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The Nart sagas (Template:Lang-ady; Abkhaz: Нарҭаа ражәабжьқәа; Template:Lang-krc; Template:Lang-os; Narty kaddžytæ; Template:Lang-ce) are a series of tales originating from the North Caucasus. They form the basic mythology of the tribes in the area, including Abazin, Abkhaz, Circassian, Ossetian, Karachay-Balkar, and Chechen-Ingush folklore.

Etymology

The term nart comes from the Ossetian Nartæ, which is plurale tantum of nar. The origin of the root nar is of Iranian origin, from Proto-Iranian nar for 'hero, man', descended from Proto-Indo-European *h₂nḗr. In Chechen, the word nart means 'giant'.

Characters

Some of the characters who feature prominently in the sagas are:

• Sosruko (Ubykh, Abkhaz and Adyghe sawsərəqʷa (Саусырыкъо), Ossetian Soslan (Сослан)), a hero who sometimes also appears as a trickster;
• Batraz (Ossetian: Батырадз) was the leader and greatest warrior of the Narts;
• Satanaya (Ubykh satanaja, Adyghe setenej (Сэтэнай), Ossetian: Satana (Сатана)), the mother of the Narts, a fertility figure and matriarch;
• Tlepsh (Adyghe and Abaza Template:IPA-cau, Ossetian Kyrdalægon (Куырдалæгон)), a blacksmith deity;
• Syrdon (Ossetian: Syrdon (Сырдон)) a trickster figure compared by Georges Dumezil to the Norse Loki.
• Pkharmat (Template:Lang-ce), in Vainakh epos, a blacksmith figure who steals fire from the gods for the mortals.

Study and significance

The first written account of the material is due to the Kabardian author Shora Begmurzin Nogma (who wrote in Russian 1835–1843, published posthumously in 1861, German translation by Adolf Berge in 1866). The stories exist in the form of prose tales as well as epic songs.

It is generally known that all the Nart corpora have an ancient Iranian core, inherited from the Scythians, Sarmatians, and Alans (the Alans being the ancestors of the Ossetians). However, they also contain abundant local North Caucasian accretions of great antiquity, which sometimes reflect an even more archaic past.

Based especially on the Ossetian versions, the sagas have long been valued as a window towards the world of the Iranian-speaking cultures of antiquity. For example, the philologist Georges Dumézil used the Ossetian division of the Narts into three clans to support his Trifunctional Hypothesis that the Proto-Indo-Europeans were similarly divided into three castes—warriors, priests, and commoners.

The Northwest Caucasian (Circassian, Abkhaz-Abasin and Ubykh) versions are also highly valuable because they contain more archaic accretions and preserve "all the odd details constituting the detritus of earlier traditions and beliefs", as opposed to the Ossetian ones, which have been "reworked to form a smooth narrative".

Connections to other mythology

Some motifs in the Nart sagas are shared by Greek mythology. The story of Prometheus chained to Mount Kazbek or to Mount Elbrus in particular is similar to an element in the Nart sagas. These shared motifs are seen by some as indicative of an earlier proximity of the Caucasian peoples to the ancient Greeks, also shown in the myth of the Golden Fleece, in which Colchis is generally accepted to have been part of modern-day Georgia.

In the book From Scythia to Camelot, authors C. Scott Littleton and Linda A. Malcor speculate that many aspects of the Arthurian legends are derived from the Nart sagas. The proposed vector of transmission is the Alans, some of whom migrated into northern France at around the time the Arthurian legends were forming. As expected, these parallels are most evident in the Ossetian versions, according to researcher John Colarusso. See Historical basis for King Arthur – Sarmatian hypothesis ( in subsection Lucius Artorius Castus ) for more details.

Differences between Nart legends

There are some differences between the various versions of the Nart legends. For example, the Ossetian versions depict the Nartic tribe as composed of three distinct clans who sometimes rival one another: the brave Æxsærtægkatæ (to whom the most prominent Narts belong), the rich Borætæ, and the wise Alægatæ; The Circassian versions do not depict such a division. The Abkhaz versions are unique in describing the Narts as a single nuclear family composed of Satanaya's one hundred sons. Yet all of these versions describe the Narts as a single coherent group of (mostly) ‘good’ heroes.

Some Nakh (Chechen-Ingush) legends include a group called the Nart-Orxustxoi, which includes the most prominent Narts known from the other versions (e.g. Seska-Solsa corresponding to Sosruko/Soslan, Khamtsha-Patarish corresponding to Batraz/Batradz etc.). In contrast to the Ossetian and Abkhaz versions, the Nakh legends depict the Narts as warlike bandits, who fight against local good heroes such as Koloi-Kant and Qinda-Shoa (with Qinda-Shoa corresponding to Sawway/Shawey).

See also

Sources

1. Abaev, V.I. "Nart". Historical-Etymological Dictionary of Ossetian language.
2. ^ John Colarusso. "Nart Sagas from the Caucasus: Myths and Legends from the Circassians, Abazas, Abkhaz, and Ubykhs". University of Toronto Quarterly. Princeton University Press. pp. xxiv, 552.
3. "Nalmes ensemble clip", Youtube.
4. Tsaroïeva, Mariel. Anciennes Croyances des Ingouches et des Tchetchenes. p. 199. ISBN 2-7068-1792-5.
5. ^ Nart Sagas from the Caucasus – Myths and Legends from the Circassians, Abazas, Abkhaz, and Ubykhs Archived 2007-08-27 at the Wayback Machine, John Colarusso, Circassian World
6. Mify narodov mira. 1980. v. 2. Narty
7. Tsaroïeva, Mariel (2005). Anciennes Croyances des Ingouches et des Tchetchenes. p. 215. ISBN 2-7068-1792-5.

External links

Circassian Nart sagas

• John Colarusso, ed. (2002), Nart Sagas from the Caucasus: Myths and Legends from the Circassians, Abazas, Abkhaz, and Ubykhs
• More Nart Tales, archived from the original on 13 Jan 2017 {{citation}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help) , English translations
• Нарты. Адыгский эпос (in Russian) {{citation}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help) , Russian translations
• Articles including some texts of Nartic legends:
• Colarusso, John (Dec 1989), "Myths from the Forests of Circassia", The World & I, archived from the original on 11 Feb 2007
• Colarusso, John (Dec 1989), "Prometheus among the Circassians", The World & I, archived from the original on 24 May 2011
• Colarusso, John (1989), "The Woman of the Myths: the Satanaya Cycle" (PDF), The Annual of the Society for the Study of Caucasia, 2: 3–11 {{citation}}: |archive-date= requires |archive-url= (help)

Ossetian Nart sagas:

• English translations of some Ossetian Nartic legends
• Russian translations of Ossetian Nartic legends
• Ossetian Nartic legends in Ossetic
• Ossetic texts of Nartic legends on Titus

Abkhaz Nart sagas

• Russian translations of Abkhaz Nartic legends

Karachay-Balkar Nart sagas:

• An English-language paper on Karachay-Balkar folk belief by Dr. Ufuk TAVKUL Contains a brief outline of Karachay-Balkar Nartic legends (in English).
• A detailed Russian language retelling and discussion of Karachay-Balkar Nartic legends
• Russian translations of Karachay-Balkar Nartic legends (part 1)
• Russian translations of Karachay-Balkar Nartic legends (part 2)

Chechen-Ingush Nart sagas:

• The Inception of Chechen artistic writing: ethni-historical and aesthetic prerequisites by Kh.R.Abdulayeva; In: The Culture of Chechnya: History and Modern Problems Contains discussion of Chechen and Ingush Nartic legends (in English).
• Russian language accounts of Chechen and Ingush beliefs by Ch.E.Akhriev (part 1) at the Internet Archive. Contains Nartic legends.
• Russian language accounts of Chechen and Ingush beliefs by Ch.E.Akhriev (part 2) at the Internet Archive. Contains Nartic legends.
• A large collection of Russian translations of Chechen tales, many of which are about the Narts.

• Epic poems
• European folklore
• Caucasus
• Ossetian mythology
• Abkhaz literature
• Circassian folklore
• Sagas