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{{Infobox fossil
{{R printworthy}}
|img = Rhodesian Man.jpg
|catalog number = Broken Hill 1
|common name = Kabwe cranium or Broken Hill man
|species = '']'' or '']''
|age =
|place discovered = ], ]
|date discovered = 1921
|discovered by = Tom Zwiglaar
}}

'''Kabwe skull''' or '''Kabwe cranium''', or '''Broken Hill 1''' is a ] fossil that was frequently classified as belonging to '']''. The ] was found in an ] and ] mine in Broken Hill ] (now ], ]) in 1921 by Tom Zwiglaar, a Swiss ]. In addition to the cranium, an upper ] from another individual, a ], a ], and two ] fragments were also found. The skull was dubbed Rhodesian Man at the time of the find, but is now commonly referred to as the '''Broken Hill Skull''' or the '''Kabwe Cranium'''.
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The association between the bones is unclear, but the tibia and femur fossils are usually associated with the skull. Rhodesian Man is dated to be between 125,000 and 300,000 years old. ] of the Broken Hill skull has been estimated at 1,100 cm³<ref>The Evolution of Homo Erectus: Comparative Anatomical Studies of an Extinct Human Species
By G. Philip Rightmire
Published by Cambridge University Press, 1993
ISBN 0521449987, 9780521449984</ref>
, which, when coupled with the more recent dating, makes any direct link to older skulls unlikely and negates the 1.75 to 2.5 million year earlier erroneous dating. Bada & al (1974) published direct date of 110 ka for this specimen measured by ] ].<ref>Concordance of Collagen-Based Radiocarbon and Aspartic-Acid Racemization Ages
by
1. Jeffrey L. Bada
2. Roy A. Schroeder
3. Reiner Protsch
4. Rainer Berger
PNAS
abstract URL
</ref><ref>Amino Acid Racemization Dating of Fossil Bones </ref> The destruction of the paleoanthropological site, mined to deep filed now with water pit, make layered dating completely impossible.


The skull is from an extremely robust individual, and has the comparatively largest brow-ridges of any known hominid remains. It was described as having a broad face similar to '']'' (ie. large nose and thick protruding brow ridges), and has been interpreted as an "African Neanderthal". However, when regarding the skulls extreme robustness, recent research has pointed to several features intermediate between modern '']'' and Neanderthal. Most current experts believe Rhodesian Man to be within the group of '']'' though other designations such as ''Archaic Homo sapiens'' and ''Homo sapiens rhodesiensis'' have also been proposed. According to ], it is probable that Rhodesian Man was the ancestor of '']'' (Herto Man), which would be itself at the origin of '']''. No direct linkage of the species can so far be determined.

==References==
{{reflist}}
==Literature==
*{{cite journal|author=Woodward, Arthur Smith|year=1921|title=A New Cave Man from Rhodesia, South Africa|journal=Nature|volume=108|pages=371–372|doi=10.1038/108371a0}}
*{{cite journal|author=Singer Robert R. and J. Wymer|year=1968|title=Archaeological Investigation at the Saldanha Skull Site in South Africa|journal=The South African Archaeological Bulletin|volume=23 (3)|pages=63–73|doi=10.2307/3888485}}
*

==See also==
* ] ''(with link directory)''
* ] ''(with images)''

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Latest revision as of 08:15, 8 October 2018

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