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The Khwarezmid Empire (Template:Lang-fa, Khwarezmshahian; Turkish: Harzemşahlar) was a dynasty that ruled in Central Asia and Iran, first as vassals of the Seljuqs and later as independent rulers in the 11th century in Khwarezmia that lasted until the Mongol invasion in 1220. The ruling family was the Khwarezmid dynasty, also known as the Shahs of Khwarezm. The ethnic background of the dynasty is uncertain. Most historians consider them members of Turkic tribes of Central Asia, while others believe that they were of Iranian heritage.
History
The date of the founding of the empire is uncertain. Khwarezm was a province of the Ghaznavid Empire from 992 to 1041. In 1077 the governorship of the province, which now belonged to the Seljuk Turks, fell into the hands of Anūsh Tigin Gharchāī, a former servant of the Seljuqs of unknown background. In 1141, the Seljuk Sultan Ahmed Sanjar was defeated by the Kara Khitay (Kara-Khitan Khanate) and Anūsh Tigin's grandson Ala ad-Din Aziz was forced to submit as a vassal to the Kara Khitay.
Sultan Ahmed Sanjar was killed in 1156 and when the Seljuk state fell into chaos, the Khwarezms expanded their territories south. In 1194, the last Sultan of Great Seljuk state, Toğrül III, was defeated and killed by the Khwarezm ruler Ala ad-Din Tekish who also freed himself of the Kara Khitay. In 1200, Tekish died and was succeeded by his son, Ala ad-Din Muhammad, who by 1205 had conquered all of Great Seljuk and declared himself Shah (Persian for King); also known as Kwarezmshah. In 1212 he defeated the Gur-Khan Kutluk and conquered the lands of the Kara Khitay, now ruling a territory from the Syr Darya almost all the way to Baghdad, and from the Indus River to the Caspian Sea.
In 1218, Genghis Khan sent some emissaries to the Shah, but when he executed the Mongol diplomats in defiance of the emerging great power, Genghis retaliated with a force of 200 000 men. In February 1220 the Mongolian army crossed the Syr Darya and launched the Mongol invasion of Central Asia. The Mongols stormed Bukhara, Samarkand, and the Khwarezmid capital Urgench. The Shah fled and died some weeks later on an island in the Caspian Sea.
In Great Captains Unveiled of 1927, B.H. Liddell Hart gave details of the Mongol campaign against Khwarezm, underscoring his own philosophy of "the indirect approach," and highlighting many of the tactics used by Genghis which were to be subsequently included in the German Blitzkrieg tactics, inspired in part by Liddell Hart's writings.
The son of Ala ad-Din Muhammad, Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu, became the new Sultan (he rejected the title Shah) but he had to flee to India. However, the Mongols run up with him before he got there, and he was defeated at the Battle of Indus. He and his closest followers then fled to Armenia where they attacked the Seljuk Sultanate of Rüm. He had a brief victory capturing the town Ahlat, but was later defeated by Sultan Kay Qubadh I at the Battle of Yassi Chemen in 1230, and murdered in 1231 by an assassin who was a Kurd .
Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu's followers remained loyal to him even after his death and raided the Seljuk lands of Jazira and Syria for the next several years, calling themselves the Khwarezmiyyas. Ayyubid Sultan Salih Ayyub later hired their services against his uncle Salih Ismail and they actually captured Jerusalem in 1244, triggering the Seventh Crusade.
The Khwarezmiyyas served in Egypt as Mameluk mercenaries before they were finally beaten by Mansur Ibrahim some years later.
Rulers of Khwarezm
Ma'munids
Altuntashids
Non-dynastic
Anushtiginids
Non-dynastic
Anushtiginids
- Qutb ad-Din Muhammad I 1097-1127
- Ala ad-Din Aziz 1127-1156
- Il-Arslan 1156-1172
- Sultan Shah 1172-1193
- Ala ad-Din Tekish 1172-1200
- Ala ad-Din Muhammad II 1200-1220
- Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu 1220-1231
See also
External link
- All Empires: The Khwarezm-shah - Site in English, with a map in Turkish.
- M. Ismail Marcinkowski, Persian Historiography and Geography: Bertold Spuler on Major Works Produced in Iran, the Caucasus, Central Asia, India and Early Ottoman Turkey, with a foreword by Professor Clifford Edmund Bosworth, member of the British Academy, Singapore: Pustaka Nasional, 2003, ISBN 9971-77-488-7.
Notes and references
- Encyclopædia Britannica
- C.E. Bosworth, "Anuštigin Ĝarčāī", Encyclopaedia Iranica (reference to Turkish scholar Kafesoğlu), v, p. 140, Online Edition, (LINK)
- Buniyatov & Gosudarstvo, "Khorezmshahov - Anushteginidov" (original Russian version), p. 233