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* Any city lists included in the article must be from a published source, specifically referenced in the article. * Any city lists included in the article must be from a published source, specifically referenced in the article.
* Any city lists should reflect the ranking supplied by the source, and alphabetical within groupings considered equivalent by that source. * Any city lists should reflect the ranking supplied by the source, and alphabetical within groupings considered equivalent by that source.

* The image list should be in the same order as the first city list, presently http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/rb/rb5.html, and sorted in the same order as that list.

For the image list
* Consult http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/rb/rb5.html.
* The images on this pages are sorted by
1. Number of points
2. Alphabetically for equal Number of points




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====Well rounded global cities==== ====Well rounded global cities====
:1. Very large contribution: ] and ]. :1. Very large contribution: ] and ].
:2. Smaller contribution and with cultural bias: ], ] and ]. Smaller contribution and with cultural bias: ], ] and ].
:3. Incipient global cities: ], ], ], ], ], ], ]. :2. Incipient global cities: ], ], ], ], ], ], ].


====Global niche cities - specialised global contributions==== ====Global niche cities - specialised global contributions====
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====Subnet articulator cities==== ====Subnet articulator cities====
:1. Cultural: ], ], ], ], ], ], ]. :1. Cultural: ], ], ], ], ], ], ].
:2. Political: ], ], ]. Political: ], ], ].
:3. Social: ], ], ]. :2. Social: ], ], ].


====Worldwide leading cities==== ====Worldwide leading cities====

Revision as of 15:01, 7 November 2006


"World city" redirects here. For a city spanning an entire planet, see Ecumenopolis.
London
New York City
Paris
Tokyo
File:Chicago 1549875.jpg
Chicago
Frankfurt
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Hong Kong
Los Angeles
Milan
File:Boat Quay, Singapore by sotong.jpg
Singapore
San Francisco
Sydney
Toronto
Zürich
Brussels
Madrid
Mexico City
São Paulo
Moscow
Seoul

A global city and world city, or world-class city, is a concept which postulates that some cities have a direct and tangible effect on global affairs through socioeconomic, cultural, and/or political means, whilst others do not. This leads to the need to develop rules to categorise cities as global or non-global, and to sub-categorise global cities in various ways.

In recent years, the term has become increasingly familiar, because of the rise of globalization (i.e., global finance, communications, and travel). The term "global city", as opposed to megacity, was first coined by Saskia Sassen in a seminal 1991 work.

General characteristics

It has been argued that global cities are those sharing the following characteristics:

To some, London, New York City, Paris, and Tokyo have been traditionally considered the 'big four' world cities – not coincidentally, they also serve as symbols of global capitalism. However, many people have their own personal lists, and any two lists are likely to differ based on cultural background, values, and experience.

In certain countries, the rise of suburbia and the ongoing migration of manufacturing jobs to these countries has led to significant urban decay. Therefore, to boost urban regeneration, tourism, and revenue, the goal of building a "world-class" city has recently become an obsession with the governments of some mid-size cities and their constituents.

The phenomenon of world-city building has also been observed in Buenos Aires, Santiago, Frankfurt, Montréal, Sydney, Mexico City and Toronto: each of these cities has emerged as large and influential.

GaWC Inventory of World Cities (1999 Edition)

An attempt to define and categorise world cities was made in 1999 by the Globalization and World Cities Study Group and Network (GaWC), based primarily at Loughborough University in Loughborough, Leicestershire, England. The roster was outlined in the GaWC Research Bulletin 5 and ranked cities based on provision of "advanced producer services" such as accountancy, advertising, finance and law, by international corporations. The GaWC inventory identifies three levels of world cities and several sub-ranks.

Note that this roster generally denotes cities in which there are offices of certain multinational companies providing financial and consulting services rather than other cultural, political, and economic centres. There is a schematic map of GaWC cities at their website.

Alpha world cities (full service world cities)

Beta world cities (major world cities)

Gamma world cities (minor world cities)

Evidence of world city formation

Strong evidence

Some evidence

Minimal evidence

GaWC Leading World Cities (2004 Edition)

An attempt to redefine and recategorise leading world cities was made by PJ Taylor at GaWC in 2004.
This ranking list is referred to as the Official GaWC List.

Global Cities

Well rounded global cities

1. Very large contribution: London and New York City.

Smaller contribution and with cultural bias: Los Angeles, Paris and San Francisco.

2. Incipient global cities: Amsterdam, Boston, Chicago, Madrid, Milan, Moscow, Toronto.

Global niche cities - specialised global contributions

1. Economic: Hong Kong, Singapore, and Tokyo.
2. Political and social: Brussels, Geneva, Strasbourg and Washington.

World Cities

Subnet articulator cities

1. Cultural: Berlin, Copenhagen, Melbourne, Munich, Oslo, Rome, Stockholm.

Political: Bangkok, Beijing, Vienna.

2. Social: Manila, Nairobi, Ottawa.

Worldwide leading cities

1. Primarily economic global contributions: Frankfurt, Miami, Munich, Osaka, Singapore, Sydney, Zurich
2. Primarily non-economic global contributions: Abidjan, Addis Ababa, Atlanta, Basle, Barcelona, Cairo, Denver, Harare, Lyon, Manila, Mexico City, Mumbai, New Delhi, Shanghai

Global Cities Conference 2006

This article needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

This conference took place at Liverpool Hope University, starting on 29 June 2006 and chaired by Dr. Lawrence Phillips of the Global Cities Conference at the university. Its aim was to establish what is meant by a 'global city', by examining criteria such as images, narratives, economics, planning and people's experiences. It also looked at whether the perceived 'big four' — London, Paris, New York, and Tokyo — are in fact the only candidates for global city status, or if they should in fact be joined by fast-growing cities in Asia or the developing world.

Other criteria

The GaWC list is based on specific criteria and, thus, may not include other cities of global significance or elsewhere on the spectrum. For example, cities with the following:

Table of the cities of the world

For selected criteria

Rank Population of city (proper) Population of metropolitan area Percentage foreign born Cost of living Metro systems by annual passenger ridership Annual passenger air traffic (2002) Number of billionaires (United States Dollars)
1 Mumbai Tokyo Miami Moscow Tokyo London New York City
2 Shanghai Seoul Toronto Seoul Moscow Tokyo Los Angeles
3 Karachi Mexico City Los Angeles Tokyo Seoul Chicago Moscow
4 Buenos Aires New York City Vancouver Hong Kong Mexico City New York City London
5 Delhi São Paulo New York City London New York City Atlanta Hong Kong
6 Manila Mumbai Singapore Osaka Paris Paris Chicago
7 Moscow Delhi Sydney Singapore London Los Angeles San Francisco
8 Seoul Shanghai Abidjan Copenhagen Osaka Dallas Fort-Worth Paris
9 São Paulo Kolkata London Zurich Hong Kong Frankfurt Dallas
10 İstanbul Jakarta Paris Oslo Singapore Houston Tokyo

See also

References

  1. PERMANENT MISSIONS TO THE UNITED NATIONS, UN, 29 April 2003
  2. GaWC Research Bulletin 5, GaWC, Loughborough University, 28 July 1999
  3. The World According to GaWC, GaWC, Loughborough University
  4. Inventory of World Cities, GaWC, Loughborough University
  5. Leading World Cities, GaWC, Loughborough University
  6. 2006 Global Cities Conference
  7. ^ Chapter 5: Globalization and cultural choice, "2004 Human Development Report" (page 99), UNDP, 2004 Template:PDFlink
  8. Chapter 9: Urban Data, "World Ressources 1998-99", WRI, 1998 Template:PDFlink
  9. City Profiles, UN
  10. Mobility 2001, WBCSD Template:PDFlink
  11. WORLD URBANIZATION PROSPECTS: THE 2003 REVISION, UN, 2004 Template:PDFlink
  12. Urban Characteristics,City Level, 1993, "World Ressources 1998-99", WRI, 1998 Template:PDFlink
  13. Global Urban Indicators Database 2 (1998 data) (data sets in .ZIP), UN-HABITAT
  14. World Indices, Bloomberg
  15. J.V. Beaverstock, World City Networks 'From Below', GaWC, Loughborough University, 29 September 2005
  16. World-wide quality of living survey, Mercer, 10 April 2006
  17. The city development index, "THE STATE OF THE WORLD'S CITIES REPORT 2001", UN-HABITAT, 21 June 2006 Template:PDFlink
  18. ^ 2005 worldwide cost of living survey results released, Mercer, 20 June 2005
  19. The World's Billionaires, Forbes, 2005
  20. Mapping the Global Network Economy on the Basis of Air Passenger Transport Flows, GaWC, Loughborough University, 8 December 2004
  21. Estimated Ridership of the World’s Largest Public Transit Systems, 1998
  22. COMMUTER RAIL (SUBURBAN RAIL, REGIONAL RAIL) IN THE UNITED STATES: INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT, October 2003 Template:PDFlink
  23. Traffic Intensity by International Urban Area: 1990
  24. Largest seaports of the world
  25. The World's Best Skylines
  26. (registration required) Template:PDFlink
  27. K. O'Connor, International Students and Global Cities, GaWC, Loughborough University, 17 February 2005
  28. World Heritage List, UNESCO
  29. P. De Groote, Economic and Tourism Aspects of the Olympic Games, GaWC, Loughborough University, 21 September 2005
  30. http://www.iaurif.org/en/doc/studies/airports/INTRO.pdf
  31. INTERNATIONAL PRIVATE WEALTH MANAGEMENT, International Financial Services, December 2004 Template:PDFlink
  32. Forbes reports billionaire boom, BBC, 10 March 2006
  33. 500 richest in Russia, Finance Magazine, published by RBC. February 2006.

External links

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