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| '''''Banisteriopsis caapi''''', also known as '''ayahuasca''', '''caapi''' or '''yagé''', is a ]n ] of the family ]. It is used to prepare ], a ] with a long history of its ]ic use and its status as a "plant teacher" among the ] of the ]. |
'''''Banisteriopsis caapi''''', also known as '''ayahuasca''', '''caapi''' or '''yagé''', is a ]n ] of the family ]. It is used to prepare ], a ] with a long history of its ]ic use and its status as a "plant teacher" among the ] of the ]. | ||
| According to ''The CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names'' by Umberto Quattrocchi, the naming of the ] '']'' was dedicated to ], a 17th-century English clergyman and naturalist. An earlier name for the genus was ''Banisteria'' and the plant is sometimes referred to as ''Banisteria caapi''. | According to ''The CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names'' by Umberto Quattrocchi, the naming of the ] '']'' was dedicated to ], a 17th-century English clergyman and naturalist. An earlier name for the genus was ''Banisteria'' and the plant is sometimes referred to as ''Banisteria caapi''. Other names include: Banisteria quitensis, Banisteriopsis inebrians and Banisteriopsis quitensis.<ref name="Christian" /> | ||
| ==Botany== | |||
| Caapi is a giant vine with characteristic 12 to 14 millimetres, white or pale pink, flowers which most commonly appear in January, but are known to bloom infrequently. It resembles Banisteriopsis membranifolia and Banisteriopsis muricata, both to whom caapi is related.<ref name=Christian /> | |||
| ] | |||
| This tropical vine can grow up to 30 meters in length, twining on other plants for support.<ref>http://tropical.theferns.info/viewtropical.php?id=Banisteriopsis+caapi</ref> | |||
| ==Phytochemicals== | |||
| ⚫ | ===Alkaloids=== | ||
| Caapi contains the following ]s: | |||
| ⚫ | *], 0.31–8.43%<ref name="Callaway2005" /> | ||
| ⚫ | *], 0.03–0.83%<ref name="Callaway2005" /> | ||
| ⚫ | *], 0.05–2.94%<ref name="Callaway2005" /> | ||
| These alkaloids of the ] class act as ] (MAOIs). The MAOIs allow the primary psychoactive compound, ], which is introduced from the other common ingredient in ayahausca '']'', to be orally active. | |||
| The stems contain 0.11–0.83% beta-carbolines, with harmine and tetrahydroharmine as the major components.<ref name="Callaway2005">{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1080/02791072.2005.10399795 | last1 = Callaway | first1 = J. C. | last2 = Brito | first2 = Glacus S. | last3 = Neves | first3 = Edison S. | title = Phytochemical analyses of ''Banisteriopsis caapi'' and ''Psychotria viridis''| journal = Journal of Psychoactive Drugs | volume = 37 | issue = 2 | pages = 145–150 |date=June 2005| pmid = 16149327}} {{closed access}}</ref> | |||
| Alkaloids are present in all parts of the plant.<ref name="Christian">{{cite book |last= Rätsch|first= Christian|date= 2005|title=The Encyclopedia of Psychoactive Plants: Ethnopharmacology and Its Applications|url= |location= |publisher= Inner Traditions/Bear|page= |isbn=9780892819782|author-link= }}</ref> | |||
| === Polyphenols=== | |||
| In addition to beta-carbolines, caapi is known to contain ], ] and ], which have ] properties.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Composition, Standardization and Chemical Profiling of Banisteriopsis caapi, a Plant for the Treatment of Neurodegenerative Disorders Relevant to Parkinson’s Disease|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2878139/}}</ref> | |||
| ==Research== | |||
| A study from 2017, published in ] journal, focused on the effects of caapi alkaloids harmine, harmaline and tetrahydroharmine, demonstrating an increase in adult ] ]. Moreover, the research concluded that, as the effects of caapi alkaloids stimulate ], this may be one of the reasons for ayahuasca's anti-depressive effects.<ref>https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-05407-9</ref> | |||
| In another study, harmine has been found to stimulate proliferation of human ] in vitro. <ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5144684/</ref> | |||
| ==History== | |||
| First mention of caapi comes from early Spanish and Portuguese explorers and missionaries who visited South America in the 16th century, describing ayahuasca brews as “diabolic” and dangerous decoctions.<ref>http://www.ayahuasca.com/amazon/when-and-how-was-ayahuasca-discovered-by-the-world-outside-the-amazon/</ref> | |||
| Although utilised among the indigenous tribes of South America for hundreds and perhaps even thousands of years, caapi was not identified by westerners until 1851. when ], an English botanist, described it as a new species. He observed how ], | |||
| the indigenous people of Llanos (Venezuela), chewed the bark of caapi instead of brewing it as a drink.<ref>{{cite book |last=Schultes|first=Richard Evans|date= 1977|title=Hallucinogenic Plants|url= |location= |publisher= |page= |isbn=0-307-24362-1|author-link= }}</ref> | |||
| ==Legal issues== | ==Legal issues== | ||
| Line 24: | Line 56: | ||
| ===Patent issues=== | ===Patent issues=== | ||
| The caapi vine itself was the subject of a dispute between U.S. entrepreneur Loren Miller and the Coordinating Body of Indigenous Organizations of the Amazon Basin (COICA). In 1986, Miller obtained a U.S. ] on a variety of ''B. caapi''.<ref>{{US patent|PP5751}}</ref> COICA argued the patent was invalid because Miller's variety had been previously described in the ], and was therefore neither new nor distinct.<ref>{{cite web|title=Situation of the patent for Ayahuasca|date=7 July 2003|url=http://www.coica.org.ec/ingles/ma_documents/patent_ayahuasca.html|accessdate=10 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110421224307/http://www.coica.org.ec/ingles/ma_documents/patent_ayahuasca.html|archive-date=21 April 2011|dead-url=yes|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The patent was overturned in 1999; however, in 2001, the ] reinstated the patent because the law at the time the patent was granted did not allow a third party such as COICA standing to object. The Miller patent expired in 2003. ''B. caapi'' is now being cultivated commercially in Hawaii.{{citation needed|date=November 2017}} | The caapi vine itself was the subject of a dispute between U.S. entrepreneur Loren Miller and the Coordinating Body of Indigenous Organizations of the Amazon Basin (COICA). In 1986, Miller obtained a U.S. ] on a variety of ''B. caapi''.<ref>{{US patent|PP5751}}</ref> COICA argued the patent was invalid because Miller's variety had been previously described in the ], and was therefore neither new nor distinct.<ref>{{cite web|title=Situation of the patent for Ayahuasca|date=7 July 2003|url=http://www.coica.org.ec/ingles/ma_documents/patent_ayahuasca.html|accessdate=10 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110421224307/http://www.coica.org.ec/ingles/ma_documents/patent_ayahuasca.html|archive-date=21 April 2011|dead-url=yes|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The patent was overturned in 1999; however, in 2001, the ] reinstated the patent because the law at the time the patent was granted did not allow a third party such as COICA standing to object. The Miller patent expired in 2003. ''B. caapi'' is now being cultivated commercially in Hawaii.{{citation needed|date=November 2017}} | ||
| ⚫ | ==Alkaloids== | ||
| ⚫ | *], 0.31–8.43%<ref name="Callaway2005"/> | ||
| ⚫ | *], 0.03–0.83%<ref name="Callaway2005"/> | ||
| ⚫ | *], 0.05–2.94%<ref name="Callaway2005"/> | ||
| ==Cultural references== | ==Cultural references== | ||
| Line 35: | Line 61: | ||
| ==See also== | ==See also== | ||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | *] | ||
| *] | |||
| ==References== | ==References== | ||
Revision as of 21:47, 1 November 2018
| Banisteriopsis caapi | |
|---|---|
| |
| Young B. caapi | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Rosids |
| Order: | Malpighiales |
| Family: | Malpighiaceae |
| Genus: | Banisteriopsis |
| Species: | B. caapi |
| Binomial name | |
| Banisteriopsis caapi (Spruce ex Griseb.) C.V.Morton | |
Banisteriopsis caapi, also known as ayahuasca, caapi or yagé, is a South American liana of the family Malpighiaceae. It is used to prepare ayahuasca, a decoction with a long history of its entheogenic use and its status as a "plant teacher" among the indigenous peoples of the Amazon rainforest.
According to The CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names by Umberto Quattrocchi, the naming of the genus Banisteriopsis was dedicated to John Banister, a 17th-century English clergyman and naturalist. An earlier name for the genus was Banisteria and the plant is sometimes referred to as Banisteria caapi. Other names include: Banisteria quitensis, Banisteriopsis inebrians and Banisteriopsis quitensis.
Botany
Caapi is a giant vine with characteristic 12 to 14 millimetres, white or pale pink, flowers which most commonly appear in January, but are known to bloom infrequently. It resembles Banisteriopsis membranifolia and Banisteriopsis muricata, both to whom caapi is related.
This tropical vine can grow up to 30 meters in length, twining on other plants for support.
Phytochemicals
Alkaloids
Caapi contains the following harmala alkaloids:
- Harmine, 0.31–8.43%
- Harmaline, 0.03–0.83%
- Tetrahydroharmine, 0.05–2.94%
These alkaloids of the beta-carboline class act as monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOIs). The MAOIs allow the primary psychoactive compound, DMT, which is introduced from the other common ingredient in ayahausca Psychotria viridis, to be orally active.
The stems contain 0.11–0.83% beta-carbolines, with harmine and tetrahydroharmine as the major components.
Alkaloids are present in all parts of the plant.
Polyphenols
In addition to beta-carbolines, caapi is known to contain proanthocyanidins, epicatechin and procyanidin B2, which have antioxidant properties.
Research
A study from 2017, published in Scientific Reports journal, focused on the effects of caapi alkaloids harmine, harmaline and tetrahydroharmine, demonstrating an increase in adult neurogenesis in vitro. Moreover, the research concluded that, as the effects of caapi alkaloids stimulate neuroplasticity, this may be one of the reasons for ayahuasca's anti-depressive effects.
In another study, harmine has been found to stimulate proliferation of human neural progenitors in vitro.
History
First mention of caapi comes from early Spanish and Portuguese explorers and missionaries who visited South America in the 16th century, describing ayahuasca brews as “diabolic” and dangerous decoctions.
Although utilised among the indigenous tribes of South America for hundreds and perhaps even thousands of years, caapi was not identified by westerners until 1851. when Richard Spruce, an English botanist, described it as a new species. He observed how Guahibos, the indigenous people of Llanos (Venezuela), chewed the bark of caapi instead of brewing it as a drink.
Legal issues
Legality
In the United States, caapi is not specifically regulated. A 2006 Supreme Court decision involving caapi-containing ayahuasca, which also contains other plants containing the controlled substance DMT, introduced from the Psychotria viridis component, Gonzales v. O Centro Espirita Beneficente Uniao do Vegetal, was found in favor of the União do Vegetal, a Brazilian religious sect using the tea in their ceremonies and having around 130 members in the United States.
In Australia, the harmala alkaloids are scheduled substances, including harmine and harmaline; however, the living vine, or other source plants are not scheduled in most states. In the State of Queensland as of March 2008, this distinction is now uncertain. In all states, the dried herb may or may not be considered a scheduled substance, dependent on court rulings.
In Canada, harmala is listed under the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act as a schedule III substance. The vine and the ayahuasca brew are legal ambiguities, since nowhere in the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act is it stated that natural material containing a scheduled substance is illegal, a position supported by the United Nations International Narcotics Control Board.
Caapi, as well as a range of harmala alkaloids, were recently scheduled in France, following a court victory by the Santo Daime religious sect allowing use of the tea due to it not being a chemical extraction and the fact that the plants used were not scheduled. Religious exceptions to narcotics laws are not allowed under French law, effectively making any use or possession of the tea illegal.
Patent issues
The caapi vine itself was the subject of a dispute between U.S. entrepreneur Loren Miller and the Coordinating Body of Indigenous Organizations of the Amazon Basin (COICA). In 1986, Miller obtained a U.S. patent on a variety of B. caapi. COICA argued the patent was invalid because Miller's variety had been previously described in the University of Michigan Herbarium, and was therefore neither new nor distinct. The patent was overturned in 1999; however, in 2001, the United States Patent Office reinstated the patent because the law at the time the patent was granted did not allow a third party such as COICA standing to object. The Miller patent expired in 2003. B. caapi is now being cultivated commercially in Hawaii.
Cultural references
The 2011 novel Plant Teacher explores how the use of caapi transforms the life of one narcotourist.
See also
References
- "Banisteriopsis caapi". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 15 December 2017.
- ^ Rätsch, Christian (2005). The Encyclopedia of Psychoactive Plants: Ethnopharmacology and Its Applications. Inner Traditions/Bear. ISBN 9780892819782.
- http://tropical.theferns.info/viewtropical.php?id=Banisteriopsis+caapi
- ^ Callaway, J. C.; Brito, Glacus S.; Neves, Edison S. (June 2005). "Phytochemical analyses of Banisteriopsis caapi and Psychotria viridis". Journal of Psychoactive Drugs. 37 (2): 145–150. doi:10.1080/02791072.2005.10399795. PMID 16149327.
- "Composition, Standardization and Chemical Profiling of Banisteriopsis caapi, a Plant for the Treatment of Neurodegenerative Disorders Relevant to Parkinson's Disease".
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help); no-break space character in|title=at position 55 (help) - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-05407-9
- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5144684/
- http://www.ayahuasca.com/amazon/when-and-how-was-ayahuasca-discovered-by-the-world-outside-the-amazon/
- Schultes, Richard Evans (1977). Hallucinogenic Plants. ISBN 0-307-24362-1.
- "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-08-06. Retrieved 2008-08-26.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|dead-url=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - International control of the preparation "ayahuasca", letter from the United Nations International Narcotics Control Board
- U.S. patent PP5751
- "Situation of the patent for Ayahuasca". 7 July 2003. Archived from the original on 21 April 2011. Retrieved 10 June 2011.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|dead-url=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - Alethia, Caroline (2011). Plant Teacher. United States: Viator. ISBN 1468138391.
Further reading
- Barbosa, PC; Cazorla, IM; Giglio, JS; Strassman, R (September 2009). "A six-month prospective evaluation of personality traits, psychiatric symptoms and quality of life in ayahuasca-naïve subjects". Journal of Psychoactive Drugs. 41 (3): 205–12. doi:10.1080/02791072.2009.10400530. PMID 19999673.
External links
- Banisteriopsis caapi List of Chemicals (Dr. Duke's Databases)
- Report on indigenous use of the plant, and the patent dispute
- United States Patent # PP5,751, Miller, June 17, 1986, Banisteriopsis caapi (cv) `Da Vine`
- Erowid's Vault article on the plant
- A General Introduction to Ayahuasca
| Taxon identifiers | |
|---|---|
| Banisteriopsis caapi |
|
| Banisteria caapi | |