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| {{Campaignbox Early Israelite Campaigns}} | |||
| Biblical narratives of an Israelite conquest have long been a subject of religious inquiry and, in the 20th century, a debate over the archaeological evidence and historicity of the putative conquest. According to the Bible, after the ] from ] (thought by some scholars to have been c. 1450 BCE and by many other scholars to have never taken place), the ] wandered into ], seeking a home that they could make their own. After two fierce battles, they gained control. | |||
| == Scholarship on the Israelite campaigns == | |||
| In early 20th Century academic scholarship, the historicity of the early Israelite campaigns were taken for granted (e.g., Paton). However, by the 1930's Martin Noth issued what Albricht termed "a sweeping criticism of the legitimacy of using biblical data in Joshua as material for history." (Albricht, April 1939, p.12). Noth was a student of Alt, who emphasized ] and the importance of ]. (Abricht, ibid.) Albricht himself questioned the "tenacity" of etiologies, which were relevant to the analysis of the campaigns in Joshua. Archaeological evidence in the 1930's showed that the city of Ai, an early battled in the putative ''Joshua'' account, had existed and been destroyed, but in 22nd century BCE (Albricht, p.16). Hence, it was argued that the early Israelite campaign could not be historically corroborated, but rather explained as an etiology of the location and a representation of the Israelite settlement. | |||
| In 1955, Wright discusses the correlation of archaeological data to the early Israelite campaigns, which he divides into three phases per the ''Book of Joshua''. He points to two sets of archaeological findings that "seem to suggest that the biblical account is in general correct regarding the nature of the late thirteenth and twelfth-eleventh centuries in the country" (i.e., "a period of tremendous violence"). (Wright, p.107) He gives particular weight to what were recent digs at Hazor by ]. | |||
| In later years of the 20th century, academic analysis tended to be increasingly skeptical of the historicity of the early Israelite military campaigns as described in Joshua. To be sure, scholarship remained somewhat divided with some more deferential to the Biblical account. For example, Kennedy argues that "a vast amount of archaeological evidence indicates that the sites of Jericho, Hazor, Shechem, and Dan were occupied, destroyed, and resettled at the specific times and in the manner consistent with the records from the books of Joshua and Judges." | |||
| On the other hand, the work of Dever and Van Seters, among others, pulls back considerably from the presuppositions of early scholars. | |||
| == Campaign == | |||
| The Israelites attacked the ]. The ensuing battle of ] was an Israelite victory. Soon, a coalition of Canaanites and other northern city-states of Canaan sent a force to halt the Israelite invasions of their country. However, an Israelite counterattack ] and routed them. Afterwards, the Israelites became established in their "]". | |||
| == References == | |||
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| == Further reading == | |||
| === Archaeological views === | |||
| * Albright, William F. "The Israelite conquest of Canaan in the light of archaeology." ''Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research'' (1939): 11-23. | |||
| * Briggs, Peter. "Testing the Factuality of the Conquest of Ai Narrative in the Book of Joshua." ''Beyond the Jordan: Studies in Honor of W. Harold Mare ''(2005): 157-96. | |||
| * Dever, William G. ''Who were the early Israelites, and where did they come from?''. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2003. | |||
| * Hess, Richard S. "The Jericho and Ai of the Book of Joshua." ''Critical Issues in Early Israelite History'' (2008): 29-30. | |||
| * Kennedy, Titus Michael. "The Israelite conquest: history or myth?: an achaeological evaluation of the Israelite conquest during the periods of Joshua and the Judges." (2011). http://uir.unisa.ac.za/handle/10500/5727 | |||
| * Rendsburg, Gary A. "The Date of the Exodus and the Conquest/Settlement: The Case for the 1100s." ''Vetus Testamentum'' (1992): 510-527. | |||
| * Van Seters, John. "Joshua's campaign of Canaan and near eastern historiography." ''Scandinavian Journal of the Old Testament'' 4.2 (1990): 1-12. | |||
| * Wenham, Gordon J. "The Deuteronomic Theology of the Book of Joshua." ''Journal of Biblical Literature'' (1971): 140-148. | |||
| * Wright, G. Ernest. "Archaeological News and Views: Hazor and the Conquest of Canaan." ''The Biblical Archaeologist'' 18.4 (1955): 106-108. | |||
| * Zevit, Ziony. "Archaeological and Literary Stratigraphy in Joshua 7-8." ''Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research'' (1983): 23-35. | |||
| === Other academic writings === | |||
| * Bayles Paton, Lewis. Israel's Conquest of Canaan: Presidential Address at the Annual Meeting, Dec. 27, 1912. ''Journal of Biblical Literature'', Vol. 32, No. 1 (Apr., 1913), pp. 1–53 | |||
| * Billauer, Barbara P. "Joshua's Battle of Jericho: Scientific Statecraft in Warfare-Lessons in Military Innovation and Scientific Tactical Initiative."''Available at SSRN 2219488'' (2013). | |||
| * den Braber, Marieke, and Jan-Wim Wesselius. "The Unity of Joshua 1-8, its Relation to the Story of King Keret, and the Literary Background to the Exodus and Conquest Stories." ''Scandinavian Journal of the Old Testament'' 22.2 (2008): 253-274. | |||
| * Hawk, L. Daniel. "The Truth about Conquest: Joshua as History, Narrative, and Scripture." ''Interpretation'' 66.2 (2012): 129-140. | |||
| * Gyémánt, Ladislau. "Historiographic Views on the Settlement of the Jewish Tribes in Canaan." ''Sacra Scripta'' 1 (2003): 26-30. | |||
| * Japhet, Sara. "Conquest and Settlement in Chronicles." ''Journal of Biblical Literature'' (1979): 205-218. | |||
| * Pienaar, Daan. "Some observations on conquest reports in the Book of Joshua." ''Journal of Northwest Semitic Languages'' 30.1 (2004): 151-164. | |||
| * Prior, Michael. "Ethnic Cleansing and the Bible: A Moral Critique." ''Holy Land Studies'' 1.1 (2002): 37-59. | |||
| * Thompson, Leonard L. "The Jordan Crossing: Ṣidqot Yahweh and World Building." ''Journal of Biblical Literature'' (1981): 343-358. | |||
| * Wazana, Nili. "Everything Was Fulfilled” versus “The Land That Yet Remains."''The Gift of the Land and the Fate of the Canaanites in Jewish Thought'' (2014): 13. | |||
| * Wood, W. Carleton. "The Religion of Canaan: From the Earliest Times to the Hebrew Conquest (Concluded)." ''Journal of Biblical literature'' (1916): 163-279. | |||
| ] | |||
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