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Azmi Bishara (Template:Lang-ar listen, Template:Lang-he-n listen, born 22 July 1956, Nazareth) is an Arab public intellectual, academic, political philosopher and author. Bishara, a Palestinian from the Upper Galilee, holds a PhD in philosophy and was a leader and founder of the National Democratic ِAssembly (Balad) in Israel, and represented it in the Knesset in 1996. He is currently the head of the Arab Center for Research and Policy Studies and the Chair of the Board of Trustees of the Doha Institute for Graduate Studies. He was the most prominent Arab member to represent the Arab citizens of Israel in the Israeli parliament, and several attempts were made to remove his parliamentary immunity.

Azmi Bishara is known for his prolific intellectual work and his research in the fields of civil society, theories of nationalism and what he called "The Arab Question". His work also tackles the multifarious aspects of religion and secularism, in addition to his vehement pursuit to advance Arab thought and scholarship. Bishara's words also discuss the society and the state in Israel. Bishara is said to have a notable impact and influence within the Arab world in general, especially during the Second Intifada, the war on Lebanon and the war on Gaza, as well as during the Arab Revolutions in 2011 and 2012. He is also known for his work in the theorization of the democratic transformation and citizenship in the Arab world. He uses philosophy in his multidisciplinary research and analytical approach in social sciences, in dealing with the complex issues he addresses in his books, such as freedom, justice, religion, mythology, secularism, state, nationalism, nation, civil society and others.

His political career and struggle began as the founder of the National Committee for Arab High School Students, for which he was elected president at its first convention on 6 April 1974. He also became a prominent leader of the Arab student movement in Israeli universities. He was elected for the Knesset for the first time in 1996, and was a member in the Knesset for four successive parliamentary sessions, He remained in the parliament until he went to exile and resigned in 2007. Bishara is one of the most prominent anti-Zionists and critics of Israel's policy. He was the first to call it an "apartheid state", and called for a "state for all citizens" instead of "the Jewish state." He was awarded the Ibn-Rushd Prize for Free Thought in 2002, and the Human Rights Award from Global Exchange Foundation in 2003.

He resigned from parliament and left Israel in 2007 after Israeli police alleged he provided information to Hezballah during the 2006 Lebanon War. Bishara has long denied the allegations and says he will not return to Israel as he believes he will not receive a fair trial. He was subsequently stripped of his parliamentary immunity and later, his Israeli citizenship.

Bishara has since established himself in Qatar, where, in addition to his academic and research projects, he is a public intellectual figure active in the pan-Arab sphere. He continues to write, as well as to issue new editions of some of his earlier works, including a 2012 re-publication of one of his most well-known Arabic books, On Civil Society. Bishara helped establishing the Al-Araby Al-Jadeed (The New Arab) media conglomerate, which includes a newspaper with online and print editions and an online-only English version, as well as a television station, which launched in 2014. Later, Bishara announced his retirement from direct political activity at the beginning of 2017 with the aim of dedicating all his time to "writing and intellectual production".

Life

Early life and education

Bishara was born in Nazareth into a Palestinian Christian family, where his mother was a school teacher and his father a health inspector and trade unionist with connections to the Communist party. Azmi Bishara siblings include political commentator Marwan Bishara and noted chef, cookbook author and restaurateur Rawia Bishara. According to The Guardian, the family's history goes back hundreds of years to a village north of Nazareth.

He studied at Haifa University between 1974-1977, and then at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem between 1977-1980. After that he went to Berlin and completed his PhD in philosophy at Humboldt University of Berlin in 1986 (PHD thesis titled: The Hegelian Unity of the Logical and Historical in the Methodology of the Capital of Karl Marx).

Personal life

Bishara is married and has two children. According to The Jerusalem Post, he received a kidney transplant in March 1997 at Hadassah Hospital in Jerusalem. According to his website, he is a citizen of Qatar.

Career

Academic career

Upon completing his PhD in philosophy at Humboldt University of Berlin (then East Germany) in 1986, he joined the faculty of Bir Zeit University to work as Lecturer in Philosophy and Cultural Studies, he stayed there until 1996. He and went on to head the Philosophy and Cultural Studies Department for two years, from 1994-96. He has also worked as a senior researcher at the Van Leer Jerusalem Institute.

He is one of the founders of the Society for Arab Culture and of Muwatin, the Palestinian Institute for the Study of Democracy founded by a group of scholars and academics in 1992. He also serves on the Board of Trustees of the Arab Democracy Foundation.

His work outside of Palestine

As he moved to live in Qatar, Azmi Bishara became a member of the Board of Trustees of the Arab Foundation for Democracy, founded in Doha, Qatar in 2007, which aims to advocate democracy as a culture and way of life. He also occupied the [[Gamal Abdel Nasser |Jamal Abdul-Nasser's]] chair at the Center for Arab Unity Studies between 2007 and 2009. In 2010 he established the Arab Center for Research and Policy Studies, also known as the Doha Institute, as an independent Arab research institution for social sciences, applied social sciences, regional history and geostrategic issues. The Center recently launched the Historic Dictionary of Arabic Language. The Doha Institute for Graduate Studies was inaugurated in 2014 as an independent academic institution for education and research. It offers master's programs at the Faculty of Social and Human Sciences and the Faculty of Public Administration and Development Economics. The Institute started its first academic year 2015-2016 in October 2015.

Not only did Bishara establish several research and cultural centers which focus on the Arab world and its issues, but he also established a number of media institutions to disseminate the ideas and culture he believes in, including the of The New Arab newspaper (Al-Araby Al-Jadeed) in March 2014 in Arabic and English. Its headquarters is in London and has several offices in Arab capitals and a network of correspondents. He also founded the London-based Al Arabi Television.

Political Life

The beginning of his political mobility

Azmi Bishara began his political career in high school, where he was active in the ranks of the Communist Youth. When he was 18 years old, and in 1974, he established the "National Committee of the Arab high school students", for which he was elected as president within the National Conference, by all the Arab schools in Palestine. This was on 6 April 1974. The reason behind establishing this committee was "The general national feeling among Arab students of the need to struggle against racist practices". Bishara considered it "the first Arab organization to be supported by all Arabs at his home country." Bishara remained president for two years. This committee has been advocating against the Judaization and discrimination programs that the Israeli Ministry of Education has pursued with Arab schools.

During his university studies, Azmi Bishara was active in the Arab student movements and was considered one of its prominent figures during this period. While pursuing his studies at Haifa University, he participated in the founding of the Union of Arab University Students, which he represented in 1976 in the Committee for the Defense of Arab Lands which was declared on the Land Day, and whose purpose was to defend Arab lands against Israeli plans to confiscate Arab lands in Palestine. During that time, he was arrested twice in the demonstrations by Arab students against the Israeli right wing at universities.

Establishment of the ‘Tajamo’ Party

Azmi Bishara disposed of the communist ideology early after the student movement stage and began to express his criticism of it, through the Arab democratic principles during his activity in the student movement, and totally abandoned it during his studies in Germany. In 1995 Azmi Bishara co-founded the National Democratic Assembly Party, (or called Balad), on a democratic Arab point of view. The party brought together a number of active political patriots, bringing together the Movement for Equality, the Sons of the Country, the Progressive Peace List, university students and former members of the Communist Party and independents. Azmi Bishara was the theorist of this party and its leader from the beginning of its establishment until he resigned from it and left Palestine in 2007.

The party stated its objectives and principles at its third conference in 1999 as: "A national Arab Palestinian national democratic party in its political ideas and objectives, and struggles for social justice. It is based on the linkage between national identity and the principles of democracy in the circumstances of the Arab masses in Israel and in Israeli society in general, by emphasizing the organization of Arab citizens as a national minority with collective rights and applying the idea of equal citizenship in the face of the Zionist idea and the socio-political system founded upon it."

His entry into the Knesset

Azmi Bishara decided to participate in the elections to enter the Israeli Knesset, explaining why he entered the Knesset by saying, "We decided to go to parliament to present a different model without embracing Zionism. We entered not to celebrate the Knesset membership, but to represent a line of struggle. And to present a counter Zionist discourse through the democratic discourse, which is no longer exclusive to them." In 1996, he was elected as a member of the Knesset after being nominated for a joint list between the Democratic Front for Peace and Equality and the National Democratic Assembly. He was re-elected in 1999 as a candidate for the National Democratic Assembly, re-elected in 2003, re-elected in 2006 and remained in office until he resigned in 2007 and left Palestine on suspicion of "collaborating with the enemy in times of war." He participated in these periods in a number of committees, including the Parliamentary Inquiry Committee on the Trafficking of Women, the Education Committee, the Constitution, Law and Justice Committee, the State Control Committee, and headed the first committee to examine the fate of absentee funds after 1948.

His call to the state of citizens raised sharp reactions from the Zionist parties expressed in attempts to criminalize this call, which some writers, researchers and leaders of the Zionist parties considered the most dangerous call against Zionism and Israel, because it diagnoses a contradiction between democracy and Jewish statehood and escalates this contradiction, which pushed them to enact a set of laws that emphasize the Jewishness of the state. While in the Knesset, Azmi Bishara ran for Prime Minister when the elections were held directly. The direct elections for the premiership were later canceled. He was the first Arab to run for this position, and that was in the 1999 election, and Bishara says he has strategic and tactical goals behind his candidacy for the presidency related to the demands of the Arabs at home. The direct political objectives are related to demands submission and negotiation, but the main long-term goal is "To challenge the Israeli Zionist nature", and to develop a path that stands in the face of "Zionization" of the Arabs of the interior, so that the Arabs would not vote for Barak or Netanyahu, who were candidates at that time, according to his point of view. However, he withdrew from the competition on the eve of the elections. In the end, only Ehud Barak and Benyamin Netanyahu were left as final candidates, with Barak emerging victorious.

In 2003, the Israeli Supreme Court "overturned Central Elections Committee decisions to disqualify MKs Ahmad Tibi and Azmi Bishara, and Bishara's party, Balad, from running in the elections to the 16th Knesset." The CEC's decision was supported by Attorney General Elyakim Rubinstein, "who went so far as to submit his own petition to the CEC against the party and its leader." "The CEC ruled that Bishara and Balad sought to destroy the Jewish character of the state and supported the armed struggle against it."

His position on the Palestinian issue

Azmi Bishara focuses on the character of apartheid in Zionism and on the need for a democratic Palestinian national project to confront it. He also supports the right of the Palestinian people to resist occupation. He has written lengthy studies on the dilemma of the idea of a Palestinian state after the Oslo Accords, which he has opposed since it was signed as it replaced the Palestinian national rights with the rescue of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), describing the accord as "a calamity" for the national liberation movement.

In his articles, he introduced the need to deal with Israel as a colonial settlement that established an apartheid system, which requires a national democratic program to face it. Throughout the life of Azmi Bishara, he was part of the resistance of the Zionist project, seeking a democratic and secular state based on equality. Since he was a high school student, he sought with his colleagues to combat the Judaization of educational curricula and fought against the discrimination against Arabs. At university, he lectured extensively on land expropriation, the struggle against settlement in the occupied territories, torture in Israeli prisons, defied racist calls such as Meir Kahane to lecture at the university and defended freedom of expression at the university. As for the Arab dimension of the Palestinian cause, Bishara says: "The Arabs will not be liberated unless the Palestinians are liberated, and the Palestinians will not be liberated without the Arabs being liberated."

In 1999 he was hit by a rubber bullet while participating in a demonstration in defense of a house against the demolition order in the city of Lod. His home in Nazareth was attacked by hundreds of organized racists after he was charged with responsibility for the October 2000 demonstrations inside the occupied territories at the start of the Second Palestinian Uprising.

2001 Visit to Syria

Bishara visited Qardaha, Syria in 2001, and gave a speech at a memorial ceremony for Syrian President Hafez al-Assad and other Arab leaders, among them the secretary-general of Hezbollah and the vice-president of Iran, where "he called for promoting the armed struggle ("The resistance") against Israel". He was accused in Israel of expressing support for Hezbollah, and upon his return to Israel was charged with incitement to violence and support for a terrorist organization, as defined by Israel's Prevention of Terror Ordinance. After Bishara's visit to Syria, the Knesset passed a law forbidding MKs from visiting enemy states.

2006 Israel–Lebanon War

During the 2006 Israel–Lebanon War Bishara criticized the Israeli government for not providing bomb shelters to Arab areas in Israel's north, and said Israel was using Arabs as "human shields" by putting artillery units next to Israeli Arab villages towns and villages. Bishara also predicted that, because many Arab Israelis opposed the war or applauded Hezbollah's surprisingly strong resistance to the Israeli invasion, there would be negative repercussions for the community when the war ended. "We will have to pick up the bill on this," he said. "If lose they will turn against us, if they win they will turn against us." In September 2006, shortly after the conclusion of the Lebanon war, Bishara again visited Syria and in a speech warned of the possibility that Israel might launch "a preliminary offensive in more than one place, in a bid to overcome the internal crisis in the country and in an attempt to restore its deterrence capability."

Bishara and members of his party also visited Lebanon, where they told the Lebanese prime minister that Hezbullah's resistance to Israel during the preceding summer's war had "lifted the spirit of the Arab people". Soon thereafter at Interior Minister Roni Bar-On's request, Attorney General Menachem Mazuz ordered a criminal investigation against Balad MKs Azmi Bishara, Jamal Zahalka and Wassel Taha over the visit to Syria.

Resignation from Knesset and leaving Palestine

In 2007, Bishara was questioned by police on suspicion of aiding and passing information to the enemy during wartime, contacts with a foreign agent, and receiving large sums of money transferred from abroad. Bishara denied the accusations and said they were part of an effort to punish him because he had opposed Israel's invasion of Lebanon the preceding summer.

On 22 April 2007, Bishara resigned from the Knesset via the Israeli Embassy in Cairo, following a police investigation into his foreign contacts, and accusations of allegedly aiding the enemy during wartime, passing information on to the enemy and contacts with a foreign agent, as well as laundering money received from foreign sources. Bishara has denied the allegations, and claims he is staying abroad because he believes he wouldn't receive a fair trial. Following a petition by Haaretz and other media outlets to lift a gag order preventing publication of information relating to the specific charges being laid against Azmi Bishara, on 2 May 2007 the Petah Tikva Magistrate's Court announced the gag order would be fully lifted. One week prior, the court had allowed only for the fact that Bishara is suspected of assisting the enemy in wartime, transmitting information to the enemy, contact with a foreign agent and money-laundering to be publicized.

Bishara is accused of giving Hezbollah information on strategic locations in Israel that should be attacked with rockets during the 2006 Lebanon War, in exchange for huge amounts of money. Wiretaps were authorized by the Israeli High Court of Justice. Investigators say that Bishara recommended long-range rocket attacks which would serve Hezbollah's cause.

According to court documents "Bishara was questioned twice in the case and during the last encounter he told interrogators that he intends to leave Israel for a couple of days. He said he would attend a third questioning session soon upon his return to Israel". Bishara addressed a rally of supporters in Nazareth via telephone in April 2007. He told the thousands of supporters that, "My guilt is that I love my homeland... our intellect and our words are our weapons. Never in my life did I draw a gun or kill anyone." Said Nafa, Bishara's replacement in the Knesset, commented on the charges leading up to Bishara's resignation, saying, "There were many instances in which the Shin Bet tried to set people up ... They're just trying to behead a prominent Arab leader. They will fail."

In February 2011, the Israeli parliament passed the so-called "Bishara bill", which stripped Bishara of his parliamentary benefits, including the pension he had received as a former Knesset member.

His position on the Arab revolutions

Azmi Bishara supported the Arab Revolutions that swept through several countries in late 2010, starting from the duties of what he calls the "moral intellectual" to take a stand against injustice and association with the fair aspirations of people, especially the young generation that launched the Arab Spring. His recent books such as "Being Arab in Our Times" and "The Arab Issue" insisted that the task of democracy is to raise the issue of democratic governance in parallel with education on the values of democracy and not wait for the spread of democratic culture. Since the end of the 1990s, the idea of "citizen states" has been promoted. In many cases, it has been a reference to the change and many have relied on it to analyze the situation. He considered the first uprisings of the Arab Spring at the end of 2010 and the beginning of 2011 as an existential cry for freedom and dignity.

Since the beginning of the Arab Spring, Bishara has been preoccupied with a research project that is keeping pace with the revolutions. He began with the Tunisian Revolution in his book "The glorious Tunisian revolution", following the fundamental reasons that led to the Tunisian revolution and making scientific comparisons between some of the social and economic aspects that prevailed in Tunisia before the revolution, and similar circumstances in other Arab countries also candidates for the revolution. The writing was an analytical attempt to understand the structure of the Tunisian revolution and its evolution through its diaries. The book also monitors the history of the uprisings and explains the map of parties in Tunisia on the eve of the revolution. He then presents the details of the facts in the diary of the uprising, and how the events gradually evolved so that Zine El Abidine Ben Ali had to escape.

At the beginning of the Syrian Civil War, Azmi Bishara was a supporter of the revolution in writing and media appearance. In his book "Syria-A Way of Suffering to Freedom (2011 - 2013)" (2013), he chronicled its two phases: peaceful and armed civilization, based on an analysis of the structure of the regime and the relationship between society and the state in Syria. The book deals with the mobile facts in the main cities in Syria, how the protests began peacefully and then moved to militarization and took up arms later.

Azmi Bishara accompanied the Egyptian revolution of 2011 with his intellectual views, political views and analyses. He completed a series of articles and studies on the Egyptian revolution. Bishara was one of the most prominent political commentators on the events of the Egyptian revolution. He also published a huge research book on two volumes: The Egyptian Revolution. The history of the so-called Republic of July and the transfer of power in the authority from the army to the presidency and the security services, and the emergence of institutional conflict and the history of protest in Egypt, documented the revolution since 25 January until the military coup, indicating the dynamics that led to the coup in the army's ambition to rule, the conflict between the Egyptian elites before receiving power and the dismantling of the deep state, and in the lack of consistency on the democratic system and its bases before resorting to the elections.

His retirement from politics

In the beginning of 2017, the book "Exiled in Exile" was published, a lengthy interview by Azmi Bishara with journalist Saqr Abu Fakhr, in which he summarized his intellectual and political biography and announced his retirement from direct political work. He said he retired "to dedicate all his time to research and intellectual production, as it is the most important, urgent and possible in these circumstances." He explained in an interview with Al Araby TV that his decision was made two years ago, and he wants to focus only on the intellectual and research side and educate the generations as an essential task. "But I will take positions as an educated person committed to people's issues. I will not forsake my personal conscience."

Published works

• من يهودية الدولة حتى شارون Min yahudiyat al-dawla hata Sharon ("From the Jewishness of the State to Sharon") (2005),
• The Ruptured Political Discourse and Other Studies (Arabic, 1998)
• The Palestinian Intifada and Its Reflections in the Israeli Public Opinion
• Two novels of a planned trilogy: The Checkpoint (2004) Template:Lang-ar Hebrew translation, German translation, and Love in the Shadow Zone (2005).

Arabic

• On the Democratic Option: Four Critical Studies (Arabic) Re-published by the Center for Arab Unity Studies, Lebanon, 1993 (with Burhan Ghalioun, George Giacaman, and Said Zeedani)
• Ziad Abu-Amr, with a Critical Commentary by Ali Jarbawi and Azmi Bishara: Civil Society and Democratic Change in Palestinian Society 1995 (Arabic)
• A Critical Perspective on Palestinian Democracy 1995 (Arabic, with Musa Budeiri, Jamil Hilal, George Giacaman, and Azmi Bishara)
• A Contribution to the Critique of Civil Society 1996 (Arabic)
• The Ruptured Political Discourse and other Studies 1998 (Arabic)
• The Site of Meaning: Essays from the First Year of the Intifada 2002 (Arabic)
• In the Wake of the Israeli Invasion: Issues of Palestinian National Strategy 2002 (Arabic)
• Theses on a Deferred Awakening 2003 (Arabic)
• عزمي بشارة‎ (2005). من يهودية الدولة حتى شارون‎ [From the Jewishness of the State to Sharon] (in Arabic). دار الشروق للنشر والتوزيع‎. ISBN 978-9950-312-16-6. Retrieved 5 July 2011.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
• The Elements of Democracy Series, Series Editor: Dr Azmi Bishara (Arabic, 12 publications from 1994–99)

English

• "The Palestinians of Israel: An Interview with Azmi Bishara" in The New Intifada: Resisting Israel's Apartheid, edited by Roane Carey; introduction by Noam Chomsky, London; New York: Verso, 2001; ISBN 1-85984-377-8
• The Palestinian elections:an assessment. Harry S. Truman Research Institute for the Advancement of Peace, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 1997
• Universal instincts; The West, served by Arab "moderates", is attempting to take the Arab world back to the Stone Age, 5 October 2006, Al-Ahram Weekly, issue 815
• Ministry of strategic threats; Avigdor Lieberman's arrival in the Israeli cabinet is symptomatic of the degradation of the country's political system, 1 November 2006, Al-Ahram Weekly, issue 818
• Realities of death; The value of life has little to do with the value accorded to death and the latter, is determined as much by who did the killing as by the identity of the victim, 16 November 2006, Al-Ahram Weekly, issue 820
• A selective memory, 24 November 2006, Al-Ahram Weekly, issue 821
• Strong in spite of themselves; Now is the time for America's Arab allies to whisper advice to Washington, thanks to the resistance in Lebanon, Iraq and Palestine, 8 December 2006, Al-Ahram Weekly, issue 823 as expected; Israel is demanding the absurd, but the illusion is shattered if Arab states understand that the game of axis politics is not in their interest], 22 March 2007, Al-Ahram Weekly, issue 837
• Initiative versus principle; If Israel rejects the best Arab position, perhaps the Arabs should revert to maximal demands and ask Israel to propose a plan, 29 March 2007, Al-Ahram Weekly
• Shattered illusions, 19 April 2007, Al-Ahram Weekly, issue 841
• Why Israel is After Me, 3 May 2007, Los Angeles Times
• Israeli games again, 30 August 2007, Al-Ahram Weekly, issue 860
• Ignorant thieves, 6 September 2007, Al-Ahram Weekly, issue 861
• Headlong to more of the same, 18 October 2007, Al-Ahram Weekly, issue 867
• US war insanity, 8 November 2007, Al-Ahram Weekly, issue 870
• Madrid redux; Bush's peace meeting is nothing but an empty orgy of rhetoric, 29 November 2007, Al-Ahram Weekly, issue 873

German

• alles ändert sich die ganze Zeit: Soziale Bewegung(en) im "Nahen Osten". Jörg Später (Hrsg.), mit Beiträgen von Azmi Bishara et al., Freiburg (Breisgau): Informationszentrum Dritte Welt, 1994
• Götz Nordbruch Red. & Rainer-Zimmer-Winkel Hg., John Bunzl & Moshe Zuckermann u.a., Beiträge: Die Araber und die Shoa. Über die Schwierigkeit dieser Konjunktion. darin von Azmi Bishara, Beitrag gleichlautend mit dem Gesamttitel, S. 9 – 33 Vortrag im WS 1992/93 an der Universität Innsbruck, von der Red. leicht überarb. & in den Fußnoten ergänzt. ISSN 0935-8684 ISBN 3-932528-37-9 ISBN 3865751016 (Auch in: Der Umgang mit dem Holocaust. Europa, USA, Israel. Hg. Rolf Steininger. Böhlau, Wien 1994 Reihe: Schriften des Instituts für Zeitgeschichte der Universität Innsbruck und des Jüdischen Museums Hohenems Bd. 1 ISBN 3-205-98173-1)
• Die Jerusalem Frage: Israelis und Palaestinenser im Gespräch. Teddy Kollek, Hanan Ashrawi, Amos Oz, Faisal Husseini, Ehud Olmert, Albert Aghazarian, Shulamit Aloni, Nazmi al-Jubeh, Meron Benvenisti, Ikrima Sabri, Michel Sabbah/Uri Avnery, Azmi Bishara (Hg.) (Translated from the Arabic, English or Hebrew by various translators), Heidelberg: Palmyra, c. 1996

Awards

• The Ibn Rushd Prize for Freedom of Thought for the year 2002 in Berlin.
• The Global Exchange International Human Rights Award for the year 2003 in San Francisco at the organization's annual ceremony.

See also

• Palestinian Christians

References

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58. "כיסופים בארץ המחסומים". Babel. 2005. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help)
59. Asmi Bischara, Checkpoint. Bericht aus einem zerteilten Land. Aus dem Arabischen von Hartmut Fähndrich. ISBN 3-85787-377-9. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)
60. "Culture 101: A roundup of the month's news in the arts and culture". Egypt Today. Archived from the original on 17 May 2007. Retrieved 30 April 2007. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
61. ^ "Library of Congress Online Catalog - Legacy Catalog Retired". Catalog.loc.gov. 1 December 2015. Retrieved 28 December 2016.
63. "קטלוג ראשי - חיפוש בסיסי". Aleph500.huji.ac.il. 6 November 1994. Retrieved 28 December 2016.

External links

• Azmi Bishara official website
• Bantustanisation or Binationalism. An Interview with Azmi Bishara, 1995
• Blip.tv, video interview with Azmi Bishara, 30 mins.
• Zwei Arten der Staatsbürgerschaft. Ibn Rushd Preis für freies Denken. Rede des Preisträgers Dr. Azmi Bishara, Berlin 14 December 2002 (German)
• Bio at ibn-rushd.org (German)

• 1956 births
• Arab politicians in Israel
• Balad (political party) politicians
• Leaders of political parties in Israel
• Living people
• Members of the 14th Knesset (1996–99)
• Members of the 15th Knesset (1999–2003)
• Members of the 16th Knesset (2003–06)
• Members of the 17th Knesset (2006–09)
• Naturalised citizens of Qatar
• Palestinian non-fiction writers
• Palestinian novelists
• People from Nazareth
• University of Birzeit faculty