islamo-fascism, is the rule rather than the exception from ] to ].</blockquote> |
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'']'' attributes the term to an article by Muslim scholar ] in the '']'', where he used it to describe the push by some Islamist clerics to "impose religious orthodoxy on the state and the citizenry".<ref name="scardino">{{cite web | last = Scardino | first = Albert | url = http://www.guardian.co.uk/comment/story/0,3604,1405605,00.html | title = 1-0 in the propaganda war | publisher = The Guardian | origdate = 2005-02-04 | accessdate = 2006-04-19}}</ref> |
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British journalist ] used the term "Islamic fascism" or "theocratic fascism" to describe the ''fatwa'' declared on ], ] by ] against ] over '']'', an event that was pivotal in shaping the attitude toward Islamism of Hitchens and several other prominent journalists on the left.<ref name="hari">{{cite web | url = http://www.johannhari.com/archive/article.php?id=450 | title = In enemy territory? An interview with Christopher Hitchens | origdate = 2004-09-23 | accessdate = 2006-04-19}}</ref> Hitchens also used the term "fascism with an Islamic face" in ]<ref name="hitchens">{{cite web | url = http://www.thenation.com/doc/20011008/hitchens20010924 | title = Of Sin, the Left & Islamic Fascism | publisher = The Nation | origdate = 2001-09-04 | accessdate = 2006-04-19}}</ref> after the 9/11 attacks, when the phrase spread to the ], shortened to "Islamofascism." For Hitchens and ex-] ], who also uses these terms, there is a resonance with phrases like ] used by Marxists. |
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The scholar ] has also described Islamism as a new form of ].<ref name="Laqueur">W. Laqueur, Fascism, Past, Present and Future. New York: Oxford University Press, 1995. See extract at http://www.thirdworldtraveler.com/Society/Postfascism_Laqueur.html</ref> |
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On ], ] President ] used the term Islamofascism in a speech to the ].<ref name="wh">{{cite web | url = http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2005/10/20051006-3.html | title = President Discusses War on Terror at National Endowment for Democracy | origdate = 2005-10-06 | accessdate = 2006-04-19}}</ref> |
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Radio talk show host ] has used the term "Islamofascism" frequently on his program. The context suggests the invocation of Islam to justify fascist-like activities. |
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In his 2004 book ''Power, Terror, Peace and War'', ] invoked a different but related term, which he calls "Arabian Fascism", to describe both secular and Islamic "enemies" of America in the Middle East. |
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==Examples of use in public discourse== |
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*"he bombers of Manhattan represent fascism with an Islamic face, and there's no point in any euphemism about it. What they abominate about "the West," to put it in a phrase, is not what Western liberals don't like and can't defend about their own system, but what they do like about it and must defend: its emancipated women, its scientific inquiry, its separation of religion from the state." — ] in '''', The Nation 2001. |
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* "What we have to understand is ... this is not really a war against terrorism, this is not really a war against al Qaeda, this is a war against movements and ideologies that are jihadist, that are Islamofascists, that aim to destroy the Western world." ], president of the ]. |
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*" attacks serve a clear and focused ideology, a set of beliefs and goals that are evil, but not insane. Some call this evil Islamic radicalism; others, militant Jihadism; still others, Islamo-fascism. Whatever it's called, this ideology is very different from the religion of Islam. This form of radicalism exploits Islam to serve a violent, political vision: the establishment, by terrorism and subversion and insurgency, of a totalitarian empire that denies all political and religious freedom."<ref name="wh"/> ], ] speaking before the ], ] ] |
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*"Far too many people on the Left are inclined to make excuses for ]. They accept its ] so long as it doesn’t target Western women. They accept its ] so long as it is ] fascism. We now have a ] led by ] and ], and much of the Left is silent about it. Acknowledging the horrors of Islamic fundamentalism would sully their consciences, which they want to keep clean for the battle against America ... Much of the ''Stop the War'' coalition now actually supports a fascist resistance movement and ignores their ]i comrades entirely. You have to look back to the ] for a historical parallel. The concept of fascism is being lost. It’s something you hear about on the history channels. But Islamic fascism is still fascism ... Islamofascism has been ripping through the ] world, often supported by America, and it should be the Left’s worst nightmare. It’s everything the Left has resisted since the ]. To ] in the face of it would be an absolute ] of intellectual responsibility ... " — ], '']''. |
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In late 2005, President ] and other high U.S. government officials began to refer to the idea of "Islamo-fascism" or (slightly later) "Islamic fascism", and suggested that opposing militant Islamic terrorism was similar to opposing the Nazis during World War II. |
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*"There's no question that if we were to prematurely withdraw and the march to democracy were to fail, the al Qaeda would be emboldened; terrorist groups would be emboldened; the Islamo-fascists would be emboldened." — ], press conference, ] ] . |
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*"The recent arrests that our fellow citizens are now learning about are a stark reminder that this nation is at war with Islamic fascists who will use any means to destroy those of us who love freedom, to hurt our nation." — ], press conference, ] ] . |
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This created a storm of controversy as supporters and opponents debated these contentions.<ref>Tom Regan , ''Christian Science Monitor'', August 31, 2006. Accessed online 4 September 2006.</ref> |
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<ref>Lisa Miller |
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When President Bush described a war against ‘Islamic fascists,’ some American Muslims became very angry. ''Newsweek'' Online, August 12, 2006. Accessed online 4 September 2006</ref> |
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<ref>Daoud Kuttab , ''Post Global'' (''Washington Post''), August 29, 2006. Accessed online 4 September 2006.</ref> <ref>Harold Evans , ''The Guardian'', August 15, 2006. Accessed online 4 September 2006.</ref> <ref>Tom Raum, , ''Washington Post'', August 3, 2006. Accessed online 4 September 2006.</ref> <ref>Katha Pollitt , ''The Nation'', posted August 24, 2006 (September 11, 2006 issue). Accessed online 4 September 2006.</ref> <ref>, ''The Nation'', posted August 24, 2006 (September 11, 2006 issue). Accessed online 4 September 2006.</ref> <ref>, ''Democracy Now'', Friday, October 7, 2005. Accessed online 4 September 2006.</ref> |
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<ref>Tony Norman , ''Pittsburgh Post-Gazette'', September 1, 2006. Accessed online 4 September 2006.</ref> |
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==Criticism of the use of fascism-related terminology== |
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A number of academics, however, disagree with the use of the term fascism in this context. Roger Griffin believes it stretches the term fascist too far to apply the term 'fascism' to "so-called fundamentalist or terrorist forms of traditional religion (i.e. scripture or sacred text based with a strong sense of orthodoxy or orthodoxies rooted in traditional institutions and teachings)." He does, however, concede that the United States has seen the emergence of hybrids of political religion and fascism in such phenomena as the ] and ], and that Bin Laden's al Qaeda network may represent such a hybrid. He is unhappy with the term 'clerical fascism,' though, since he says that "in this case we are rather dealing with a variety of 'fascistized clericalism.'" |
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Some argue that grouping disparate ideologies into one single idea of "Islamofascism" may lead to an oversimplification of the causes of terrorism. |
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:"The idea that there is some kind of autonomous "Islamofascism" that can be crushed, or that the west may defend itself against the terrorists who threaten it by cultivating that eagerness to kill militant Muslims which ] urges upon us, is a dangerous delusion. The symptoms that have led some to apply the label of "Islamofascism" are not reasons to forget root causes. They are reasons for us to examine even more carefully what those root causes actually are." He adds "'Saddam, Arafat and the Saudis hate the Jews and want to see them destroyed' . . . or so says the right-wing writer ]. And he has a point. Does the western left really grasp the extent of anti-Semitism in the Middle East? But does the right grasp the role of Europeans in creating such hatred?" —], author of ''A Brief History of Blasphemy: liberalism, censorship and 'The Satanic Verses''' writing in the ] . |
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According to ] professor ], writing about the influence of Sayyid Qutb, "(w)hatever totalitarian echoes one sees in the Qutbian vision, there are distinctions that disqualify the usage of the word "Islamofascism" to describe it, or to describe Islamic fundamentalism in general." See ]. |
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Others argue that movements characterized as "Islamofascist" are dissimilar to fascist movements of the past. According to Roxanne Euben, a professor of political science at ], |
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:"Fascism is nationalistic and Islamicism is hostile to nationalism. Fundamentalism is a transnational movement that is appealing to believers of all nations and races across national boundaries. There is no idea of racial purity as in Nazism. Islamicists have very little idea of the state. It is a religious movement, while Fascism in Europe was a secular movement. So if it's not what we really think of as nationalism, and if it's not really like what we think of as Fascist, why use these terms?"<ref name="stille"/> |
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Islamists, however, consider the community of Muslims, or ], as a nation. |
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The use of the term "Islamofascist" by proponents of the ] has prompted some critics to argue that the term is a typical example of wartime propaganda. |
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:"''Islamofascism'' is nothing but an empty propaganda term. And wartime propaganda is usually, if not always, crafted to produce hysteria, the destruction of any sense of proportion. Such words, undefined and unmeasured, are used by people more interested in making us lose our heads than in keeping their own."<ref name="sobran"/> —], syndicated columnist. |
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==See also== |
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==References== |
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===Footnotes=== |
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<!--See http://en.wikipedia.org/Wikipedia:Footnotes for an explanation of how to generate footnotes using the <ref(erences/)> tags--> |
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<references/> |
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===General=== |
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*{{cite web | url = http://www.danielpipes.org/article/81 | title = Islamism is fascism | publisher = Salon.com | origdate = 2001-10-09 | accessdate = 2006-04-19}} |
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==Further reading== |
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{{Wiktionary|Islamic Fascist}} |
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* by Albert Scardino, ''The Guardian'', ] ] |
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* by ] |
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* from ] |
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* By David Ignatius, ''The Washington Post'', ] ] |
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* by Dan Jennejohn, CNI Foundation, ] ] |
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* — criticism of Hitchens by Dave Renton |
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* Video Clips of Grand Mufti Haj Amin Al Husseini by YouTube. |
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* — ] (], ]) |
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* by Johann Hari, ''The Independent'', ] ] |
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* by Serge Trifkovic. |
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* by Marc Erikson. |
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* by Deroy Murdock in ] |
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*, by ] |
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* by David Storobin. |
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* by Christopher Hitchens, ''The Nation'', ] ] |
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*, BBC, ] ], |
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*, The White House, Office of the Press Secretary, ] ] |
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