Misplaced Pages

Revision as of 20:20, 24 October 2006

Allegations of Israeli apartheid are based on a controversial analogy comparing Israel's treatment of Palestinians living in the West Bank and Gaza Strip, and to a lesser extent Israeli Arabs, to the treatment of minorities in South Africa during Apartheid. Proponents contend that Israel's policies violate international law against apartheid. Critics of the allegations argue they are factually inaccurate political epithets, possibly anti-Semitic, that are used to isolate Israel, and cite Israeli security needs for the practices that have prompted them. The term has also been used to warn off Israel from a slippery slope which could ruin its future.

Issues cited by proponents of the term

In the Occupied Territories

Separation program

In response to the Intifada, under Prime Minister Ariel Sharon, Israel began in 2002 to implement a "separation program" (Hebrew Hafrada) designed to physically separate Palestinians and Israelis in the West Bank. The program includes fences and walls between Israeli and Palestinian areas, limitations on travel by Palestinians within the West Bank, and Israeli-only roads . Some critics of Israeli policy consider this program, and the philosophy behind it, to be a form of apartheid .

Israel described the features of the separation program not as methods of enforcing apartheid rule of Israel over the Palestinians, but rather as an unilateral approach to a two-state solution. Israel has dismantled Israeli settlements and withdrawn the army from the Gaza Strip. The 2006 realignment plan of Prime Minister Ehud Olmert called for withdrawing the army from most of the West Bank. The West Bank barrier has been portrayed as one approach to such a solution.

Occupation of the West Bank and Gaza

Palestinians living in the non-annexed portions of the West Bank do not have Israeli citizenship or voting rights in Israel, but are subject to the policies of the Israeli government. Israel has created roads and checkpoints in the occupied territories that isolate Palestinian communities. Policies also restrict the movement of goods between Israel and the West Bank, and into the Gaza Strip. Marwan Bishara, a teacher of international relations at the American University of Paris, has compared the restrictions on movement to apartheid pass laws. Israel maintains that these roads and checkpoints are important to its self-defense.

According to Leila Farsakh, after 1977, "he military government in the West Bank and Gaza Strip (WBGS) expropriated and enclosed Palestinian land and allowed the transfer of Israeli settlers to the occupied territories: they continued to be governed by Israeli laws. The government also enacted different military laws and decrees to regulate the civilian, economic and legal affairs of Palestinian inhabitants. These strangled the Palestinian economy and increased its dependence and integration into Israel ..." Many view these Israeli policies of territorial integration and societal separation as apartheid, even if they were never given such a name."

Israeli West Bank barrier

The Israeli West Bank barrier, which has also been called the "apartheid wall" — 88% of barrier is currently fenced and 11.5% walled — isolates Palestinian communities in the West Bank and consolidates the annexation of Palestinian land by Israeli settlements. According to the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency, over one million Arabs on the Israeli side of the barrier are citizens of Israel and constitute 15% of Israel's population.

The Israeli foreign ministry says that the West Bank barrier will cause no transfer of population and that none of the estimated 10,000 Palestinians (0.5%) who will be left on the Israeli side of the barrier (based on the February 2005 route) will be forced to migrate. The barrier has been presented as a reasonable and necessary security precaution to protect Israeli civilians from Palestinian terrorism. Supporters of the barrier consider it to be largely responsible for reducing incidents of terrorism by 90% from 2002 to 2005. Israel's foreign minister, Silvan Shalom, stated in 2004 that the barrier is not a border but a temporary defensive measure designed to protect Israeli civilians from terrorist infiltration and attack, and can be dismantled if appropriate. The Supreme Court of Israel ruled that the barrier is defensive and accepted the government's position that the route is based on security considerations.

Separate Roads

Israel has created separate road for Israelis and Palestinians. Israeli human rights group B'Tselem said "Palestinians are barred from or have restricted access to 450 miles of West Bank roads, a system with 'clear similarities' to South Africa's former apartheid regime". The Israeli newspaper Maariv reported that the Israeli government gave its military approval to implement a plan to culminate in barring all Palestinians from roads used by Israelis in the West Bank. "The purpose is to reach, in a gradual manner, within a year or two, total separation between the two populations. The first and immediate stage of separation applies to the roads in the territories: roads for Israelis only and roads for Palestinians only," the newspaper said.

In Israel proper

Land policy inside the Green Line

93.5% of the land inside the Green Line is not held by private owners. 79.5% of the land is owned by the Israeli Government through the Israeli Land Authority, and 14% is privately owned by the Jewish National Fund. Under Israeli law, both ILA and JNF lands may not be sold, and are leased under the administration of the ILA.

Critics say that as a result of this leasing arrangement, the vast majority of land in Israel is not available to non-Jews. In response, Alex Safian has argued that this is not true -- according to Safian, the 79.5% of Israeli land owned directly by the ILA is available for lease to both Jews and Arabs, sometimes on beneficial terms to Arabs under Israeli affirmative action programs. While Safian concedes that the 14% of Israeli land owned by the JNF is not legally available for lease to Israel's arab citizens, he argues that the ILA often ignores this restriction in practice.

In March 2000, Israel's High Court ruled in Qaadan v. Katzir that the government's use of the JNF to develop public land was discriminatory due to the agency's prohibition against leasing to non-Jews. According to Dr. Alexandre Kedar of the Haifa University Law School "Until the Supreme Court Qaadan v. Katzir decision, Arabs could not acquire land in any of the hundreds of settlements of this kind existing in Israel..

Although there are formal restrictions on the lease of JNF land, which is privately owned by the JNF , "in practice JNF land has been leased to Arab citizens of Israel, both for short-term and long-term use. To cite one example of the former, JNF-owned land in the Besor Valley (Wadi Shallaleh) near Kibbutz Re'em has been leased on a yearly basis to Bedouins for use as pasture."

Government Employment

18% of the population within Israel's pre-1967 borders is Arab. "Only 3.7 percent of Israel's employees are Arabs; Arabs hold only 50 out of 5,000 university faculty positions; and of the country's 61 poorest towns, 48 are Arab."

Identity cards

"In recent decades, partly as a result of international action against the former Apartheid policies in South Africa, ID cards or documents with racial categories have come to be viewed with international disapproval." Israeli identity cards, required of all residents over the age of 16, indicate whether holders are Jewish or not by adding the person's Hebrew date of birth.

In a controversial article in the Guardian, journalist Chris McGreal reported that having indications of Jewish ethnicity on national identification cards is "in effect determining where they are permitted to live, access to some government welfare programmes, and how they are likely to be treated by civil servants and policemen." The same article also compared Israel's Population Registry Act, which calls for the gathering of ethnic data, to South Africa's Apartheid-era Population Registration Act.

Marriage

A 2003 law forbids married couples comprising an Israeli citizen and a Palestian from an occupied territory from living together in Israel. The law does allow children from such marriages to live in Israel until age 12, at which age the law requires them to move out of Israel. This is reminiscent of South African apartheid immigration laws, which adversely affected Indian practices of endogamy, in that they were forbidden from importing brides from their native country as they had done for generations prior to the apartheid regime. Israel cites security and not fears of further drain on minority status, as white South Africans did, as reason for their immigration policies.

The law was passed as an emergency one year measure in 2002, and has been renewed every year since. The law was narrowly upheld in May 2006, by the Supreme Court of Israel on a six to five vote. Israel's Chief Justice, Aharon Barak, sided with the minority on the bench, declaring: "This violation of rights is directed against Arab citizens of Israel. As a result, therefore, the law is a violation of the right of Arab citizens in Israel to equality."

Use of the term

The term has been used by diverse groups and individuals across the political spectrum, including Jimmy Carter, former President of the United States, Nobel Peace Prize winner and Camp David Accords negotiator, South African Bishop and Nobel Peace Prize winner Desmond Tutu; Winnie Mandela, peace activist Arun Ghandhi; Meron Benvenisti, an Israeli political scientist; left-wing members of the Knesset; Palestinian-rights activists, the Syrian government; student groups in Britain, the U.S. and Canada, where "Israeli apartheid week" is held on many campuses; and the Congress of South African Trade Unions.

The term has also been used by far right elements, including white supremacist David Duke, Holocaust denier Paul Grubach of the Institute for Historical Review, and anti-Semitic groups such as Jew Watch.

The Economist, in an article on the debate over withdrawal from the Occupied Territories, asserted that "Keeping the occupied land will force on Israel the impossible choice of being either an apartheid state, or a binational one with Jews as a minority." Oren Yiftachel of the Ben Gurion University of the Negev warned that Israel unilateral disengagement plan would result in "creeping apartheid" in the West Bank, Gaza, and Israel.

In January 2004, Ahmed Qureia, then Prime Minister of the Palestinian National Authority, said that Israel's unilateralism could prompt an end to Palestinian efforts towards a two-state solution: "This is an apartheid solution to put the Palestinians in cantons." Colin Powell, then U.S. Secretary of State, stated in response that the U.S. government is committed to a two-state solution. "I believe that's the only solution that will work: a state for the Palestinian people called Palestine and a Jewish state, state of Israel. I don't believe that we can accept a situation that results in anything that one might characterize as apartheid or Bantuism." Ehud Olmert, then Deputy Prime Minister of Israel, said in April 2004 that: "More and more Palestinians are uninterested in a negotiated, two-state solution, because they want to change the essence of the conflict from an Algerian paradigm to a South African one. From a struggle against 'occupation,' in their parlance, to a struggle for one-man-one-vote. That is, of course, a much cleaner struggle, a much more popular struggle - and ultimately a much more powerful one. For us, it would mean the end of the Jewish state."

Individuals who have used the term have said:

• Jimmy Carter, former President of the United States wrote a book entitled Palestine: Peace Not Apartheid that is critical of Israel's treatment of minority groups. He stated: "What I want to see in the future is not apartheid, but I want to see peace."
• Desmond Tutu, Nobel Peace Prize winner and Catholic Archbishop supported this analogy first in 1989 when he said in a Haaretz article dated 12-25-89, "I am a black South African, and if I were to change the names, a description of what is happening in Gaza and the West Bank could describe events in South Africa." Later, in 2002, Tutu said that he was "very deeply distressed" by a visit to the Holy Land, adding that "it reminded me so much of what happened to us black people in South Africa" and that he saw "the humiliation of the Palestinians at checkpoints and roadblocks, suffering like us when young white police officers prevented us from moving about". Tutu also added that "Many South Africans are beginning to recognize the parallels to what we went through", and stated that a letter signed by "several hundred other prominent Jewish South Africans" had drawn "an explicit analogy between apartheid and current Israeli policies."
• Ronnie Kasrils, a South African anti-apartheid activist stated that there are stark parallels between the Middle East and the old South Africa and that Israel's apartheid wall will create Palestinian bantustans.
• Winnie Madikizela-Mandela, former president of the African National Congress Women's League, anti-apartheid activist, and former wife of South African Nelson Mandela stated: "Apartheid Israel can be defeated, just as apartheid in South Africa was defeated".
• John Dugard, a South African professor of international law and an ad hoc Judge on the International Court of Justice, serving as the Special Rapporteur for the United Nations on the situation of human rights in the Palestinian territories described the situation in the West Bank as "an apartheid regime ... worse than the one that existed in South Africa." . Dugard has since become an outspoken critic of Israel.
• Farid Esack, a South African Muslim writer, scholar and anti-apartheid activist, and currently William Henry Bloomberg Visiting Professor at Harvard Divinity School, stated that "the logic of Apartheid is akin to the logic of Zionism", "life for the Palestinians is infinitely worse than what we ever had experienced under Apartheid", and "and the price they (Palestinians) have had to pay for resistance much more horrendous".
• Hendrik Verwoerd, the prime minister of South Africa, widely considered the architect of South Africa's apartheid policies, stated in 1961 that "Israel, like South Africa, is an apartheid state".
• William Mothipa Madisha, Congress of South African Trade Unions (Cosatu) president , said "the 'apartheid Israel state' is worse than the apartheid that was conducted in South Africa. Madisha also said that Israel "should be seen as an apartheid state and the same sanctions must be applied that were established against South Africa".
• Arun Gandhi, peace activist born in South Africa, and grandson of former Indian leader Mahatma Ghandi, criticised Israel's controverisial security barrier, saying, "This reminds me of something you might see in apartheid South Africa. The walls surround cities and towns, choking the people - it's not right.",
• Ami Ayalon, Israeli admiral and former leader of Shin Beth, Israel's domestic security agency stated in December 2000: "Israel must decide quickly what sort of environment it wants to live in because the current model, which has some apartheid characteristics, is not compatible with Jewish principles."
• Shulamit Aloni, former Education minister and a former leader of Meretz, has said "if we are not an apartheid state, we are getting much, much closer to it." This comment was in response to a proposal by the then-government of Ariel Sharon to bar Arabs from buying homes in "Jewish townships" within Israel proper. The proposed bill was narrowly defeated in the Knesset. At the time, Tommy Lapid, leader of the liberal Shinui party, said he opposed the bill because it "smells of apartheid".
• Uri Davis, an Israeli-born academic and Jewish member of the Palestine Liberation Organization, wrote a book Israel: An Apartheid State (1987) that drew parallels between Israel and South Africa.
• Zehava Gal-On of the Meretz party said of an Israeli Supreme Court ruling upholding the country's citizenship law: "The Supreme Court could have taken a braver decision and not relegated us to the level of an apartheid state."
• Yakov Malik, the Soviet ambassador to the United Nations, accused Israel in December 1971 of promulgating a "racist policy of apartheid against Palestinians.

Criticism of the term

Critics argue that the term is inaccurate, anti-Semitic, dangerous, and used as a rhetorical device to isolate Israel.

David Matas, senior counsel to B'nai Brith Canada, argues that the starting point for anti-Zionists is the "vocabulary of condemnation", rather than specific criticism of the practises of Israel. He writes that "any unsavoury verbal weapon that comes to hand is used to club Israel and its supporters. The reality of what happens in Israel is ignored. What matters is the condemnation itself. For anti-Zionists, the more repugnant the accusation made against Israel the better." Because apartheid is universally condemned, and a global coalition helped to bring down the South African apartheid regime, anti-Zionists "dream of constructing a similar global anti-Zionism effort", writes Matas. "The simplest and most direct way for them to do so is to label Israel as an apartheid state. The fact that there is no resemblance whatsoever between true apartheid and the State of Israel has not stopped anti-Zionists for a moment."

In 2002, Lee Bollinger, then President of Columbia University, said that the analogy of Israel to South Africa at the time of apartheid, "is both grotesque and offensive".

In 2004, Jean-Christophe Rufin, former vice-president of Médecins Sans Frontières and president of Action Against Hunger, recommended in a report about anti-Semitism commissioned by French Interior Minister Dominique de Villepin that the charge of apartheid and racism against Israel be criminalized in France. He wrote:

here is no question of penalising political opinions that are critical, for example, of any government and are perfectly legitimate. What should be penalised in the perverse and defamatory use of the charge of racism against those very people who were victims of racism to an unparalleled degree. The accusations of racism, of apartheid, of Nazism carry extremely grave moral implications. These accusations have, in the situation in which we find ourselves today, major consequences which can, by contagion, put in danger the lives of our Jewish citizens. It is why we invite reflection on the advisability and applicability of a law ... which would permit the punishment of those who make without foundation against groups, institutions or states accusations of racism and utilise for these accusations unjustified comparisons with apartheid or Nazism.

In 2003, South Africa's minister for home affairs Chief Mangosuthu Buthelezi said that "The Israeli regime is not apartheid. It is a unique case of democracy".

According to Fred Taub, the President of Boycott Watch, "The assertion ... that Israel is practicing apartheid is not only false, but may be considered libelous. ... The fact is that it is the Arabs who are discriminating against non-Muslims, especially Jews."

In her book, The Trouble with Islam Today, Irshad Manji lists numerous reasons why Israel is not an apartheid state. Arabs can run for office, and there are several Arab political parties. Arab Muslim legistlators have veto powers. In 2003, when two Arab political parties were disqualified for supporting terrorism, the judiciary, free from political interference, overturned the disqualifications. Women and the poor can vote. Emile Habibi, and Arab, was awarded the Israel Prize for literature. Hebrew speaking children are encouraged to learn Arabic. Road signs are bilingual. Arabs study side by side in universities, and live in the same apartment buildings. Palestians who commute from the West Bank have state benefits and legal protections. Israel has a free Arab Press, Al-Quds.

Issues cited by critics of the term

Legal status of Israeli Arabs

• Israeli law does not differentiate between Israeli citizens based on ethnicity. Israeli Arabs have the same rights as all other Israelis, whether they are Jews, Christians, Druze, etc. These rights include suffrage, political representation and recourse to the courts. Israeli Arabs are represented in the Knesset (Israel's legislature) and participate fully in Israeli political, cultural, and educational life. In apartheid South Africa, "Blacks" and "Coloureds" could not vote and had no representation in the South African parliament.

• Black labour was exploited in slavery-like conditions under apartheid; Arabs who are not citizens of Israel have the same rights and privileges as all other non-citizen foreign workers in Israel.

• The features of legal apartheid do not exist in Israel. Jews and Arabs use the same hospitals, Jewish and Arab babies are born in the same delivery room, Jews and Arabs eat in the same restaurants, and Jews and Arabs travel in the same buses, trains and taxis without being segregated.

• According to StandWithUs, a pro-Israel advocacy organisation, Arab Israelis are often eligible for special perks. The organisation has pointed out that the city of Jerusalem gives Arab residents free professional advice to assist with the house permit process and structural regulations, advice which is not available to Jewish residents on the same terms.
• According to StandWithUs, a pro-Israel advocacy organisation, "FACT: Apartheid was an official policy, enacted in law and brutally enforced through police violence, of political, legal and economic discrimination against blacks. Apartheid is a political system based upon minority control over a majority population. In South Africa, blacks could not be citizens, vote, participate in the government or fraternize with whites. Israel, a majority-rule democracy like the U.S., gives equal rights and protections to all of its citizens. It grants full rights and protections to all Arab inhabitants inside of Israel, a reality best exemplified by Israel’s Arab members of parliament. Israeli citizens struggle with prejudices amongst its many minorities, just as all multi-racial, multi-ethnic democracies do, but Israel’s laws try to eradicate – not endorse – prejudices. The Palestinian Authority, not the Israeli government, governs the Palestinians in the West Bank and Gaza. Like many Arab nations, the PA does not offer equal rights and protections to its inhabitants. Branding Israel an apartheid state is inaccurate – and emotional propaganda.

Demographics

• The concept that Jews and Palestinians are distinct races is highly controversial.
• Unlike South Africa, where Apartheid prevented Black majority rule, in Israel (including the occupied territories) there is currently a slim Jewish majority. As of 2005 figures for Israel 2006 information for Palestine, there are a total of 5.313 Jews and 5.265 million Arabs in the combined regions (1.3 million of those Arabs are Israeli citizens.)

Differences between Israel and South Africa

• Dr. Moshe Machover, professor of philosophy in London and co-founder of Matzpen, argues against the use of the term on the basis that the situation in Israel is worse than apartheid. Machover points out some significant differences between the policy of the Israeli government and the apartheid model. According to Machover, drawing a close analogy between Israel and South Africa is both a theoretical and political mistake.

• According to StandWithUs, Israel never formally annexed the West Bank or Gaza, and the Palestinians are not Israeli citizens, and they don't want to be. Palestinians have their own government, the Palestinian Authority.

• The director the "Program on Conflict Management" at Bar-Ilan University, and editor of NGO Monitor, argued in a Jerusalem Post Op-Ed piece:

• The analogy "demean(s) Black victims of the real apartheid regime in South Africa."
• Zionism is not a manifestation of European colonialism.

Used as a warning on Israel's future

A number of voices, both within Israel and internationally, warn that Israel could become an "apartheid state" if the occupation of the West Bank and Gaza were to continue or if certain government policies were implemented. Such arguments are raised both by those advocating complete Israeli disengagement from the West Bank and Gaza and by those who advocate a binational solution.

Meron Benvenisti, an Israeli political scientist and the former deputy mayor of Jerusalem warns that Israel is moving towards the model of apartheid South Africa through the creation of "Bantustan" like conditions in the West Bank and Gaza Strip

An academic paper by Professor Oren Yiftachel of the Ben Gurion University of the Negev warns that Israel unilateral disengagement plan will result in "creeping apartheid" both in the West Bank and Gaza as well as within Israel itself.

The analogy has also been used as a warning of what Israel may become if a two state solution is not realised. This allusion has been used in reference to the debate on Israeli withdrawal from the Gaza and West Bank. The Economist, in an article on the debate over withdrawal from the Occupied Territories, asserted that "Keeping the occupied land will force on Israel the impossible choice of being either an apartheid state, or a binational one with Jews as a minority."

Notes

1. Desmond Tutu http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/1957644.stm Tutu condemns Israeli apartheid
2. Jonny Paul, Oxford holds 'Apartheid Israel' week, Jerusalem Post, Feb. 15, 2006, accessed October 21, 2006
3. Jon Kerkon, Opinion: Levin must speak out against divestment, Yale Herald, November 21, 2002, accessed October 21, 2006
4. ^ Matas, David. Aftershock: Anti-Zionism and anti-Semitism. Dundurn, 2005, pp. 53-55.
5. Newsweek Interview with Jimmy Carter: "He Was Like a Brother to Me", Newsweek, accessed October 24 2006.
8. http://www.metimes.com/articles/normal.php?StoryID=20060524-074634-8971r
9. Forbidden Checkpoints and Roads at B'Tselem
10. Pass Laws Will Wreck Peace Hopes, accessed October 21 2006
11. Farsakh, Leila "Israel an apartheid state?", Le Monde diploatique, November 2003
12. "Statistics", B'Tselem, October 2005.
14. "Humanitarian Aspects: Impact on Palestinians", Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs, July 24, 2006.
15. Wall Street Journal, "After Sharon", January 6, 2006.
16. Not an "Apartheid Wall"
17. Fence? Security barrier? Apartheid wall?
18. "Statement by Foreign Minister Silvan Shalom", Israeli Foreign Ministry, March 17, 2004.
19. The Supreme Court Sitting as the High Court of Justice Beit Sourik Village Council vs. The Government of Israel and Commander of the IDF Forces in the West Bank.(Articles 28-30)
20. http://www.btselem.org/english/publications/summaries/200408_forbidden_roads.asp Forbidden Roads: The Discriminatory West Bank Road Regime (Discrimination-based separation - An Apartheid Practice)
21. ^ Alex Safian, Guardian Defames Israel with False Apartheid Charges, Committee for Accuracy in Middle East Reporting in America, February 20, 2006
22. ^ McGeal, Chris. "Worlds apart", The Guardian, February 6, 2006.
23. Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 2001: Israel Jewish Virtual Library
24. Dr. Alexandre Kedar, Haifa University Law School, "A First Step in a Difficult and Sensitive Road": Preliminary Observations on Qaadan v. Katzir
25. The Negev Bedouin and Livestock Raising", Berg Publishers Ltd, 1994, pgs 28, 36, 38.
26. , Committee for Accuracy in Middle East Reporting in America, June 25, 1997
27. Flore de Préneuf, Israel's apartheid, November 3, 2000
28. Fussell, Jim }publisher= Prevent Genocide International. Also published in the anthology, National Identification Systems: Essays in Opposition, edited by Carl Watner with Wendy McElroy (Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland: 2004) (2001-09-15). "Group Classification on National ID Cards as a Factor in Genocide and Ethnic Cleansing". Retrieved 22 October. {{cite web}}: |first= has generic name (help); Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |acccessyear= ignored (help); line feed character in |first= at position 4 (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
29. Davidson, Lawrence (2004). "Apartheid Israel". Retrieved 22 October. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |acccessyear= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
30. McGreal, Chris (2006-02-06). "Worlds Apart". Guardian UK. Retrieved 22 October. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
31. ^ Adam, Heriber (2005). Seeking Mandela: Peacemaking Between Israelis and Palestinians. UCL Press. p. 23. ISBN 1844721302. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
32. Huggler, Justin (2003-08-01). "Israel Imposes 'Racist' Marriage Law". Jerusalem: The Independant. Retrieved 23 October. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
33. Macintyre, Donald (2006-05-15). "'Racist' marriage law upheld by Israel". Jerusalem: The Independant. Retrieved 23 October. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
34. ^ Apartheid in the Holy Land in The Guardian by Desmond Tutu
35. ^ Tutu, D., and Urbina, I. 2002. Against Israeli apartheid. Nation 275:4-5. source
36. Arun Ghandhi, Occupation "Ten Times Worse than Apartheid", Speech, Palestinian International Press Center, August 29 2004, accessed September 17 2006
37. "Bantustan plan for an apartheid Israel" by Meron Benvenisti (The Guardian) April 26, 2004
38. Frenkel, Sheera Claire "Left appalled by citizenship ruling", Jerusalem Post, May 15, 2006
39. Davis, Uri. "The Movement against Israeli Apartheid in Palestine"
40. The Syrian government wrote in a letter to the UN Security Council that "Zionist Israeli institutional terrorism in no way differs from the terrorism pursued by the apartheid regime against millions of Africans in South Africa and Namibia ..., just as it in no way differs in essence and nature from the Nazi terrorism which shed European blood and visited ruin and destruction upon the peoples of Europe." (UN Doc S/16520 at 2 (1984), quoting from Israel Yearbook on Human Rights 1987. Edited by Y. Dinstein, M. Tabory, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1987. ISBN 90-247-3646-3 p.36)
41. "Oxford holds 'Apartheid Israel' week" at Jerusalem Post by Jonny Paul
42. The Congress of South African Trade Unions called Israel as an apartheid state and supported the boycott of the Canadian Union of Public Employees. ("South African union joins boycott of Israel". ynetnews.com. . {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help))
43. "The Hypocrisy of Jewish Supremacism", David Duke Online Radio Report, July 22, 2002.
44. Grubach, Paul. "Israel, Zionism, and the Racial Double Standard", The Revisionist, No 1, 2002.
45. Jew Watch.
46. "Israel's settlers: Waiting for a miracle", The Economist, August 11, 2005
47. Oren Yiftachel, Department of Geography and Environmental Development, Ben Gurion University of the Desert (2005) Neither two states nor one: The Disengagement and "creeping apartheid" in Israel/Palestine in The Arab World Geographer/Le Géographe du monde arabe 8(3): 125-129
48. Qureia: Israel's unilateral moves are pushing us toward a one-state solution, Haaretz, January 9 2004, accessed June 26 2006
49. PMO rejects Palestinian assertion on right to declare state, Haaretz, January 11 2004, accessed June 26, 2006
50. Is the two-state solution in danger?, Haaretz, April 13 2004, accessed June 26 2006
52. Newsweek Interview with Jimmy Carter: "He Was Like a Brother to Me", Newsweek, accessed October 24 2006.
53. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/1957644.stm
54. http://www.sundaytimes.co.za/2004/02/22/insight/in08.asp Israel's wall of shame will create poor Palestinian bantustans
55. Winnie Mandela on apartheid Israel
56. Aluf Benn,UN agent: Apartheid regime in territories worse than S. Africa, Ha'aretz, August 24, 2004]
57. "Tear Down This Wall". John Dugard, International Herald Tribune, August 2, 2003
58. http://cjpip.org/0609_esack.html Audio: Learning from South Africa -- Religion, Violence, Nonviolence, and International Engagement in the Israeli-Palestinian Struggle
59. http://www.mg.co.za/articlePage.aspx?articleid=276860&area=/breaking_news/breaking_news__national/ 'Apartheid Israel' worse than apartheid South Africa
60. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/3562434.stm Arun Gandhi, grandson of former Indian leader Mahatma Gandhi, is visiting Palestinian territories and Israel to spread the message of non-violence.
61. Israel warned against emerging apartheid
62. "EDITORIAL: An apartheid state?", Jerusalem Post, November 11, 2002
63. Eric Silver, "Israel Accused of 'Racist Ideology' with Plan to Prevent Arabs Buying Homes", The Independent (UK), July 9, 2002.
64. Ash, Lucy. "Battling against Israeli 'apartheid'", BBC News, December 23, 2004
65. Davis, Uri. Israel: An Apartheid State. 1987. ISBN 0-86232-317-7
66. Left appalled by citizenship ruling at Jerusalem Post by Sheera Claire Frenkel
67. Summary of news events, New York Times, December 10, 1971.
68. ^ Rufin, Jean-Christophe. "Chantier sur la lutte contre le racisme et l'antisémitisme", presented on October 19, 2004. Cited in Matas, David. Aftershock: Anti-Zionism and anti-Semitism. Dundurn, 2005, p. 54 and p. 243, footnotes 59 and 60.
69. President Lee Bollinger's Statement on the Divestment Campaign, November 7, 2002. Retrieved from the Columbia University Divestment Campaign website, July 4, 2006.
70. "France: International Religious Freedom Report 2005", U.S. Department of State.
71. "French concern about race attacks", BBC News, October 2004.
72. S. African Minister: Israel is Not Apartheid by Yossi Melman (Haaretz) September 23, 2003
73. Presbyterian Church Violates US Antiboycott Laws. General Assembly of Presbyterian Church, USA, votes For Illegal Action at Convention August 1, 2004 (Boycott Watch)
74. Manji, Irshad (2005). The Trouble with Islam Today: A Muslim's Call for Reform in Her Faith. New York: St. Martin's Griffin. pp. 108–109. ISBN 0312326998. {{cite book}}: |format= requires |url= (help)
75. ^ Israel Is Not An Apartheid State at Jewish Virtual Library
76. ^ Abusing 'Apartheid' for the Palestinian Cause Jerusalem Post op-ed by Gerald M. Steinberg
77. Jerusalem Houses
79. http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/Human_Rights/Israel_&_apartheid.html Israel Is Not An Apartheid State
80. Is it Apartheid? at Jewish Voice for Peace by Moshe Machover published 10 November 2004
81. Truth, Lies & Stereotypes..., StandWithUs, accessed October 24 2006
82. Meron Benvenisti, Bantustan plan for an apartheid Israel, The Guardian, April 26, 2005
83. Oren Yiftachel, Department of Geography and Environmental Development, Ben Gurion University of the Desert (2005) Neither two states nor one: The Disengagement and "creeping apartheid" in Israel/Palestine in The Arab World Geographer/Le Géographe du monde arabe 8(3): 125-129
84. "Israel's settlers: Waiting for a miracle", The Economist, August 11, 2005

Further reading

• Avnery, Uri. "An Eskimo in Bantustan".
• Bard, Mitchell. "Myths & Facts Online. Human Rights in Israel and the Territories", American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise.
• Barghouti, Omar. "Israeli Apartheid - Time for the South African Treatment".
• Buruma, Ian. "Do not treat Israel like apartheid South Africa", The Guardian, July 23, 2002.
• Carey Ron et al. The New Intifada: Resisting Israel's Apartheid. Verso, 2001. ISBN 1-85984-377-8
• Carter, Jimmy. Palestine: Peace not Apartheid. Simon & Schuster, 2006. ISBN 07432-8502-6
• Carter, Jimmy. "Jimmy Carter discusses the Mideast conflict, Israeli apartheid, and new book"
• Davis, Uri. Apartheid Israel: Possibilities for the Struggle Within. Zed Books, 2004. ISBN 1-84277-339-9
• Dugard, John. Statement by MR. JOHN DUGARD, Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Palestinian territories occupied by Israel since 1967 59th Session of the General Assembly Third Committee, Item 105, 28 October 2004 Template:PDFlink
• Falkson, Jock L. "An Apartheid State? Or The Greatest Lie Ever Told?"
• Löwstedt, Anthony. "Apartheid - Ancient, Past, and Present: Systematic Gross Human Rights Violations in Graeco-Roman Egypt, South Africa, and Israel/Palestine".
• Pogrund, Benjamin. "Apartheid? Israel is a democracy in which Arabs vote", MidEastWeb.
• Siegel, Jennifer. "Carter Book Slaps Israel With ‘Apartheid’ Tag, Provides Ammo to GOP", The Forward, October 17, 2006.
• Tutu, Desmond. "Tutu condemns Israeli Apartheid".
• Tutu, Desmond & Urbina Ian. Against Israeli apartheid.
• Briefing to the committee on the elimination of racial discrimination Template:PDFlink, United Nations, January 2006.
• Is Zionism Apartheid? at Zionism On The Web

See also

• Apartheid (disambiguation) for other uses of the term
• Arab anti-Zionism
• Hafrada, a Hebrew term for "separation"
• Intifada
• Israeli West Bank barrier
• Jewish exodus from Arab lands
• New anti-Semitism
• New Historians
• Zionism and racism

• Zionism
• Israeli-Palestinian conflict
• Discrimination