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Li He
Li He, as depicted in the 1743 book Wanxiaotang Zhuzhuang Huazhuan (晩笑堂竹荘畫傳)
Traditional Chinese	李賀
Simplified Chinese	李贺
Hanyu Pinyin	Lǐ Hè
Wade–Giles	Li Ho
Courtesy name: Changji
Traditional Chinese	長吉
Simplified Chinese	长吉
Hanyu Pinyin	Chángjí
Nickname: Shigui
Traditional Chinese	詩鬼
Simplified Chinese	诗鬼
Literal meaning	Ghost of Poetry
Hanyu Pinyin	Shīguǐ
Nickname: Guicai
Chinese	鬼才
Literal meaning	Spectral Talent
Hanyu Pinyin	Guǐcái

Template:Chinese name Li He (c. 790–791 – c. 816–817) was a Chinese poet of the mid-Tang dynasty. His courtesy name was Changji, and he is also known as Guicai and Shigui.

He was prevented from taking the imperial examination due to a naming taboo. He died very young, and was noted for his sickly appearance.

He was a dilligent poet, going out on journeys during the day and, when a line of poetry came to him, scribbling it down, and completing the poems when he arrived home in the evening. His poems famously explored ghostly, supernatural and fantastic themes.

His popularity and place in the Chinese literary canon has fluctuated throughout the centuries. His idiosyncratic style of poetry was frequently imitated in the middle ages. His popularity suffered from a change in literary tastes during the Qing era, with his works notably being excluded from the influential Three Hundred Tang Poems, but there was a revival of interest in him in the twentieth century. He was among the Tang poets most admired by Mao Zedong.

Biography

Sources

Chapter 137 of the Old Book of Tang and chapter 203 of the New Book of Tang each give a brief outline of the biography of Li He.

Li Shangyin, a poet of the following generation, also wrote a Short Biography of Li He (simplified Chinese: 李贺小传; traditional Chinese: 李賀小傳; pinyin: lǐ hè xiǎo chuán). Du Mu, in 731, wrote Li He ji xu (Chinese: 李賀集敘), which is more removed than the affectionate account written by Li Shangyin. Both the official histories are heavily dependant on these earlier records, particularly on Li Shangyin's account.

Ancestry

His family were of distant royal descent (from the Li family who were the ruling dynastic family of the Tang Dynasty), but his branch's fortunes had declined early on, and by Li He's time they were of low rank. Both the Tang state histories refer to him as a "descendant of Zheng Wang", but there are two major theories as to whom Zheng Wang was. The first (and the one with more support among scholars) is that it refers to Zheng Xiao Wang Liang [zh], an uncle of Li Yuan; the other is that it refers to the thirteenth son of Li Yuan, Zheng Wang Yuan Yi [zh].

Birth and early life

He was born in 790 or 791. It seems likely that he was born in the year of the Horse, as some twenty-three of his surviving poems use the horse as a symbol for the poet.

He was a native of Fuchang County (west of modern-day Yiyang County, Henan Province).

He started composing poetry at the age of 7, and by around 15 he was being compared to the yuefu master Li Yi.

Political career

When Li was 20, he attempted to take the Imperial Examination, but was forbidden from doing so because of a naming taboo: the first character (晉 jin) of his father's given name (晉肅 Jinsu) was a homonym of the first character (進) of Jinshi (進士), the name of the degree that would have been conferred on him had he passed. Ueki et al. (1999) speculate that this was a pretext devised by rivals who were jealous of his poetic skill to prevent him from sitting the examination.

Han Yu, who admired his poetry, wrote Hui Bian (諱弁) to encourage him to take the exam, but Li was ultimately unsuccessful. He served only three years, in the low-ranking office of Fenglilang (奉禮郎) before returning to his hometown.

Sickness and death

He is described as having a very sickly appearance: he was supposedly very thin, had a unibrow, and let his fingernails grow long. Li He died a low-ranking and poor official in 816 or 817, at the age of 26 or 27.

The Short Biography of Li He reports that at the hour of his death he was visited by a figure in scarlet who told him that Shangdi had summoned him to heaven to write poetry.

Names

His courtesy name was Changji, and he is also known by a combination of his surname and courtesy name, Li Changji.

He was also known as Guicai (鬼才 "devilish talent") by contrast of his morbid poetic style to Li Bai's Tiancai (天才 "heavenly talent") and Bai Juyi's Rencai (人才 "humanly talent"). This title was given him by the Song scholar Qian Yi [zh] in his work Nanbu Xinshu [zh].

He was also dubbed the "Ghost of Poetry" (詩鬼), while Li Bai was called the "Immortal of Poetry" (詩仙) and Du Fu the "Sage of Poetry" (詩聖).

Poetry

In literary history, Li is generally considered a poet of the so-called Middle Tang period, which spanned the late-eighth and early-ninth centuries. Among his poetic influences were his older contemporary Meng Jiao and the aforementioned Han Yu. Other sources that have been identified as influencing Li's poetry were the shamanistic elements of the Chu Ci and the idiosyncratic poetry of Li Bai.

About 240 of his poems survive. The New Book of Tang reports that few of his poems survived because of their strangeness and because of Li's early death. An anecdote in the Taiping Guangji records that a cousin of Li's was asked to compile a collection of his poems, but because he did not like Li personally he eventually threw what had been collected in the privy.

There are two extant anthologies of his poems: the Collected Songs and Verses of Li He (simplified Chinese: 李贺歌诗篇; traditional Chinese: 李賀歌詩篇; pinyin: lǐ hè gē shī piān) and the Wai Ji (Chinese: 外集; pinyin: wài jí).

The Short Biography of Li He describes him as a diligent poet, who carried an old brocade bag around with him, and when a line of poetry came to him he would jot it down and put it in this bag. After getting home, he would arrange these lines into a poem.

His poetry is unique, filled with fantastic and unusual imagery, which is where he gets his nickname "Guicai" (see above). Virtually none of his surviving poems are in regulated verse form, and his poems make frequent use of inauspicious words such as "aging" (Chinese: 老; pinyin: lǎo) and "death" (Chinese: 死; pinyin: sǐ). In poems like "Tianshang yao" and "Meng tian", he wrote evocatively of the worlds of gods and Buddhas.

He also gave eerie descriptions of the world of ghosts in his poems "Qiu lai" and "Shen xian qu". The spiritual symbolism Li employed in the latter poem has been called "nearly impenetrable".

"Shen xian qu" was the name of a popular folk song going back at least as far as the Six Dynasties period, and Li's poem borrows the name of this song. The song originated in the Nanjing area, as a ritual song meant to be played at religious ceremonies to invite the favour of the gods. Li's poem describes the supernatural world but this is not the case with the original folk song.

He frequently combined colour and feeling imagery in his poetry, as can be seen in his poems "Tianshang yao" (see above) and "Qin wang yin jiu".

His poetic style was dubbed Changji-ti (simplified Chinese: 长吉体; traditional Chinese: 長吉體; pinyin: cháng jí tǐ) by later critics, after his courtesy name. The Song commentator Yan Yu listed this as one of the individual author-based styles of poetry that was frequently imitated.

Reception

Several modern western and Japanese critics, including A. C. Graham, Naotarō Kudō and J. D. Frodsham, have claimed that Li's poetry was not widely read until the modern era, but this is not entirely accurate. In a 1994 survey, Wu Qiming pointed out that Li was in premodern China more subject to imitation than to neglect.

Tang and Song dynasties

Two poets of the generation following Li He, Du Mu and Li Shangyin, commemorated Li in their prose writings: a preface to Li's collected poems and a short biography of Li, respectively. Du Mu's preface in particular is taken as proof that Li's poetry was being compiled and edited within a few decades of his death. The Tang author Pi Rixiu also wrote about Li He's poetry alongside that of Li Bai in his critical work 劉棗強碑.

He was also one of a group of Tang poets frequently quoted in the lyrics of Song-era musicians such as Zhou Bangyan (1056–1121). Yan Yu, in his work Canglang Shihua, contrasted Li to the earlier poet Li Bai. The earliest surviving edition of Li's poetry was collected and annotated in the Southern Song dynasty.

Yuan and Ming dynasties

Many shi poets of the Yuan dynasty emulated Li's poetic style. These included Cheng Tinggui (成廷珪), Yang Weizhen, and Gu Ying (顧瑛), as well as the early Ming poet Gao Qi.

The Ming scholar Hu Yinglin read Li's poetry politically as "the tones of a ruined state" and recognized that Li's poetic style was especially influential during the latter years of various dynasties.

Qing dynasty

There was an upswing in popularity of Li's poetry from the late Ming to the mid-Qing dynasties. A great many newly-annotated collections of Li's poetry appeared during this period, and his poetry was widely imitated. The scholar Wang Qi wrote a five-volume commentary on his poetry.

Around the mid-Qing dynasty, though, Li's poetry began to fall out of favour with the literary establishment. The anthologist Shen Deqian included a scant ten of Li's poems in his influential work Tangshi Biecai Ji [zh]. Shen was highly critical of his contemporaries' tendency to imitate Li's poetry.

Li's poetry was also conspicuously absent from the Three Hundred Tang Poems, the arbiter of poetic tastes in the late Qing and early twentieth century.

Modern era

Along with Li Bai and Li Shangyin, Li He was one of the "Three Lis" (三李) admired by Mao Zedong.

In 1968, Roger Waters of the rock band Pink Floyd borrowed lines from Li's poetry to create the lyrics for the song "Set the Controls for the Heart of the Sun".

In his article on Li for the Chūgoku Bunkashi Daijiten, Japanese sinologist Kazuyuki Fukazawa called him "the representative poet of the Middle Tang".

According to French sinologist François Jullien, Li He's poetry was readmitted to the Chinese literary canon "at the end of the nineteenth century ...  ... Western notions of romanticism the Chinese to reexamine this poet, allowing the symbolism of his poems to speak at last, freeing his imaginary world from the never-ending quest for insinuations."

Paul W. Kroll, in his chapter on Tang poetry for The Columbia History of Chinese Literature, called Li "he most eccentric poet of the T'ang, perhaps in all of Chinese poetry", and dubbed him "the Chinese Mallarmé" for his almost inscrutable poetic style and use of imagery.

Notes

1. 李賀，字長吉，宗室鄭王之後。父名晉肅，以是不應進士，韓愈為之作《諱辨》，賀竟不就試。手筆敏捷，尤長於歌篇。其文思體勢，如崇巖峭壁，萬仞崛起，當時文士從而效之，無能仿佛者。其樂府詞數十篇，至於雲韶樂工，無不諷誦。補太常寺協律郎，卒，時年二十四。
2. 李賀字長吉，系出鄭王後。七歲能辭章，韓愈、皇甫湜始聞未信，過其家，使賀賦詩，援筆輒就如素構，自目曰高軒過，二人大驚，自是有名。為人纖瘦，通眉，長指爪，能疾書。每旦日出，騎弱馬，從小奚奴，背古錦囊，遇所得，書投囊中。未始先立題然後為詩，如它人牽合程課者。及暮歸，足成之。非大醉、弔喪日率如此。過亦不甚省。母使婢探囊中，見所書多，即怒曰：「是兒要嘔出心乃已耳。」以父名晉肅，不肯舉進士，愈為作諱辨，然卒亦不就舉。辭尚奇詭，所得皆驚邁，絕去翰墨畦逕，當時無能效者。樂府數十篇，雲韶諸工皆合之絃管。為協律郎，卒，年二十七。與游者權璩、楊敬之、王恭元，每譔著，時為所取去。賀亦早世，故其詩歌世傳者鮮焉。
3. Ueki et al. (1999, p. 110) give "790?", Huntington (2001, paragraph 46), Noguchi (1994) and Digital Daijisen give 790, while Arai (1959, p. 5), Fukazawa (2013, p. 1219), Gotō (2002, p. 71), Kai and Higashi (2010, p. 833), Britannica Kokusai Dai-Hyakkajiten, World Encyclopedia and Daijirin give 791.
4. Noguchi (1994) and Britannica Kokusai Dai-Hyakkajiten give his hometown as Changgu (昌谷).
5. Ueki et al. (1999, p. 110) give "816?", Huntington (2001, paragraph 46), Noguchi (1994) and Digital Daijisen give 816, while Arai (1959, p. 5), Fukazawa (2013, p. 1219), Gotō (2002, p. 71), Kai and Higashi (2010, p. 833), Britannica Kokusai Dai-Hyakkajiten, World Encyclopedia and Daijirin give 817.
6. Ueki et al. (1999, p. 111), Noguchi (1994) and World Encyclopedia give 27 as his age at time of death.
7. Huntington (2001, paragraph 46) attributes the reason for the moniker, which she translates "spectral talent", to "his poems of disjointed and fantastic worlds".
8. Fukazawa (2013, p. 1220) gives a figure of 244.
9. A wind that blows upon the leaves of the paulownia tree.
10. Hán sù refers to a drafty, cold white robe, and the poet is comparing the chirping of crickets to the sound of the weaving loom.
11. This translation was created with the assistance of a modern Japanese gloss of the poem, in Arai and Takahashi (1984, pp. 41-42).
12. 人言太白仙才、長吉鬼才、不然。太白天仙之詞、長吉鬼仙之詞耳。
13. 中唐を代表する詩人 (chūtō o daihyō suru shijin).

References

1. ^ Fukazawa 2013, p. 1220.
2. Morise 1975, p. 480, note 1; Fukazawa 2013, p. 1220; Endō 2005, p. 1.
3. Morise 1975, p. 480, note 1; Fukazawa 2013, p. 1220; Noguchi 1994.
4. ^ Morise 1975, p. 480, note 1.
5. ^ Frodsham 1983.
6. ^ Fukazawa 2013, p. 1219.
7. ^ Morise 1975, p. 480, note 2.
8. Ueki et al. 1999, p. 110; World Encyclopedia 1998; Mypaedia 1996; Digital Daijisen 1998.
9. Ueki et al. 1999, pp. 110–111; Fukazawa 2013, p. 1219.
10. Ueki et al. 1999, pp. 110–111.
11. Ueki et al. 1999, p. 111.
12. Fukazawa 2013, p. 1219; Noguchi 1994; Hinton 2014, p. 319.
13. Ueki et al. 1999, p. 101; Fukazawa 2013, p. 1219; Noguchi 1994; Kai and Higashi 2010, p. 833; World Encyclopedia 1998; Britannica Kokusai Dai-Hyakkajiten 2014; ] sfnm error: no target: CITEREF (help); Daijirin 2006; Digital Daijisen 1998.
14. World Encyclopedia 1998; Daijirin 2006.
15. Ueki et al. 1999, p. 111; Kai and Higashi 2010, p. 833.
16. Ueki et al. 1999, p. 111; Arai 1959, p. 5.
17. Tung 2014, p. 143.
18. "李贺故里文化旅游开发项目" 2012-03-12
19. Sugitani 2014, p. 46.
20. Ueki et al. 1999, p. 101; Fukazawa 2013, p. 1219; Noguchi 1994; World Encyclopedia 1998; Britannica Kokusai Dai-Hyakkajiten 2014; Mypaedia 1996; Daijirin 2006; Digital Daijisen 1998; ] sfnm error: no target: CITEREF (help).
21. ^ Hinton 2014, p. 318.
22. Kai and Higashi 2010, p. 833.
23. ^ Wu 1998, p. 228.
24. Ueki et al. 1999, p. 111; Hinton 2014, p. 319.
25. Hinton 2014, p. 319.
26. Fukazawa 2013, pp. 1219–1220.
27. "Chinese Text Project entry 天上謠". Chinese Text Project. Retrieved 2017-02-21.
28. The Chinese, Japanese, Vietnamese, and Mongolian Language Site Allusions to Classical Chinese Poetry in Pink Floyd (Li He / Li Ho).
29. "Chinese Text Project entry '夢天'". Chinese Text Project. Retrieved 2017-02-21.
30. Poetry Nook entry "Mèng Tiān ".
31. ^ Kroll 2001, paragraph 88.
32. "Chinese Text Project entry '秋來'". Chinese Text Project. Retrieved 2017-03-12.
33. ^ Arai 1959, p. 60.
34. ^ Arai 1959, p. 178.
35. "Chinese Text Project entry '神弦曲'". Chinese Text Project. Retrieved 2017-03-27.
36. "Chinese Text Project entry 秦王飲酒". Chinese Text Project. Retrieved 2017-02-25.
37. Fukazawa 2013, p. 1220; Zeitlin 2007, p. 75.
38. ^ Zeitlin 2007, p. 75.
39. Kroll 2001, paragraph 88; Hinton 2014, p. 318.
40. Arai 1959, p. 6.
41. Sargent 2001, paragraph 21.
42. Gotō 2002, pp. 71–72.
43. ^ Lynn 2001, paragraph 9.
44. Lynn 2001, paragraph 10; Wixted 2001, paragraph 9.
45. Lynn 2001, paragraph 11.
46. Wixted 2001, paragraph 22.
47. Graham 1971, p. 568.
48. Bryant 2001, paragraph 11.
49. Xia 2001, p. 78.
50. The Chinese, Japanese, Vietnamese, and Mongolian Language Site Allusions to Classical Chinese Poetry in Pink Floyd.
51. Jullien 2004, p. 73.

Works cited

• Arai, Ken (1959). Chūgoku Shijin Senshū 14: Ri Ga (in Japanese). Vol. 1. Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
• Arai, Ken; Takahashi, Kazumi (1984). Shinshū Chūgoku Shijin Senshū 5: Ri Ga, Ri Shōin (in Japanese). Vol. 1. Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten.
• "Li He (Ri Ga in Japanese)". Britannica Kokusai Dai-Hyakkajiten (in Japanese). Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 2014. Retrieved 2017-01-28. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
• Bryant, Daniel (2001). "Chapter 22: Poetry of the Eighteenth to Early Twentieth Centuries". In Mair, Victor H. (ed.). The Columbia History of Chinese Literature. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-10984-9. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |editorlink= ignored (|editor-link= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
• "Li He (Ri Ga in Japanese)". Daijirin (in Japanese). Sanseidō. 2006. Retrieved 2017-01-30. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
• "Li He (Ri Ga in Japanese)". Daijisen (in Japanese). Shogakukan. 1998. Retrieved 2017-01-30. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
• Endō, Seiki (15 April 2005). "Gafu Bungaku Shijō ni okeru Ri Ga no Ichi: "Fuzan Takashi" ni motozuku kōsatsu" (PDF). Tōkyō Daigaku Chūgokugo Chūgoku Bungaku Kenkyūshitsu Kiyō (in Japanese). 8 (1). University of Tokyo: 1–24. Retrieved 2017-01-30. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |docket= (help)CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
• Frodsham, J. D. (1983). The Poems of Li He (790-816). Vol. 1. San Francisco: North Point Press. ISBN 0-86547-084-7.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
• Fukazawa, Kazuyuki (2013). "Li He (Ri Ga in Japanese)". In Ozaki, Yūichirō; Chikusa, Masaaki; Togawa, Yoshio (eds.). Chūgoku Bunkashi Daijiten 中国文化史大事典 (in Japanese). Vol. 1. Tokyo: Taishūkan Shoten. pp. 1219–1220. ISBN 978-4469012842.{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
• Gotō, Yuri (2002). Ri Ga "Kisen" nitsuite no ichikōsatsu: Ri Haku "Tensen" to no hikaku kara (PDF) (thesis). Osaka University. pp. 71–85. Retrieved 2017-01-28.{{cite thesis}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
• Graham, A. C. (1971). "A New Translation of a Chinese Poet: Li Ho 李 賀". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 34 (3). University of London: 560–570. Retrieved 2017-02-28. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |docket= (help)CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
• Graham, A. C. (1977). Penguin Classics: Poems of the Late Tang. Vol. 1. Penguin Group.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
• Hinton, David (2014). Classical Chinese Poetry: An Anthology. Vol. 1. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN 1-46687-322-1.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
• Huntington, Rania (2001). "Chapter 6: The Supernatural". In Mair, Victor H. (ed.). The Columbia History of Chinese Literature. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-10984-9. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |editorlink= ignored (|editor-link= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
• Jullien, François (2004). Detour and Access: Strategies of Meaning in China and Greece. Vol. 1. ISBN 1-890951-11-0.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
• Kai, Katsuji; Higashi, Hidetoshi (2010). ""Bantō Godai no Bungaku Hihyō, Shoron" Yakuchū (jō)". Fukuoka Daigaku Jinbun Ronsō (in Japanese). 42 (3). Fukuoka University: 821–842. Retrieved 2017-01-30. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |docket= (help)
• Kroll, Paul W. (2001). "Chapter 14: Poetry of the T'ang Dynasty". In Mair, Victor H. (ed.). The Columbia History of Chinese Literature. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-10984-9.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
• Lynn, Richard John (2001). "Chapter 18: Mongol-Yüan Classical Verse (Shih)". In Mair, Victor H. (ed.). The Columbia History of Chinese Literature. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-10984-9.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
• Morise, Toshizō (1975). "Ri Ga (791–817): Shin Tō Sho kan 203". In Ogawa, Tamaki (ed.). Tōdai no Shijin: Sono Denki. Tokyo: Taishūkan Shoten. pp. 477–484. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |editorlink= ignored (|editor-link= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
• "Li He (Ri Ga in Japanese)". Mypaedia (in Japanese). Hitachi. 1996.
• Noguchi, Kazuo (1994). "Li He (Ri Ga in Japanese)". Encyclopedia Nipponica (in Japanese). Shogakukan. Retrieved 2017-01-29. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
• Sargent, Stuart (2001). "Chapter 15: Tz'u". In Mair, Victor H. (ed.). The Columbia History of Chinese Literature. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-10984-9.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
• Sugitani, Shizuka (10 March 2014). Chūgoku Tōdai Bungaku Kenkyū: Kō Shō, Kō Kōken, Ryū Shin'un o chūshin ni (PDF) (Ph.D.). Kumamoto: Kumamoto University.{{cite thesis}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
• Tung, Hung-ming (30 September 2014). Sakuhō-fukushi Jo Hokō: "Hōshi Ryūkyū-shi" no bunseki o chūshin ni (PDF) (Ph.D.). Nishihara: University of the Ryukyus.{{cite thesis}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
• Ueki, Hisayuki; Uno, Naoto; Matsubara, Akira (1999). "Shijin to Shi no Shōgai (Ri Ga)". In Matsuura, Tomohisa (ed.). Kanshi no Jiten 漢詩の事典 (in Japanese). Vol. 1. Tokyo: Taishūkan Shoten. pp. 110–113. OCLC 41025662.
• Wixted, John Timothy (2001). "Chapter 19: Poetry of the Fourteenth Century". In Mair, Victor H. (ed.). The Columbia History of Chinese Literature. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-10984-9.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
• "Li He (Ri Ga in Japanese)". World Encyclopedia (in Japanese). Heibonsha. 1998. Retrieved 2017-01-29. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
• Wu, Fusheng (1998). "Chapter 3 (note 8)". The Poetics of Decadence: Chinese Poetry of the Southern Dynasties and Late Tang Periods. Vol. 1. Albany: SUNY Press. p. 228. ISBN 9780791437513.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
• Xia, Gang (December 2001). "Nihon Reihō Nyūmon no chūkaku to chūkū: Nitchū no reihō, kannen no hikaku no ichidanmen (3)" (PDF). Ritsumeikan Kokusai Kenkyū (in Japanese). 14 (3). Ritsumeikan University: 71–87. Retrieved 2017-01-29. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |docket= (help)CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
• Zeitlin, Judith T. (2007). "The Ghost's Voice". The Phantom Heroine: Ghosts and Gender in Seventheenth-century Chinese Literature. Vol. 1. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. p. 75. ISBN 9780824830915.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)

Further reading

• Mc Craw, David (1996). "Hanging by a Thread: Li He's Deviant Closures". Chinese Literature: Essays, Articles, Reviews (CLEAR). 18. University of Wisconsin: 23–44. Retrieved 2017-02-28. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |docket= (help)CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
• Noguchi, Kazuo (29 March 1980). "Ri Ga to Shin Ashi" (PDF). Hokkaidō Daigaku Bungakubu Kiyō (in Japanese). 28 (2). Hokkaido University: 107–169. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |docket= (help)CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
• Tu, Kuo-ch'ing (1979). Li Ho. Boston: Twayne.

External links

• Books of the Quan Tangshi at the Chinese Text Project that include collected poems of Li He:
  • Book 390
  • Book 391
  • Book 392
  • Book 393
  • Book 394
• Biography
• Works by He Li at Project Gutenberg
• Works by or about He Li at the Internet Archive
• "Poems by 9th Century Chinese Poet Li He", a selection of poems by Li He, with translation and calligraphy, Brink Magazine, October 2008.

• 790 births
• 816 deaths
• Tang dynasty poets
• People from Luoyang
• Poets from Henan
• 9th-century Chinese poets