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Chios (Template:Lang-el, alternative transliterations Khios and Hios, see also List of traditional Greek place names) is a Greek island in the Aegean Sea 5 miles off the Turkish coasts.

The population is about 52,290 (census of 2001), with an area of 904 km². The island also has a considerable Diaspora in London and New York. The capital is also called Chios or Chora; it is a port and the island's chief town. The island is famous for its scenery and good climate. Its chief export is mastic but it also produces olives, figs, and wine. Its international fame is based on the size and quality of its shipping community.

History

Pre-historic Period

Archaeological research on Chios has found evidence that the island has been inhabited since at least the Neolithic, with cave dwellings at Hagios Galas and the settlement and accompanying necropolis of Emporeio being the primary sites of research for this period.

The lack of information on this period however, cannot be overstated and theories on the size and duration of these settlements have not been well established.

The British School excavated the site from 1952-1955 and most of our current information comes from these digs. The Greek Archaeological Service (G.A.S.) has been excavating periodically on Chios since 1970, though much of their work on the island remains unpublished.

The noticeable uniformity in the size of houses at Emporeio is what primarily drives scholar's theory that there may have been no serious social distinction during the Neolithic on the island, the inhabitants instead all benefiting from agricultural and livestock farming.

It is also widely held by scholars that the island was not occupied by humans during the Middle Bronze Age (2300 - 1600), though researchers have suggested recently that the lack of evidence that exists during this period may only demonstrate the lack of excavations on Chios and the northern Aegean.

By at least the eleventh century BC the island was ruled by a kingdom/chiefdom, and the subsequent transition to aristocratic (or possibly tyrannic) rule occurred sometime over the next four centuries. Future excavations may reveal more information about this period.

Pre-Hellenic Period

The island had grown to an estimated population of over 120,000 by the fifth to fourth centuries BC (two to three times the estimated population in 2005), and based on the huge necropoli at the main city of Chios, the asty, it is thought the majority lived in that area.

Pherecydes, native to the Aegean, wrote that the island was occupied by the Leleges, aboriginal Greeks themselves reported to be subject to the Minoans on Crete. They were eventually driven out by invading Ionians.

Hellenic Period

Chios was one of the twelve members of the Ionian League. It became the biggest exporter of Greek wine, which was noted for being of relative high quality. Chian amphoras, with a characteristic sphinx emblem and bunches of grape have been found in nearly every country that the ancient Greeks traded with from as far away as Gaul, Upper Egypt and Eastern Russia.

Roman Period

During the Third Macedonian War, thirty-five vessels allied to Rome, carrying about 1,000 Gaulish troops, as well as many Gaulish horses, were sent by Eumenes II to his brother Attalus.

Leaving from Elaea, they were headed to Phanae, planning to disembark from there to Macedonia. However, Perseus's naval commmander Antenor intercepted the fleet between Erythrae (on the Western coast of Turkey) and Chios.

According to Livy, they were caught completely off-guard by Antenor. Eumenes's officers at first thought the intercepting fleet was friendly Romans, but scattered upon realizing they were facing an attack by their Macedonian enemy, some choosing to abandon ship and swim to Erythrae. Others, crashing their ships into land on Chios, fled toward the city.

The Chians however closed their gates, startled at the calamity. And the Macedonains, who had docked closer to the city anyway, cut the rest of the fleet off outside the city gates, and on the road leading to the city. Of the 1,000 men; 800 were killed, 200 taken prisoner.

Other Periods

Chios was once occupied by the Persians, and has also been part of the Delian League and the Byzantine Empire, before passing through the possession of the Latin emperors of Constantinople, the Genoese, and the Ottoman Turks.

Modern Period

During the Turkish occupation, there was a massacre of the islanders after a rebellion in 1822, depicted by Eugène Delacroix in his famous artwork at The Louvre. Chios rejoined the rest of independent Greece after the First Balkan War (1912).

The Turkish massacre of 1822, which annihilated 5/6 of the 120,000 Greek inhabitants of the island, decimated the Mastichohoria, the mastic growing villages in the south of the island. It triggered enormous public outrage in Western Europe, as can be seen in the art of Delacroix, in the writing of Lord Byron and Victor Hugo.

Claims to fame

• Nea Moni is a monastery with fine frescoes from Constantine IX's reign and a World Heritage Site.

The costumes and the scenery are entirely authentic. This and the works of Lord Byron did much to draw the attention of mainland Europe to the catastrophe that had taken place on Chios (1824, oil on canvas, 419 x 354 cm, Musée du Louvre, Paris

• Chios claims to be the birthplace of Homer, Hippocrates the mathematician, and Oenopides. Oenopion, a legendary king, is said to have brought winemaking to the island.

• Chios is home to one of the biggest ship-owning fraternities in Greece, with such shipping families as Livanos, Chandris, Los, Lemos, Pachos, Pateras, Fafalios, Frangos, and Xylas hailing from the island.

• Chios' satellite islands include Oinoussais and Psara, from where Kanaris fired the first shots in the Greek War of Independence (1822 onwards).

• Some claim Chios is Christopher Columbus's birthplace. Columbus said he was from the Republic of Genoa, but he never claimed he was from the city of Genoa itself. Chios was a Genoese possession at the time of Columbus birth, and 'Columbus' is a common surname on Chios. Furthermore Columbus appears to have known Chios very well, since he often made references to it in his journals .
• Chios is also the birthplace of some well known poets of modern times as Giorgos Dilvois, Nikos Gialouris, Dimitris Varos and Matheos Moundes.
• The Korai Library, in Chios, is one of the most important in Greece, containing 95,000 volumes.
• Chios Museum of Byzantine and Post-Byzantine Art, Website
• Chios Archaeological Museum, Website
• The town of Vrontados is home to a unique Easter celebration, where competing teams of locals gather at the town's two (rival) churches to fire tens of thousands of homemade rockets at the other church's bell tower while the Easter service is going on inside the churches, in what has become known as rouketopolemos ("the Easter church war").
• Chios is the birthplace of 19th century Ottoman grand vizier İbrahim Ethem Pasha who also had notable descendants (carrying the surname "Eldem" to this day), the most notable among these being the painter Osman Hamdi Bey.
• Namık Kemal, one of the principal pillars of the foundation of modern Turkish literature, served as a sub-prefect (exiled in practical terms) in Chios

Chios in popular culture

• The final level of the Monolith computer game No One Lives Forever 2: A Spy in H.A.R.M.'s Way takes place on the island of Khios.
• Vatakis family hales from Vivilli, Chios.

Climate

Its climate is mainly Mediterranean. Winters are rarely founded in higher elevations.

Municipalities

Footnotes

1. Merouses, Nikos Chios. Physiko periballon & katoikese apo te neolithike epoche mechri to telos tes archaiothtas. (Chios. Natural Environment & Habitation from the Neolithic Age to the end of Antiquity) pg. 80. Papyros, 2002
2. Ibid. ch. 4
3. Ibid. ch. 5, sect. 1
4. Ibid. ch. 5, sect. 3
5. Strabo 14.1.3
6. Herodotus 1.171
7. Hugh Johnson, Vintage: The Story of Wine pg 41. Simon and Schuster 1989
8. Livy, 44.28

External links

• Official Chios website : operated by Chios Prefecture (including tourist guide)
• Chiosnet: Chios Travel Guide
• E-Xios portal: Everything about Chios
• Chios island, Greece Information about siteseeing, famous people, villages etc.
• Chios online Travel Guide
• Travel to Chios Travel Guide

See also

• Greek products
• Cuisine of Greece

38°24′N 26°01′E / 38.400°N 26.017°E / 38.400; 26.017

• Ancient Greece
• Ionian colonies
• Islands of Greece
• North Aegean
• Prefectures of Greece
• Chios