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| {{chinesename koreanname|tradchi=渤海|simpchi=渤海|py=Bóhǎi |wg=Po-hai|hangul=발해|hanja=渤海|rr=Balhae|mr=Parhae}} | |||
| :''Alternate meaning: ]'' | |||
| Balhae (Korean) or Bohai (Chinese) was a kingdom in northeast Asia from AD 698 to 926, occupying parts of Manchuria, northern Korea, and Russian Far East. Balhae was founded by ] the leader of ] remnants. It was conquered by the ] in 926. | |||
| In the confusion of the Khitan attack against the ] in 696, Goguryeo remnants, led by ] and Sumo Mohe tribe, led by ] , escaped eastward to their homeland. The two leaders died but Dae Jo-young, the son of Geolgeol Jungsang, established the State of Jin. Dae Joyŏng established his capital at Dongmu Mountain in the south of today's ] province. Since it gained power under protection of the northern nomadic empire of ], Tang gave Dae Jo-young the title of "Prefecture King of Bohai" in 713. Balhae had been a Chinese prefecture, but since then referred to the kingdom. The title was upgraded to "State King of Bohai" in 762. | |||
| The second king Mu , who felt encircled by Tang, ] and Black Water Mohe along the ], attacked Tang and his navy briefly occupied a port on the ] in 732. Later, a compromise was forged between Balhae and Tang, which resumed tributary mission to Tang. He also sent a mission to ] in 728 to threaten Silla from the rear. Balhae kept diplomatic and commercial contacts with Japan until the end of the kingdom. Because of its proximity to many powerful states, Balhae became a buffer zone for the region. | |||
| {| cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" style="float:right; margin:1em; border:1px solid gray;" | |||
| !style="border-bottom:2px solid #707070; background:#efefef;"| ''']''' | |||
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| <small> | |||
| ] | |||
| <br>] <br>] : | |||
| <br> ], ], ] | |||
| <br>] and ] | |||
| <br>] | |||
| <br>] | |||
| <br>] | |||
| <br>] | |||
| <br>] : | |||
| <br> ], ] | |||
| </small> | |||
| |} | |||
| The third king Mun expanded its territory into the Amur valley in the north and the ] in the west. He also established the permanent capital near Lake Jingpo in the south of today's ] province around 755. | |||
| After destroying Balhae in 926, the Khitan established the puppet ], which was soon followed by the annexation by ] in 936. Balhae aristocrats were moved to Liaoyang but small fragments of the state remained semi-independent. Some Balhae people fled southward to ], including a son of the last king. Some descendants of the royal family live in Korea, changing their family name to Tae (太). The Jurchen ] favored the Balhae people as well as the Khitans. The fourth, fifth and seventh emperors were mothered by Balhae concubines. The 13th century census of Northern China by the Mongols distinguished Balhae from other ethnic groups such as ] , ] and ]. This suggests that the Balhae people still preserved their identity. | |||
| ==Sovereigns of Balhae/Bohai ]-]== | |||
| The names in this table are given in ] romanisation, ]/Chosŏn’gŭl, ] and ]. | |||
| {| border=1 cellpadding=4 | |||
| ! Posthumous Names <br>(] 諡號) !! Personal Names !! Period of Reigns !! Era Names (] 年號) <br>and their according range of years | |||
| |---------- | |||
| | Kowang 고왕 <br>高王 Gāowáng || ] 대조영 <br>大祚榮 Da Zuorong || ]-] || did not exist | |||
| |---------- | |||
| | Muwang 무왕 <br>武王 Wǔwáng || Tae Muye 대무예 <br>大武藝 ] || ]-] || In’an 인안 <br>仁安 Rěn’ān | |||
| |---------- | |||
| | Munwang 문왕 <br>文王 Wénwáng || Tae Hŭngmu 대흥무 <br>大欽茂 Dà Qīnmào || ]-] || Taehŭng 대흥 大興 Dàxīng <br>(Poryŏk 보력 寶曆 Bǎolì ]-?) | |||
| |---------- | |||
| | none (disposed) || Tae Wŏnŭi 대원의 <br>大元義 Dà Yuányì || ]-] || Chunghŭng 중흥 <br>中興 Zhòngxīng | |||
| |---------- | |||
| | Sŏngwang 성왕 <br>成王 Chéngwáng || Tae Hwahŭng 대화흥 <br>大華興 Dà Huáxīng || ] || ? | |||
| |---------- | |||
| | Kangwang 강왕 <br>康王 Kāngwáng || Tae Sŭngrin 대승린 <br>大嵩璘 Dà Sōnglín || ]-] || Chŏngryŏk 정력 <br>正曆 Zhènglì | |||
| |---------- | |||
| | Chŏngwang 정왕 <br>定王 Dìngwáng || Tae Wŏnyu 대원유 <br>大元瑜 Dà Yuányú || ]-] || Yŏngdŏk 영덕 <br>永德 Yǒngdé | |||
| |---------- | |||
| | Hŭiwang 희왕 <br>僖王 Xīwáng || Tae Ŏnŭi 대언의 <br>大言義 Dà Yányì || ]-]? || Chujak 주작 <br>朱雀 Zhūqiǎo | |||
| |---------- | |||
| | Kanwang 간왕 <br>簡王 Jiǎnwáng || Tae Myŏngch’ung 대명충 <br>大明忠 Dà Míngzhōng || ]?-]? || T’aesi 태시 <br>太始 Tàishǐ | |||
| |---------- | |||
| | Sŏnwang 선왕 <br>宣王 Xuānwáng || Tae Insu 대인수 <br>大仁秀 ] || ]?-] || ? | |||
| |---------- | |||
| | ? || Tae Ijin 대이진 <br>大彝震 Dà Yízhèn || ]-] || ? | |||
| |---------- | |||
| | ? || Tae Kŏnhwang 대건황 <br>大虔晃 Dà Qiánhuǎng || ]-] || ? | |||
| |---------- | |||
| | ? || Tae Hyŏnsŏk 대현석 <br>大玄錫 Dà Xuánxí || ]-] || ? | |||
| |---------- | |||
| | ? || Tae Wigye 대위계 <br>大瑋瑎 Dà Wěixié || ]-]? || ? | |||
| |---------- | |||
| | ? || Tae Insŏn 대인선 <br>大諲譔 Dà Yīnzhuàn || ]?-] || ? | |||
| |---------- | |||
| |} | |||
| An important source of cultural information on Balhae was discovered at the end of the 20th century at the ], especially the ]. | |||
| ==See also== | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
Latest revision as of 15:20, 6 October 2018
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