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| The '''Oklahoma dialect''', also known as the '''Okie dialect''' is the subdialect of ] of the ] spoken by residents of the state of ]. | |||
| It is a byproduct of historic migration of settlers to the state from the ] such as ], ] and ] with its "country-western" sound in the late 19th century. | |||
| There's a known ] influence in the dialect by the state's over 50 federally recognized tribal groups, some of them maintained or revived its own native languages to this day. | |||
| Variants found in the ] area reflect the influences of Northeastern (i.e. ], ] and ]) oilmen, while those in the northwestern part of the state have some more Midwestern (i.e. ], ] and ]) loanwords and pronunciations. | |||
| In ], the arrival of families whose grandparents left in the ], are "returning" ] from the West Coast (]) introduced some ] words and phrases in the dialect. | |||
| ==History== | |||
| The dialect of Oklahoma is a mixture of ] and ].<ref name="EOHC">{{Cite web | last = Southard | first = Bruce | title = Speech Patterns | work = Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture | publisher = Oklahoma Historical Society | date = | url = http://digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclopedia/entries/S/SP008.html | accessdate = May 26, 2010}}</ref> | |||
| Originally the state of Oklahoma was formerly two separate territories, the ] and the ]. As the Oklahoma territory was opened to white settlement in the late 19th century settlers came primarily from the Midwest and upper Midwest, bringing a more Midland flavor to their language. <ref name="EOHC"/> | |||
| The Indian Territory initially had few white settlers. The Native Americans had adopted a more southern culture, and with it a more Southern dialect. <ref name="EOHC"/> | |||
| ==Twang== | |||
| The Okie Accent is largely characterized by a twang which is the pronunciation of a word with elongated vowels and adding of extra syllables to increase the length of the sound of the words which serve to create a drawl. i.e., the word "get" would be stretched out in a complex but subtle pronunciation of "gee-ut-ah", someone unfamiliar with the dialect or not listening closely would hear simply "git". | |||
| == Lexicon == | |||
| Some words used in rural Oklahoma but not in many other American English dialects (or with different meanings) are: | |||
| * ''tump '' or ''tip over a container to empty the contents, (tah-uum-pah) | |||
| * ''wallered-out '' or '', increase of a circumference (wah'-lurd-ah a-yo-tah) | |||
| * ''pertneer '' or '', almost, (purt-neer) | |||
| * ''dasent '' or '', dare not | |||
| ==In Culture== | |||
| ] wrote ] using an Okie dialect for the main characters. He consulted ] reports written by Tom Collins as a source for the dialect. <ref>(Benson, p. 81)</ref><ref>(Steinbeck, Woolenburg p. ix)</ref><ref>(Davis, p. 139)</ref> The musical '']'' used a spoken Okie dialect. <ref>(McClung, p. 160)</ref> | |||
| == Recordings of the Okie accent == | |||
| * Characters: ], ], in the Movie '']'' | |||
| * Songs: '']'' by ], a country single in the 1960s. | |||
| ==Notes== | |||
| {{reflist}} | |||
| == References == | |||
| * {{Cite book | last = Benson | first = Jackson | title = Looking for Steinbeck's Ghost | publisher = University of Nevada Press | date = 2002 | location = | pages = 248 | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=BBkkI19cXE8C | isbn = 9780874174977}} | |||
| * {{Cite book | last = Davis | first = Clark | coauthors = David Igler | title = The Human Tradition in California | publisher = Rowman and Littlefield | date = 2002 | location = | pages = 253 | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=7qUAAB7NemsC | isbn = 9780842050272}} | |||
| * {{Cite book | last = McClung | first = Bruce | title = Lady in the Dark: Biography of a Musical | publisher = Oxford University Press US | date = 2007 | location = | pages = 274 | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=FSNhRrn-M-gC | isbn = 9780195120127}} | |||
| * {{Cite web | last = Southard | first = Bruce | title = Speech Patterns | work = Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture | publisher = Oklahoma Historical Society | date = | url = http://digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclopedia/entries/S/SP008.html | accessdate = May 26, 2010}} | |||
| * {{Cite book | last = Steinbeck | first = John | coauthors = Charles Wollenberg | title = The Harvest Gypsies: On the Road to the Grapes of Wrath | publisher = Heyday Books | date = 2002 | location = | pages = 64 | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=woSBchUi3ygC | isbn = 9781890771614}} | |||
| ==Further reading== | |||
| * ''Okie Dictionary'', ISBN 0965387410, Authors: Stoney Hardcastle. Publisher: Indian Nations Pub, 1995 | |||
| * Tillery, J.(1992). ''The Locus of Linguistic Innovation in Oklahoma'' Ph.D. Dissertation, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater. pp. 125 | |||
| * {{Cite journal | last = Wikle | first = Thomas | coauthors = Guy Bailey | title = Oklahomy Folks Says 'em Different": Axes of Linguistic Variation in Oklahoma | journal = Chronicles of Oklahoma | volume = 75 | issue = 1 | publisher = Oklahoma Historical Society | location = | date = 1997 | url = | issn = | accessdate = }} | |||
| ==External links== | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| {{English dialects by continent}} | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
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