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Jan Grabowski
Jan Grabowski
Born	1962 (age 61–62) Warsaw
Nationality	Polish-Canadian
Occupation	Historian
Known for	The Holocaust in Poland, 1939-1945 Polish-Jewish relations
Title	Dr.
Academic background
Alma mater	Université de Montréal
Academic work
Institutions	University of Ottawa
Notable works	Hunt for the Jews: Betrayal and Murder in German-Occupied Poland

Jan Grabowski (born 1962) is a Polish-Canadian historian on the faculty of the University of Ottawa, co-founder of the Polish Center for Holocaust Research, and author of studies on the Holocaust in Poland and on Jewish-Polish relations during the 1939–1945 period.

Life

Grabowski was born in Warsaw into an ethnically mixed family. His Jewish father, from an assimilated Kraków family, survived the Holocaust hiding in Warsaw, and took part in the 1944 Warsaw Uprising. According to Haaretz, Grabowski's Christian mother is from a Polish szlachta (noble) family. Grabowski emigrated to Canada in 1988, a year before the fall of communism.

According to Grabowski, he was involved in the underground printing presses for Solidarity as Independent Students' Union member between 1981 and 1985. In 1988 he had an invitation to continue his PhD in Canada, and he was able to leave as travel restrictions had been eased. As the time he thought "that communism was this rock that would never budge", and had he known that the regime would fall but a year later he would have stayed, though he does not regret moving to Canada.

Grabowski received his MA from the University of Warsaw in 1986, and his Ph.D. from the Université de Montréal in 1994. Since 1993 he has been on the faculty of the University of Ottawa. He co-founded the Polish Center for Holocaust Research and is the author of studies relating to the Holocaust in Poland as well as Jewish-Polish relations during the 1939-1945 period. As an Ina Levine Invitational Scholar at the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, he has conducted research into the Polish Blue Police during the Holocaust in Nazi-occupied Poland.

Hunt for the Jews

In 2011 Grabowski published a book in Polish, Judenjagd. Polowanie na Zydow 1942-1945; and, in 2013, a revised and augmented English-language edition, Hunt for the Jews: Betrayal and Murder in German-Occupied Poland. The book describes Judenjagd (German for "Jew hunts"), focusing on one pre-war rural county in southeastern Poland, Dąbrowa County, chosen for availability of preserved archives. According to Grabowski, a whole mechanism was set up to hunt Jews. While Germans supervised the mechanism, all the individuals on the ground were Poles: villager night watchmen, informers, police, firefighters, and others. This dense web made it almost impossible for escaping Jews to hide their identity. The book was awarded the 2014 Yad Vashem International Book Prize.

In 2016 Grabowski published a revised and expanded Hebrew version of the book via Yad Vashem. According to Grabowski, Poles killed, directly or indirectly, more than 200,000 Jews during the Holocaust, with this estimate being very conservative as he did not include victims of the Polish Blue Police, who according to Warsaw Ghetto historian Emanuel Ringelblum played a role in the deaths of hundreds of thousands of Jews. According to Grabowski "the great majority of Jews in hiding perished as a consequence of betrayal. They were denounced or simply seized, tied up and delivered by locals to the nearest station of the Polish police, or to the German gendarmerie".

Grabowski was criticized by several historians, particularly for the estimate of 200,000 Jews killed by Poles during the Holocaust. The Embassy of Canada to Poland also criticized Grabowki alleging groundless opinions and accusations.

Reception

Grzegorz Berendt, a professor at the University of Gdańsk and a member of the Jewish Historical Institute, writing in a Haaretz op-ed criticized Grabowski's claim of 200,000 Jews having been killed by Poles. According to Berendt, available research puts the number of escaped Jews at 50,000. Berendt said that Grabowski's number comes from an interview given 30 years ago, at the end of his life, by Szymon Datner, who had not conducted studies relating to the whole of Poland or even to just one of its districts. Berendt wrote that it was difficult to accept Grabowski's number as scientific truth. Grabowski did not accept Berendt's statements about Datner's research.

Historian Krystyna Samsonowska of Jagiellonian University, a specialist in Polish-Jewish relations, in her review of the book, stated that Grabowski did not use all available sources and "gave up" on actual field research, for example, not even trying to contact the families of Jews who survived the German occupation in Dąbrowa Tarnowska, or the Poles who hid them. By using broader sources, Samsonowska claimed to have identified by name 90 Jews who had survived the war by hiding in Dąbrowa County, as opposed to the 38 figure given by Grabowski. Samsonowska noted that the number of survivors was probably much higher. She also noted that Grabowski understated by half the number of Polish Righteous among the Nations from Dąbrowa County who had been honored by Yad Vashem for helping Jews.

Polish-German historian Bogdan Musial, in his review (of the 2011 book) criticized it because it did not include many sources, because of its use of trial transcripts to generalize attitudes about Jews to the local community, and because of the absence of eyewitness accounts from Polish residents, archives from the local organs of the Polish Underground State, and German records. He also wrote that it ignored the severe economic conditions and the expulsions of Poles from the described region, which Musial believed must have influenced attitudes among the Poles. Musial noted that, while the book extensively detailed antisemitic agitation before the war, the Germans' antisemitic campaign received a mere three sentences. According to Musial the book underestimates the number of Jewish survivors, while inflating the number of Poles complicit in German atrocities. Furthermore, Musial notes that statements from Jewish witnesess are never questioned, while statements made by Poles are highly criticized. Grabowski rejected Musial’s critique, writing that it was an attempt to disparage serious historical research on the basis of its subject matter and conclusions, that it failed to address the quality of the research methodology and that he hopes the "review" of B. Musial ends up in a trash can where it belongs.

Yad Vashem historian Witold Mędykowski reviewed Judenjagd by Grabowski, It was such a beautiful sunny day by Barbara Engelking, and Golden Harvest by Jan T. Gross. Mędykowski notes that Grabowski concentrates on a specific area, attempting to trace the fate of Jews, which is important in Mędykowski's opinion as it allows a statistical analysis of a known set of people. Mędykowski notes that a heated debate has taken place in Polish historiography on the rescuing of Jews, but that the debate from both sides relied not on statistical analysis by on illustrative examples that are easily manipulated. Mędykowski writes that this debate has been on-going for decades despite the limited validity of casting the Polish role in a positive image. According to Mędykowski being a victim of Nazi occupation does not exclude complicity in the death of Jews. Mędykowski notes that historian Bogdan Musial who according to Mędykowski is a native of Dąbrowa Tarnowska County, responded harshly to the book that portrays a different image than that conveyed in his parent's home. Mędykowski notes that well-known holocaust survivors Shevah Weiss and Samuel Willenberg also confirm the negative attitude towards the Jews, which are well known to historians involved in the Holocaust. Mędykowski concludes by saying that a "shock therapy" for destroying the myths about Jewish salvation is due.

Historian Grzegorz Rossoliński-Liebe in a H-Soz-Kult review of Judenjagd by Grabowski, It was such a beautiful sunny day by Barbara Engelking, and Golden Harvest by Jan T. Gross, writes that all 3 studies are noteworthy explorations of the Polish participation in the Holocaust, challenging the German tendency to neglect non-German perpetrators and the Polish perspective viewing Poles solely as victims. According to Rossoliński-Liebe, Grabowski demonstrates that a broad spectrum of Polish society took part in judenjagd (hunts for the Jews).

Jagiellonian University professor Piotr Weiser reviewed Judenjagd by Grabowski, It was such a beautiful sunny day by Barbara Engelking, and Golden Harvest by Jan T. Gross. Weiser writes that the Polish debate on the Holocaust seldom went beyond a simple dichotomy - the Jews of course sufferred unspeakably, but the Poles no less. Weiser contrasts Grabowski and Engelking with Gross, saying the former employ a strictly scientific approaching writing monographs, not essays. Weiser describes Grabowski's approach as positivist, taking the seat of a neutral observer, and notes that Grabowski's ability to read German sources is rare among young Polish researchers, understanding what Jean Améry called the logic of annihilation, describing how the Germans rewarded antisemitism. Weiser concludes by saying that all three texts are important contributions to a counter-narrative that rivals the heroization of Poles in the context of the Holocaust.

Przemysław Różański, a professor at the University of Gdańsk, wrote in his review in Zeitschrift für Ostmitteleuropa-Forschung of the 2011 book that he has a number of reservations regarding the book, namely Grabowski's apparent thesis of Polish participation in the Holocaust, Grabowski's presentation of forced participation of peasants as cooperation, Grabowski's disregard of the harsh economic conditions faced by Poles in relation to paid rescue of Jews, and Grabowski's choice to cover pre-war antisemitism which imply causation which is uncertain per Różański. However, Różański concludes that despite his reservations he considers the book a valuable and useful work.

Historian Shimon Redlich, in his review in Slavic Review, criticized the book's structure, in particular the lengthy quotations and appendix, the careless "claim of 'hundreds of thousands' of Jews seeking shelter among the Polish populace", which according to Redlich cannot be extrapolated to the whole country based on one single area, as well as language that at times betrayed emotional involvement. However, Redlich said the book "should become required reading for scholars and students of Polish-Jewish relations".

Glenn R. Sharfman, a professor at Oglethorpe University, wrote in in his review that Grabowski's work complements the recent works of Gross about the murder of Jews away from the primary killing centers providing evidence of the important role of the Poles in aiding the Nazis. Sharfman writes that any student of the Holocaust will find the testimonies and excerpts in the text useful, but readers with little background might require more context as Grabowski jumps from testimony to testimony without analysis. According to Sharfman while most Poles were victims of Nazi aggression, and Poles have wanted to be seen as purely victims of aggression, Grabowski illustrates how some Poles played an official and unofficial role in murder of tens of thousands of Jews if not more.

Historian Łukasz Męczykowski, in a histmag.org review of the 2011 book, wrote that, while some historians try to seek truth calmly and impartially, others prefer passing condemnatory judgments, and Grabowski had chosen the latter path: Grabowski was largely focused on finding those who were supposedly guilty of collaboration, and was averse to acknowledging those who had showed commendable behavior. Męczykowski noted that Grabowski incorrectly accused Poland's Institute of National Remembrance (IPN) of trying to inflate the number of Polish citizens who helped Jews. Męczykowski wrote that Grabowski had contradicted himself on certain points. Also that Grabowski, in calling upon Poles to admit their guilt, seemed unaware that there had long since been an ongoing debate in Poland about Polish participation in atrocities against Jews, including educational programs prepared by Poland's IPN—contradicting Grabowski's statements about the Institute.

Historian Samuel Kassow, in a review essay in Yad Vashem Studies, wrote, of Grabowski's book and those of three other scholars (Alina Skibinska, Barbara Engelking, and Dariusz Libionka), that they "are a historical achievement of the first order." He described them as undermining "the self-serving myths about Polish-Jewish relations in World War II.", and as being works of careful and objective scholarship.

Rosa Lehmann, in her review in The American Historical Review, found Grabowski's work to be outstanding and firmly grounded in solid research. According to Lehmann, the book illuminates the struggle of survival and circumstances of death of the some 10 percent of the 2.5 million Polish-Jews who attempted to seek refuge on the "Aryan" side among hostile peasant gentiles. According to Lehmann, Grabowski shows how this created a dichotomy between Jewish and gentile perceptions of the Holocaust, Jews holding Polish peasants responsible for Jewish suffering and death while Polish accounts trivialize the Polish involvement and paradoxically stress the "helping phenomenon" in wartime Poland. Lehmann writes that the evidence in the book shows that the category of "bystander" should be reevaluated as the attitudes of the local population had fundamental and existential importance for escaping Jews. Lehmann finds interesting Grabowski's conclusion that the murder of some 700 Jews in incidents and pogroms in post-war Poland are an inherent continuation of the wartime practice of Judenjagd. Lehmann concludes by writing that the book is a must-read for all those interested in Polish-Jewish relations and Holocaust studies.

Historian Joshua D. Zimmerman's review in The Journal of Modern History found Grabowski's work to be a "weighty, superbly researched study" that punctuated the myth of Polish innocence during the Holocaust. According to Zimmerman, Grabowski's study was not about defaming or glorifying Poland, but rather about the evidence.

Historian John-Paul Himka's review in the East European Jewish Affairs jorunal, found "Grabowski's exploration of how the moral climate in rural Poland became fatally skewed during the Nazi occupation" innovative and enlightening. Himka noted that the young Polish men of the Baudienst yunaki took part in Jew hunts with particular relish, Grabowski recording the atrocities in chilling detail. Himka concluded: "This is a well-written, well-researched, highly illuminating study that takes us deep into the mechanisms of the Holocaust in rural Poland. In short: a brilliant book, and a harrowing read."

Controversy

The website Fronda.pl ran a piece with the headline, "Sieg Heil, Mr. Grabowski", accompanied by a photo of Joseph Goebbels, following the publication of a favorable report in a German website. Grabowski sued the website's owner for libel and won.

In 2017, the Polish League Against Defamation released a statement signed by 134 Polish scientists protesting the "false and harmful portrayal of Poles and Poland during the Second World War and attempts to blame the Polish Nation for the Holocaust", which was sent to Grabowski's employer, the University of Ottawa, to all the colleges with which he was affiliated, and to all the publishers of his books. The statement pointed to German efforts to exterminate the Polish population itself, which made its occupation by Germany different from western Europe's occupation; numerous examples of Poles' assistance given to Jews; Poland's many wartime international protests at the plight of the Jewish population in German-occupied Poland; and the complexity of Polish-Jewish relations, aggravated by the Soviet occupation of eastern Poland.

Grabowski has been boycotted by the Polish-Canadian community, and Polish groups have attempted to have him fired from his academic position. According to multiple media reports, Grabowski has also faced harassment and death threats, leading to increased security patrols in his department at the University of Ottawa.

In Grabowski's defense, the Polish Center for Holocaust Research, which Grabowski co-founded, released a counter-letter signed by seven Holocaust historians, saying that "None of the 134 signatories is a Holocaust historian" and that "All these economists, linguists, oncologists, chemists, nuclear physicists, engineers, constructors of electromechanical appliances, environmental geologists, ethnomusicologists, theatrologists and priest professors present themselves as Holocaust experts, but cannot even quote the sources they refer to." Some 180 international historians of modern European history signed a letter in Grabowski's defense, saying his work "holds to the highest standards of academic research" and that the Polish League Against Defamation puts forth a "distorted and whitewashed version of the history of Poland during the Holocaust era". The historians further said they saw the campaign against Grabowski as "an attack on academic freedom and integrity."

Views

Grabowski has deplored plans for a monument to rescuers of Jews, to be located at Grzybowski Square, which was part of the wartime Warsaw Ghetto. He sees it as an attempt to rewrite history by inflating the role of the rescuers. Grabowski describes the rescuers as a "desperate, hunted, tiny minority" who were the exception to the rule. The ghetto site, he says, should be dedicated to Jewish suffering, and not to Polish courage.

Grabowski also criticizes the opening of the Ulma Family Museum of Poles Who Saved Jews in World War II, in Markowa in what he described as an attempt to present a false picture of the widespread saving of Jews in Poland, while according to him the reality was that the rescuers were a small, terrorized minority who feared, above all, their own Polish neighbors.

In 2018, following the Polish Parliament's adoption of a controversial Amendment to Poland's Act on the Institute of National Remembrance that would penalize "slandering or libeling the Polish nation" with imprisonment for up to three years, Grabowski compared the new legislation to pre-1939 law that had stipulated the same punishment.

In 2018, Grabowski recommended that the Israeli government refrain from dialogue with the Polish government about changes to Poland's Holocaust law, as, "given the current level of expressed anti-Semitism, I don’t think that any official meetings on this topic should take place." He further said that "The mass murder of Polish Jews was not abstract. It happened inside the space of the Polish nation, so this is why you cannot pretend that this is only a German-Jewish affair. There are no Polish bystanders in the Holocaust."

Bibliography

• Historia Kanady, 2001, a survey of Canadian history in Polish.
• "Ja tego Żyda znam!" Szantażowanie Żydów w Warszawie, 1939-1943, 2004, covering blackmailing (szmalcownik) of Jews in Warsaw during 1939-1943. According to Grabowski, blackmailers were not from the social margins but were rather ordinary craftsmen, from good families.
• Rescue for Money: ‘Paid Helpers’ in Poland, 1939-1945, Jerusalem, Yad Vashem, 2008, discussing patterns of Poles' rescue of Jews, in particular monetary compensation paid to Poles by Jews.
• (with Barbara Engelking) Żydów łamiących prawo należy karać śmiercią! "Przestępczość" Żydów w Warszawie, 1939-1942, discussing criminal behavior in the Warsaw Ghetto.
• (with Barbara Engelking) Zarys krajobrazu: wieś polska wobec zagłady Żydów 1942-1945, 2011, discussing the situation of Jews trying to hide in the Polish countryside during the Holocaust.
• (edited with Dariusz Libionka) Klucze i kasa: o mieniu żydowskim w Polsce pod okupacją niemiecką i we wczesnych latach powojennych, 1939-1950, 2011, discussing the robbery of Jewish property during the Holocaust and after the war.
• Hunt for the Jews: Betrayal and Murder in German-Occupied Poland,  Indiana University Press, 2013, 312 pp., ISBN 978-02-53010-74-2.
• Rescue for Money: ‘Paid Helpers’ in Poland, 1939-1945, Search and Research Series, Jerusalem, Yad Vashem–The International Institute for Holocaust Research, 2008, ISBN 9789653083257.
• ציד היהודים; בגידה ורצח בפולין בימי הכיבוש הגרמני, Jerusalem, Yad Vashem, 2016, ISBN 9789653085312
• (edited with Dariusz Libionka) Klucze i Kasa. Losy mienia żydowskiego w okupowanej Polsce, 1939-1945, Warsaw, Stowarzyszenie Centrum Badan nad Zagładą, 2014, 628 pp., ISBN 978-83-63444-35-8

References

1. ^ Ofer Aderet, "'Orgy of Murder': The Poles Who 'Hunted' Jews and Turned Them Over to the Nazis", Ha'aretz, 11 February 2017.
2. Snyder, Donald (21 Jan 2015). "The Summer Polish Jews Were Hunted". The Forward.
3. Lough, Shannon (26 Feb 2014). "Twenty-five years since the fall of communism in Poland (interview)".
4. "Fellow Dr. Jan Grabowski". USHMM website.
5. Grabowski, Jan (2 May 2017). "The Polish Police Collaboration in the Holocaust" (PDF).
6. Poland’s dark hunt, macleans, 7 Oct 2013
7. ^ Holocaust writer Grabowski faces Polish fury, Jewish Chronicle, 18 Oct. 2013.
8. "Hunt for the Jews snags Yad Vashem book prize", Times of Israel (JTA), 8 December 2014.
9. "Professor Jan Grabowski wins the 2014 Yad Vashem International Book Prize", Yad Vashem, 4 December 2014.
10. Polish-Jewish Relations During the Second World War, Emanuel Ringelblum, edited by Joseph Kermish, Shmuel Krakowski, translated by Dafna Allon, Danuta Dabrowska & Dana Keren, 1974 translation of 1944 original, Northwestern University Press, page 135: : The uniformed police has had a deplorable role in the “resettlement actions”. The blood of hundreds of thousands of Polish Jews, caught and driven to the “death vans” will be on their heads. ... In the subsequent “actions,” when the Jewish Order Service was liquidated as well, the Polish Police force was utilized. It was like that in Biala Podlaska, for example, where the Polish Police conducted the extermination “action” against the Jews in October 1942. I heard from an eyewitness of this “action” that the local fire-brigade, jointly with the uniformed police, discovered sixty Jews in the house where my woman informant was staying, herself among them. The uniformed police maltreated captured Jews terribly. They would hand over captured Jews to the Germans, who would shoot them on the spot. his time, thanks to the large amount of the bribe offered, the captured Jews were not shot but were sent to Miedzyrzec Podlaski, where the remnant of the Jews from Biala Podlaska were being concentrated. This remnant was shortly afterwards sent to Treblinka.
11. ^ Canadian historian joins uproar in Israel over Polish Holocaust law, CBC, 20 Feb. 2018.
12. Grzegorz Berendt (24 February 2017). ""The Polish People Weren't Tacit Collaborators with Nazi Extermination of Jews" (opinion)". Haaretz.
13. Jan Grabowski, "No, Poland's Elites Didn't Try to Save the Jews During the Holocaust", Haaretz, 19 March 2017
14. Samsonowska, Krystyna (July 2011). "Dąbrowa Tarnowska - nieco inaczej. (Dąbrowa Tarnowska - not quite like that)". Więź. 7: 75–85.
15. Musial, Bogdan (2011). "Judenjagd – 'umiejętne działanie' czy zbrodnicza perfidia?"". Dzieje Najnowsze: kwartalnik poświęcony historii XX wieku (in Polish). 43, no. 2. Institute of History of the Polish Academy of Sciences. {{cite journal}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |journal= (help)
16. Grabowski, Jan (2011). "Rżnięcie nożem po omacku, czyli polemika historyczna a la Bogdan Musiał" (PDF). Dzieje Najnowsze (in Polish).
17. Probleme der Interpretation der 'Shoah am Rande', Sehepunkte, Witold Mędykowski, issue 11 (2011) Nr. 7/8
18. Grzegorz Rossolinski-Liebe: Rezension zu: Grabowski, Jan: Judenjagd. Polowanie na Żydów 1942-1945. Studium dziejów pewnego powiatu . Warschau 2011 / Gross, Jan Tomasz; Grudzińska-Gross, Irena (Hrsg.): Złote żniwa. Rzecz o tym, co się działo na obrzeżach zagłady Żydów . Krakau 2011 , in: H-Soz-Kult, 18.04.2012]
19. Jagd auf Juden 1942-1945. Forschungen über die Geschichte eines Kreises. Warschau 2011 / Engelking, Barbara: Jest taki piekny słoneczny dzień…. Losy Żydów szukających ratunku na wsi polskiej 1942-1945 . Warschau 2011 / Gross, Jan Tomasz; Grudzińska-Gross, Irena (Hrsg.): Złote żniwa. Rzecz o tym, co się działo na obrzeżach zagłady Żydów . Krakau 2011 , in: H-Soz-Kult, 18.04.2012 (English Translation)], The American Association for Polish-Jewish Studies, Translated by Bill Templer
20. Zur polnischen Beteiligung am Holocaust, Sehepunkte, Piotr Weiser, issue 11 (2011) Nr. 7/8
21. Jan Grabowski: Judenjagd. Polowanie na Żydów 1942-1945. Studium dziejów pewnego powiatu (review), Przemysław Różański, Zeitschrift für Ostmitteleuropa-Forschung, 61 (2012) H. 4
22. WHAT DO HOLOCAUST SURVIVORS THINK OF ‘POLISH DEATH CAMPS’?, JPost, 3 Feb 2018
23. ^ Redlich, Shimon, "Hunt for the Jews: Betrayal and Murder in German-Occupied Poland, by Grabowski, Jan, Bloomington, Indiana University Press, 2013", Slavic Review, 73.3 (2014), pp. 652-53.
24. Glenn Sharfman (2015) Hunt for Jews: Betrayal and Murder in German-Occupied Poland, History: Reviews of New Books, 43:3, 104
25. "Łukasz Marek Męczykowski | Serwis główny UG". ug.edu.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 2018-04-01.
26. "Jan Grabowski – Judenjagd. Polowanie na Żydów 1942-1945" – recenzja Łukasz Męczykowski
27. Kassow, Samuel (2013). "Essay review of : Jan Grabowski, Judenjagd, B. Engelking, Jest Taki Piekny Sloneczny dzien and B. Engelking and J. Grabowski, Zarys Krajobrazu". Yad Vashem Studies. v. 41 (1), : 216–217.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
28. JAN GRABOWSKI. Hunt for the Jews: Betrayal and Murder in German-Occupied Poland (review), Rosa Lehmann, The American Historical Review, vol. 121, issue 4 (1 October 2016), pp. 1382–83.
29. Hunt for the Jews: Betrayal and Murder in German-Occupied Poland, by Jan Grabowski (review), Joshua D. Zimmerman, The Journal of Modern History, vol. 88, no. 1, March 2016.
30. Himka, John-Paul. "Hunt for the Jews: Betrayal and Murder in German-Occupied Poland.", East European Jewish Affairs, (2014): 271-273.
31. ^ "Stanowczo sprzeciwiamy się działalności i wypowiedziom Jana Grabowskiego". OŚWIADCZENIE W Polityce.pl
32. The truth about Poland, Legion Magazine, Stephen J. Thorne, 14 Feb 2018
33. A Polish Historian's Accounting of the Holocaust Divides His Countrymen, The Chronicle of Higher Education, 25 June 2012
34. Facing Death Threats for Highlighting Poland's Role in Holocaust, Historians Come to Scholar's Defense, Ha'aretz (AP), 20 June 2017
35. Holocaust law wields a 'blunt instrument' against Poland's past, BBC, 3 Feb 2018
36. Historians defend prof who wrote of Poles’ Holocaust complicity, Times of Israel (JTA), 13 June 2017
37. International historians defend Ottawa scholar who studies Poland and Holocaust, Vanessa Gera, The Associated Press, 20 June 2017
38. "Poland's Dueling Holocaust Monuments to 'Righteous Gentiles' Spark Painful Debate", Forward, 27 April 2014.
39. "Poland Plans Monument to Righteous Gentiles on Site of Warsaw Ghetto", Forward, 17 April 2013.
40. "Polish Museum Honoring Poles Who Saved Jews Arouses Controversy", Haaretz, 22 March 2016.
41. POLISH HISTORIAN: PENALTIES FOR NEW POLISH LAW RESEMBLE PRE-WAR PUNISHMENT, 20 Feb. 2018, Jerusalem Post.
42. Polish Historian: Entering Dialogue With Poland on Holocaust Bill Is 'The Last Thing' Israel Should Do, Haaretz, 19 Feb. 2018
43. ^ Jan Grabowski at Polish Center for Holocaust Research
44. From Rupert's Land to Canada, By John Elgin Foster, R. C. Macleod, Theodore Binnema, page xxx
45. Jak Polska długa i szeroka (interview), Wyborcza, 10 Jan 2011
46. Alltag im Holocaust: Jüdisches Leben im Großdeutschen Reich 1941-1945, edited by Andrea Löw, Doris L. Bergen, Anna Hájková, page 6
47. ZARYS KRAJOBRAZU. WIEŚ POLSKA WOBEC ZAGŁADY ŻYDÓW 1942-1945, The Union of Jewish Communities in Poland, Katarzyna Markusz, 23 Nov 2011
48. FORECKI: NASZE MIENIE „POŻYDOWSKIE”, Krytyka Polityczna, Piotr Forecki, 14 December 2014

External links

• Homepage at the University of Ottawa
• Biography on the website of Polish Center for Holocaust Research

• 1962 births
• Polish historians
• Canadian historians
• University of Ottawa faculty
• Historians of the Holocaust
• Polish emigrants to Canada
• University of Warsaw alumni
• Université de Montréal alumni
• Living people