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| founder = ] and ]<ref name="iranica"/> | founder = ] and ]<ref name="iranica"/>
| leader1_title = {{nowrap|President-elect}} | leader1_title = {{nowrap|President-elect}}
| leader1_name = ]<ref name="IOONC">{{cite book|chapter=Iran: The People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran|title=Iran: Outlaw, Outcast, Or Normal Country?|p=97|publisher=Nova Publishers|year=2001|author1=Kenneth Katzman|editor=Albert V. Benliot|isbn=1560729546}}</ref>
| leader1_name = ]<ref name="Katzman2001" />
| founded = {{start date and age|1981|7|20}} | founded = {{start date and age|1981|7|20}}
| dissolved = <!-- {{end date|YYYY|MM|DD}} --> | dissolved = <!-- {{end date|YYYY|MM|DD}} -->
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| country = Iran | country = Iran
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The '''National Council of Resistance of Iran''' (NCRI; {{lang-fa|شورای ملی مقاومت ایران|Šurā-ye melli-e moqāwemat-e Īrān}}) is an Iranian ] based in ]. The organization has appearance of a broad-based coalition, however many analysts consider NCRI and Islamic Marxist ] (MEK) to be synonymous<ref name="Katzman2001" />, taking the former to be an umbrella organization or alias for the latter,<ref name="Katzman2012" >Kenneth Katzman, , in Kristen Boon, Aziz Z. Huq, Douglas Lovelace (eds.) ''Global Stability and U.S. National Security,'' ], 2012 pp.297-383 p.317.</ref><ref name="Fayazmanesh" >Sasan Fayazmanesh, ], 2008 pp.79,81.</ref> and recognize NCRI as only "nominally independent" political wing or ] for MEK.<ref>{{cite book|title=Confronting Iran: The Failure of American Foreign Policy and the Roots of Mistrust|p=198|publisher=Hurst Publishers|year=2006|author1=Ali M. Ansari The '''National Council of Resistance of Iran''' (NCRI; {{lang-fa|شورای ملی مقاومت ایران|Šurā-ye melli-e moqāwemat-e Īrān}}) is an Iranian ] based in ]. The organization has appearance of a broad-based coalition, however many analysts consider NCRI and ] (MEK) to be synonymous<ref name="IOONC"/>, taking the former to be an umbrella organization or alias for the latter,<ref name="Katzman2012" >Kenneth Katzman, , in Kristen Boon, Aziz Z. Huq, Douglas Lovelace (eds.) ''Global Stability and U.S. National Security,'' ], 2012 pp.297-383 p.317.</ref><ref name="Fayazmanesh" >Sasan Fayazmanesh, ], 2008 pp.79,81.</ref> and recognize NCRI as only "nominally independent" political wing or ] for MEK.<ref>{{cite book|title=Confronting Iran: The Failure of American Foreign Policy and the Roots of Mistrust|p=198|publisher=Hurst Publishers|year=2006|author1=Ali M. Ansari
|isbn=1850658099}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Special Plans: The Blogs on Douglas Feith & the Faulty Intelligence That Led to War|p=66|publisher=Franklin, Beedle & Associates, Inc|year=2005|author1=Allison Hantschel|isbn=1590280490}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Middle East Report|p=55|publisher=Middle East Research & Information Project, JSTOR|year=2005|issue=237-241|isbn=1590280490}}</ref> Many commentators consider the National Council of Resistance of Iran and MEK, its paramilitary arm, variously as the most important or most active Iranian opposition group to the current ].<ref>] Ecco Books 2010 p.377 n.21</ref><ref name="Katzman2001" >Kenneth Katzman, in Albert V. Benliot (ed)., ''Iran: Outlaw, Outcast Or Normal Country?,'' Nova Publishers, 2001 pp.97-110 p.97.</ref><ref>Manshour Varasteh, Troubador Publishing Ltd, 2013 p.100.</ref><ref>Isak Svensson, ], 2012 p.122.</ref> |isbn=1850658099}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Special Plans: The Blogs on Douglas Feith & the Faulty Intelligence That Led to War|p=66|publisher=Franklin, Beedle & Associates, Inc|year=2005|author1=Allison Hantschel|isbn=1590280490}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Middle East Report|p=55|publisher=Middle East Research & Information Project, JSTOR|year=2005|issue=237-241|isbn=1590280490}}</ref>


The ] refused to have contact with it since the 1980s, though it was reportedly left free to conduct its activities on American soil.<ref name="Fayazmanesh" /> MEK was identified as a foreign ] in October 1997.<ref name="Katzman2012" /> On 15 August 2003, being considered an alias of MEK, the United States also determined that NCRI was a terrorist organization<ref name="RAND"/> being delisted seven years later on 28 September 2012. On 21 December 2001, ] added the organization, alias of MEK, to its ‘Consolidated List’ subject to the ].<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/FlagPost/2012/December/Delisting_the_MujahideeneKhalq_MeK|title=Delisting the Mujahideen-e-Khalq (MeK)|date=5 December 2012|access-date=5 December 2016|work=FlagPost|author=Nigel Brew}}</ref> The ] refused to have contact with it since the 1980s, though it was reportedly left free to conduct its activities on American soil.<ref name="Fayazmanesh" /> MEK was identified as a foreign ] in October 1997,<ref name="Katzman2012" /> On 15 August 2003, being considered an alias of MEK, the United States also determined that NCRI was a terrorist organization<ref name="RAND"/> being delisted seven years later on 28 September 2012. On 21 December 2001, ] added the organization, alias of MEK, to its ‘Consolidated List’ subject to the ].<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/FlagPost/2012/December/Delisting_the_MujahideeneKhalq_MeK|title=Delisting the Mujahideen-e-Khalq (MeK)|date=5 December 2012|access-date=5 December 2016|work=FlagPost|author=Nigel Brew}}</ref>


==History== ==History==

Revision as of 16:29, 30 May 2018

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Not to be confused with National Resistance Movement of Iran or National Council of Iran. ‹ The template Infobox political party is being considered for merging. ›Political party in Iran
National Council of Resistance
Lion and Sun was adopted in 1993
AbbreviationNCRI
SpokespersonAlireza Jafarzadeh
President-electMaryam Rajavi
FounderMassoud Rajavi and Abolhassan Banisadr
FoundedJuly 20, 1981; 43 years ago (1981-07-20)
HeadquartersParis, France
Mother PartyPeople's Mojahedin Organization of Iran
Party flag
Website
ncr-iran.org

The National Council of Resistance of Iran (NCRI; Template:Lang-fa) is an Iranian political organization based in France. The organization has appearance of a broad-based coalition, however many analysts consider NCRI and People's Mujahedin of Iran (MEK) to be synonymous, taking the former to be an umbrella organization or alias for the latter, and recognize NCRI as only "nominally independent" political wing or front for MEK.

The State Department refused to have contact with it since the 1980s, though it was reportedly left free to conduct its activities on American soil. MEK was identified as a foreign terrorist organization in October 1997, On 15 August 2003, being considered an alias of MEK, the United States also determined that NCRI was a terrorist organization being delisted seven years later on 28 September 2012. On 21 December 2001, Australia added the organization, alias of MEK, to its ‘Consolidated List’ subject to the United Nations Security Council Resolution 1373.

History

The NCRI was originally an umbrella organization of Iranian dissident groups that shared an opposition to Ayatollah Khomeni and Islamic Republic, but it lasted no more than two or three years.

It was formed by People's Mujahedin of Iran (MEK) leader, Massoud Rajavi, and former president of Iran Abolhassan Banisadr in 1981, who co-chaired the council. They were later joined by National Democratic Front (NDF) and Kurdistan Democratic Party of Iran (KDPI). Unlike KDPI, the other leftist major Kurdish opposition Komala Party of Iranian Kurdistan refused to join the alliance. The council also received unequivocal support from Labour Party of Iran. It caused a break up in the Fedaian Organisation (Minority), when Organization of Iranian People's Fedai Guerrillas (In Search of Identity Program) led by Mehdi Sameh split the former in order to join the NCRI, with less than a handful of members.

Despite presence of well-known personalities such as Nasser Pakdaman, Bahman Nirumand, Mehdi Khanbaba Tehrani, Mansour Farhang and several others, the organization was dominated by MEK.

In 1983, elements united with NCRI began to depart the alliance because of conflicts with the MEK. Due to "violent pro-Iraq activities of MEK in the Iran–Iraq War", the NDF and Banisadr withdrew from the council. On 24 March 1983, Banisadr officially left the council. On 14 April 1985, the KDPI left the organization because they preserved their independence to decide to negotiate with Iran's regime.

Current status

Main article: People's Mojahedin of Iran

NCRI was transformed from an umbrella organization into a MEK subsidiary. Despite being controlled by MEK, the NCRI disguises itself as the “parliament-in-exile” of the “Iranian Resistance”, claiming to fight for the establishment of a democratic and secular republic in Iran, on a platform espousing such political values as secular government, democratic elections, freedom of expression, equal rights for women and human rights. It still claims to be an umbrella organization with multiple member groups, such as the “Association of Iranian Scholars and Professionals” and the “Association of Iranian Women”, which are in fact shell organizations established by the MEK to make the NCRI appear more "representative". Other MEK front organizations include “Muslim Student Association”, the “Towhidi Society of Guilds, the “Movement of Muslim Teachers”, the “Union of Instructors in Universities and Institutions of Higher Learning”, and the “Society for the Defense of Democracy and Independence in Iran”.

MEK leader Maryam Rajavi is the designated "president-elect" of the organization, i.e. President of Iran for the transitional period.

Front and shell organizations

  • Association of Iranian Scholars and Professionals
  • Association of Iranian Women
  • Muslim Student Association
  • Towhidi Society of Guilds
  • Movement of Muslim Teachers
  • Union of Instructors in Universities and Institutions of Higher Learning
  • Society for the Defense of Democracy and Independence in Iran
  • Iran Aid (closed down by the UK government)
  • Californian Society for Defense in ran
  • Organization of Iranian American Communities
  • Iranian–American Community of Northern Virginia
  • Union Against Fundamentalism

Global reception

The NCRI is regarded by the Iranian government as a terrorist organization, and was classified as a Foreign Terrorist Organisation by the United States, alleging that the NCRI "is not a separate organization, but is instead, and has been, an integral part of the MEK at all relevant times" and that the NCRI is "the political branch" of the MEK rather than vice versa. However, it is no longer considered terrorist. On September 28, 2012, the US State Department formally removed MEK from its list of terrorist organizations in a decision made by then-Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, ahead of an October 1 deadline set by a US appeals court.

Some top US officials such as Dick Armey (the former House majority leader 1995–2003) have suggested that the State Department wrongly included MEK in the terrorist list from the beginning. Alireza Jafarzadeh was its official representative in the US until the Washington office was closed by the US State Department in 2002 on the grounds that it was only a front group for the MEK by then listed as a terrorist organisation in the US. It has been alleged that the inclusion of NCRI and MEK in the list was a token offered to the theocratic regime of Iran rather than based the facts of the matter. According to the Wall Street Journal "Senior diplomats in the Clinton administration say the MEK figured prominently as a bargaining chip in a bridge-building effort with Tehran." The Journal added that: In 1997, the State Department added the MEK to a list of global terrorist organizations as "a signal" of the US's desire for rapprochement with Tehran's reformists, said Martin Indyk, who at the time was assistant secretary of state for Near East Affairs. President Khatami's government "considered it a pretty big deal," Indyk said.

The European Union in May 2004 implied that NCRI is part of the People's Mujahedin of Iran (rather than vice versa) and excluded the NCRI itself from a list of organisations considered to be terrorist organisations, including the People's Mujahedin of Iran "minus the National Council of Resistance of Iran" on its list of terrorist organisations. On January 26, 2009, EU Council of Ministers agreed to remove the MEK from the EU terror list. The group said it was the outcome of a "seven-year-long legal and political battle". The European Union had previously listed the MEK on its list but excluded the NCRI itself from the list of organizations considered to be terrorist organizations.

The Middle East department of the Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO) in the United Kingdom stated in early 2006 that it is widely understood that "Iran's program, which was kept secret from the IAEA for 18 years, became public knowledge largely because of revelations of the NCRI, and this led to heightened international concern." At the same time Michael Axworthy, former head of the Iran section at the FCO, claimed that the NCRI is a "tightly disciplined front organization for the MEK and deemed them unreliable."

The NCRI has in the past three decades recorded and reported human rights violations in Iran to UN Special Rapporteurs, the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, Amnesty International and other international human rights organisations.

In a meeting at the Council of Europe in April 2006, Maryam Rajavi, President-elect of the NCRI, elaborated on the movement's vision for a future Iran and presented a Ten Point Plan for Future Iran, according to the organisation’s website.

The plan has been supported by British MPs, some arguing that it is a potential programme that "would transform Iran" since it calls for the abolition of the death penalty, the creation of a modern legal system and the independence of judges.

At a debate on human rights situation in Iran in the House of Lords on December 8, 2016, Lord Alton of Liverpool said, “The manifesto says: Cruel and degrading punishments will have no place in the future Iran”. Madam Rajavi would end Tehran’s funding of Hamas, Hezbollah and other militant groups and is committed to peaceful coexistence, relations with all countries and respect for the United Nations charter.”

References

  1. ^ Anne Singleton (2003), Saddam's Private Army: How Rajavi changed Iran's Mojahedin from armed revolutionaries to an armed cult, Iran Chamber, retrieved 14 December 2016
  2. ^ "The Mujahedin-e Khalq in Iraq: a policy conundrum" (PDF). RAND Corporation. 2009. ISBN 978-0-8330-4701-4. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  3. ^ Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). "Chronology of Iranian History Part 4". Encyclopædia Iranica. Bibliotheca Persica Press. Retrieved August 1, 2016.
  4. ^ Kenneth Katzman (2001). "Iran: The People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran". In Albert V. Benliot (ed.). Iran: Outlaw, Outcast, Or Normal Country?. Nova Publishers. p. 97. ISBN 1560729546.
  5. ^ Kenneth Katzman, Document No.9 Iran:U.S. Concerns and Policy: Responses, CRS Report RL32048, in Kristen Boon, Aziz Z. Huq, Douglas Lovelace (eds.) Global Stability and U.S. National Security, Oxford University Press, 2012 pp.297-383 p.317.
  6. ^ Sasan Fayazmanesh, The United States and Iran: Sanctions, Wars and the Policy of Dual Containment, Routledge, 2008 pp.79,81.
  7. Ali M. Ansari (2006). Confronting Iran: The Failure of American Foreign Policy and the Roots of Mistrust. Hurst Publishers. p. 198. ISBN 1850658099.
  8. Allison Hantschel (2005). Special Plans: The Blogs on Douglas Feith & the Faulty Intelligence That Led to War. Franklin, Beedle & Associates, Inc. p. 66. ISBN 1590280490.
  9. Middle East Report. Middle East Research & Information Project, JSTOR. 2005. p. 55. ISBN 1590280490.
  10. Nigel Brew (5 December 2012), "Delisting the Mujahideen-e-Khalq (MeK)", FlagPost, retrieved 5 December 2016
  11. ^ Keddie, Modern Iran, (2006), p.253
  12. Charles Hobday, Roger East (1990). David Scott Bell (ed.). Communist and Marxist parties of the world. Longman. p. 245. ISBN 9780582060388.
  13. Kenneth Katzman (2001). "Iran: The People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran". In Albert V. Benliot (ed.). Iran: Outlaw, Outcast, Or Normal Country?. Nova Publishers. p. 105. ISBN 1560729546.
  14. ^ Mark Edmond Clark (2016), "An Analysis of the Role of the Iranian Diaspora in the Financial Support System of the Mujahedin-e-Khalq", in David Gold (ed.), Terrornomics, Routledge, p. 70, ISBN 1317045904
  15. ^ The Terrorist Argument: Modern Advocacy and Propaganda, Brookings Institution Press, 2018, p. 301, ISBN 9780815732198 {{citation}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  16. "DC Court of Appeals Rules Against NCRI Petition for Review of "Foreign Terrorist Organization" Designation" (pdf). United States Court of Appeals, District of Columbia. July 9, 2004. Retrieved 2006-12-28.
  17. Shane, Scott (September 21, 2012). "Iranian Dissidents Convince U.S. to Drop Terror Label". New York Times.
  18. "Empowering the democratic opposition in Iran". The Hill. July 24, 2007. Retrieved 2012-12-04.
  19. Lorimer, Doug (February 22, 2006). "IRAN: US relies on terrorists for nuke 'intelligence'". Green Left Weekly. Archived from the original on March 8, 2006. Retrieved 2006-05-01. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  20. Andrew Higgins and Jay Solomon (2006-11-29), "Iranian Imbroglio Gives New Boost To Odd Exile Group", Wall Street Journal
  21. "Council Common Position 2004/500/CESP of 17 May 2004" (pdf). Council of the European Union. May 17, 2004. Retrieved 2006-12-28.
  22. Hafner, Katie (January 26, 2009). "The New York Times - Breaking News, World News & Multimedia". International Herald Tribune. Reuters. Retrieved 2012-12-04.
  23. Runner, Philippa (2012-11-20). "/ Foreign Affairs / EU ministers drop Iran group from terror list". Euobserver.com. Retrieved 2012-12-04.
  24. "EU removes PMOI from terrorist list". UPI.com. 2009-01-26. Retrieved 2012-12-04.
  25. John, Mark (January 26, 2009). "EU takes Iran opposition group off terror list". Reuters.
  26. "Council Common Position 2004/500/CESP of 17 May 2004" (PDF). Council of the European Union. May 17, 2004. Retrieved 2006-12-28.
  27. "COUNCIL DECISION" (PDF). Official Journal of the European Union. 28 June 2007. Retrieved 8 November 2013.
  28. "RESISTANCE GROUP CLAIMS EVIDENCE OF IRANIAN BOMB AMBITIONS". The Media Line. Retrieved 8 November 2013.
  29. Kliger, Rachelle (January 11, 2006). "Resistance group claims evidence of Iranian bomb ambitions". The Media Line. Archived from the original on January 19, 2010. Retrieved 2006-12-28. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  30. ^ UK House of Commons, Foreign Affairs Committee publication, 10 June 2013, https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201314/cmselect/cmfaff/267/267vw15.htm
  31. NCRI Website: Maryam Rajavi's Ten Point Plan for Future Iran, http://ncr-iran.org/en/ten-point-plan
  32. House of Lords Hansard Volume 777, Lords Chamber, Iran: Human Rights, 08 December 2016, https://hansard.parliament.uk/Lords/2016-12-08/debates/1117FCF0-EE8C-4A7A-BED2-DE9108AD65DC/IranHumanRights

External links

Banned/exiled political organizations of Iran
Politics of Iran
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