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For other uses see Fred Newman (disambiguation)

Template:Totally disputed Fred Newman is a philosopher, psychotherapist, playwright and political activist and the creator of therapeutic modality called Social Therapy. As a psychotherapy, this approach has been practiced since the mid-1970s in social therapy centers, mental health clinics and private therapy offices in a number of U.S. cities. Newman received his Ph.D. in analytic philosophy and foundations of mathematics from Stanford University in 1962. He and his primary collaborator, developmental psychologist Lois Holzman, have described the approach as a type of group therapy involving theatre, improvisation, and political activism which can help clients learn how to develop beyond their self- and societally-imposed limitations and live more creative and growthful lives. Newman and Holzman co-founded the New York Institute for Social Therapy and Research (now The East Side Institute for Group and Short Term Psychotherapy) in 1979. Their social therapy approach is currently practiced at nine centers in the U.S., including New York, Philadelphia, Atlanta, San Francisco, Boston, and Washington, D.C.

In 1983, Newman was the co-founder of the experimental Castillo Theatre in New York City, where he served as Artistic Director from 1989 to 2005. Newman's 2004 independent film Nothing Really Happens (Memories of Aging Strippers) received the Grand Festival Special Recognition Award at the 2004 Berkeley Video and Film Festival and First Prize at the Director’s View Film Festival in Connecticut in the Feature category.

Newman was born in 1935 in the Bronx, New York, and grew up in a Jewish working class neighborhood there. He served in the Army, including a stint in Korea, and after a brief time working in machine shops on returning home, enrolled in The City College of New York on a G.I. Bill scholarship, studying philosophy. Following his graduate work at Stanford, Newman taught at several colleges and universities in the 1960s around the country, including The City College of New York, Knox College, Case Western Reserve University, and Antioch College. Newman’s earliest philosophical writings were influenced by the logical positivist work of the mid-20th century philosopher of science Carl Gustav Hempel. In his 1991 book The Myth of Psychology, Newman wrote that he became increasingly radicalized during this time and adopted a policy of giving all of his philosophy students an "A" grade regardless of their participation in his classes to avoid their chances of flunking out and possibly be drafted during the Viet Nam War. He also worked briefly after his academic career as a counselor at the New York State Drug Rehabilitation Program.

Early years: Marxist psychology and politics

Newman considers himself a Marxist, which he has used as a foundation to develop a therapeutic approach that addressed the alienating effects of the societal institutions have on human personality development. In more recent years, he (along with his primary collaborator Holzman) have incorporated the work of a range of other influences, including early Russian psychologist Lev Vygotsky, the 20th century philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein, and a variety of postmodern theorists. In his earliest statement of his attempt to develop a Marxist approach to emotional problems, Newman wrote in 1974:

Proletarian or revolutionary psychotherapy is a journey which begins with the rejection of our inadequacy and ends in the acceptance of our smallness; it is the overthrow of the rulers of the mind.

In his work on childhood learning development in the 1930s, Vygotsky described what he termed the zone of proximal development (ZPD) as the location in which learning and development take place, i.e., the range between a child's abilities without assistance, and the child's abilities with assistance. Newman and Holzman, a Vygotsky scholar and developmental psychologist, began to incorporate this idea into Social Therapy as a way of understanding the mechanism of emotional growth and development in a group context. In 1993 Newman and Holzman co-authored Lev Vygotsky: Revolutionary Scientist.

Vygotsky himself was a harsh critic of the psychological and therapeutic approaches of his day, including psychoanalysis, which he described as limiting mental life "to primitive, primordial, essentially prehistorical, prehuman roots, leaving no room for history." Vygotsky devoted the bulk of his efforts to experimental work in the underdeveloped far reaches of the Soviet Union, doing extensive experimental work in literacy and learning development among young children. His work was suppressed under Stalin, and wasn't widely disseminated until the early 1960s. His research and theoretical work on early childhood development and language formation has been embraced by mainstream psychologists and educators at Harvard and other leading universities independently of the work of Newman and Holzman, and a growing "Vygotskian" movement has taken foot internationally. This trend has included the establishment of experimental schools employing Vygotsky's approach; Holzman has written that she, Newman and their supporters introduced this approach at the former Barbara Taylor School. Holzman and Newman's publication of their work has had an influence especially on the way in which some postmodern psychologists view Vygotsky's theories and research. In the mid-2000s, Holzman and Newman began to also emphasize activity theory, an approach founded by Soviet era psychologists Aleksey Leontyev and Sergei Rubinshtein which was based on Vygotsky's work but took it in very original directions. In a series of books, Newman and Holzman have challenged and analyzed what they describe as the "hoax/myth of psychology" whose various component myths are "destructive pieces of pseudoscience," and offer the anti-epistomological approach of social therapy and the use of performance as an alternative to traditional modalities that are heavily reliant on interpretive, classificatory, and explanatory (knowing) foundations.

Playwriting and theatre

Newman was a founder and long-time Artistic Director and Playwright-in-Residence of the Castillo Theatre, which is currently a project of the All Stars Project, Inc. The theatre--named for the Guatemalan poet Otto Rene Rastillo, has served as the primary venue for the production of the 30 plays Newman has written since the 1980s, four of which were written for and performed at annual conventions of the American Psychological Association beginning in 1996. Newman has decribed the Castillo Theatre as a "sister" organization to the the Social Therapy clinics and Institutes that also employs Vygotsky's methodological approach. writing in 2000 in New Therapist, Newman and Holzman discussed the Vygotskian thread that linked these sister organizations:

The entire enterprise - human life and its study - is a search for method. Performance social therapeutics, the name we use to describe our Marxian-based, dialectical practice, originated in our group therapy but is also the basis for a continuously emergent development community.

We coined the term tool-and-result methodology for Vygotsky's (and our) practice of method in order to distinguish it from the instrumental tool for result methodology that characterizes the natural and social sciences (Newman and Holzman, 1993). Our community building and the projects that comprise it - the East Side Institute for Short Term Psychotherapy, the East Side Center for Social Therapy and affiliated centers in other cities, the Castillo Theatre, the All Stars Talent Show Network, the Development School for Youth, etc. - are practices of this methodology."

In addition to the plays of Newman, the Castillo Theatre has also produced works by a range of progressive and avant-garde playwrights, including Bertolt Brecht, Ed Bullins, Aimé Césaire, Laurence Holder, Yosef Mundy, Peter Weiss and the late German Marxist poet and playwright Heiner Müller. In 1995, Newman directed a production of Césaire's A Season in the Congo; the following year, Cesaire invited Castillo to perform it's production of his classic play about the murder of Congolese leader Patrice Lumumba at the 25th SERMAC (Service Municipal d’Action Culturelle) Festival in Martinique. Castillo's production of Peter Weiss’s Marat/Sade was named “Best of the Fest” at New York City’s first Midtown International Theatre Festival in 2000. During Newman's tenure as Artistic Director, the Castillo Theatre became the leading producer of Müller's work in the United States, with Newman directing the American premiere of Müller's Germania 3 Ghosts at Dead Man in 2001. The theatre has conducted a series of dialogues with political theatre and dance artists, including Bill T. Jones, Richard Schechner, Judith Malina of the legendary radical Living Theatre (who co-starred in the Newman film Nothing Really Happens (Memories of Aging Strippers), and a 2002 "Dialogue on Politics and Therapy, Stillness and Vaudeville" with Newman and theatre director Robert Wilson.

In 1999, Newman and the Castillo Theatre established the annual Otto Rene Castillo Awards for Political Theatre, with the awardees chosen by a committee of political theatre artists in the U.S. and abroad. Past recipients have included El Teatro Campesino, Mario Fratti, The Living Theatre, Laurie Anderson, the Steppenwolf Theatre, Bread and Puppet Theatre, and the San Francisco Mime Troupe.

Some of Newman's plays have been been cited in the ongoing skirmishes he has had with the Anti-Defamation League (ADL), which Newman has described as "politically motivated." In his play No Room for Zion (1989), Newman recounts the transition in his own Bronx Jewish community from a primarily working class one that is increasingly middle-classized and upwardly mobile and rapidly losing its identity of an immigrant community tied to traditional ideals (represented by the Rabbi Zion of the play's title). In the play, Newman goes on to present his view of the post-war shifts in Jewish political alignments, both domestically and internationally:

"From the West Bank to the West Side of Manhattan, international Jewry was being forced to face its written-in-blood deal with the capitalist devil. In exchange for an unstable assimilation, Jews under the leadership of Zionism would "do-unto-others-what-others-had-done-unto-them." The others to be done unto? People of color. The doing? Ghettoization and genocide. The Jew, the dirty Jew, once the ultimate victim of capitalism's soul, fascism, would become a victimizer on behalf of capitalism, a self-righteous dehumanizer and murderer of people of color, a racist bigot whom in the language of Zionism changed the meaning of "Never Again" from "Never Again for anyone" to "Never again for us--and let the devil take everyone else."

The ADL again lashed out at a Newman production, the 2004 play Crown Heights, based on the 1991 riots between African American and Jewish communities in a Brooklyn neighborhood, which occurred after the accidental death of a Black child hit by a motorcade of a prominent local rabbi. The ADL claimed the production "distorts history and refuels hatred,", while other reviewers considered the production one which "seeks to unite the city’s diverse youth and heal some of the wounds of past racial violence."

Newman's Castillo Theatre plays on other topics have received some positive reviews. His musical Sally and Tom: The American Way about the slave-master relationship of Sally Hemings and Thomas Jefferson (with music by Grammy Award nominee Annie Roboff) was described in 1999 as "a diamond in the off-off-Broadway rough" by Christian Science Monitor critic Ward Moorehouse III. Several of his plays, including The Myth of Psychology (also the title of a book of Newman essays), have been performed at American Psychological Association conventions.

Castillo and its parent charity, the All Stars Project, Inc., incorporate Newman's therapeutic approach in their work, which includes a number of supplementary education programs for youth, including the All Stars Talent Show Network and the Joseph A. Forgione Development School for Youth. While Castillo produces mainly plays geared towards an older audience, the various youth programs work with young people from ages 5-25. The All Stars Project is headed by its current President, Gabrielle Kurlander.

On December 6, 2005 Newman announced his retirement as Castillo's Artistic Director in the wake of a controversy over a six-part series the previous month on NY1 News (a cable TV news channel). In a letter to the All Stars Project's Board of Directors, the then 70-year-old Newman explained that he didn't "want any of the controversy associated with my views and opinions to create unnecessary difficulties for the All Stars Project." The cable program contained segments of an interview in which Newman discussed his long-standing opposition to having his therapeutic approach be governed by the ethical guidelines governing "boundaries" of traditional therapeutic practices.

Social and political activism

Progressive Politics on Manhattan’s Upper West Side

Newman founded the collective Centers for Change (CFC) in the late 1960s after the student strikes at Columbia University. CFC was dedicated to 60s-style radical community organizing and the practice of an evolving form of psychotherapy which Newman would refer to circa 1974 as "proletarian" therapy, subsequently adopting the name Social Therapy. CFC set up clinics and briefly ran a small alternative high school. Centers for Change briefly merged with Lyndon LaRouche's National Caucus of Labor Committees (NCLC) in 1974. Within a few months, the brief alliance fell apart, which Newman attributed to LaRouche's increasingly "paranoid" and "authoritarian" direction and the NCLC's "capacity to produce psychosis and to opportunistically manipulate it in the name of socialist politics." In August 1974, the Newman/CFC group went on to found the International Workers Party (IWP) as an explicitly Marxist-Leninist revolutionary party. Newman’s IWP briefly attempted to maintain fraternal ties to LaRouche’s NCLC, but soon broke all ties as mutual hostilities reached a breaking point.

In the wake of another factional fight in 1976, Newman and the IWP disbanded as a public party, continuing to function non-publicly. Throughout the latter part of the '70s, Newman and his core of organizers founded a series of grassroots organizations, including Union W.A.G.E., the New York City Unemployed and Welfare Council, School for Progress, the Lake County Coalition for Survival in Illinois, and a local branch of the national People's Party known as the New York Working People's Party.

Newman and his political colleagues continued organizing the New York City Unemployed and Welfare Council, and soon after the Labor Community Alliance for Change. By the early 1980s, Newman and the organizations he had founded had begun to have a local impact in New York City via the New York Institute for Social Therapy and the newly founded New Alliance Party, while occasionally generating controversy that Newman was the leader of a political therapy cult.

Newman (along with Holzman) responded to this controversy in a 2003 with interview John Söderlund, editor of New Therapist, in a special issue devoted to mind control. Söderlund asked about the recent focus of the American Psychological Association on the “potential dangers of mind control.” Newman replied that he didn’t quite know what was meant by the term, noting

The closest association I have to it is what happens between parents and their young children. When children are very young, parents create a very controlled environment where there’s a great level of dependency on the parents. Gradually, as children come to experience other kinds of institutions (day care, school, etc.) their lived environment becomes less controlled and their dependency lessens.

Newman explained that didn’t think this sort of “totally controlled environment” can be imposed on an adult relationship, “outside of the extraordinary circumstances of say, the Manchurian candidate. I don’t see how mind control has any applicability to therapy—therapy of any kind—as it’s a relationship where the clients have control...They pay, they can not show up, etc.” Newman acknowledged that he believed there were authoritarian and coercive therapists who were likely doing bad therapy, but did not consider this to be mind control.

Söderlund asked Newman to respond to an anonymous former social therapist’s statement that the practice has “the criteria of groups which are considered cults: an authoritarian, charismatic leader, black-and-white thinking, repression of individuality, constant drive for fundraising, control of information, lack of tolerance for opposition within the group, etc.” Newman claimed he didn’t know what a cult was, or even if there was such a thing, and that the use of use of the cult charge is “hostile, mean-spirited, and destructive.” He denied being “authoritarian,” acknowledged the perception that he was “charismatic,” and considered the claim of “black-and-white thinking” to be “antithetical to everything we do,” citing social therapy’s interactions “with practitioners and theorists across a very wide spectrum of traditions and worldviews.” Newman also countered the charge by insisting “We don’t repress individuality; we critique it. There is a difference!”

Newman commented as well on charges that he “held in contempt” ethical guidelines of professional associations such as the APA: “We don’t look to the APA, CPA or any other institution for ethical standards, he replied. “We’re critical (not contemptuous) of them for being hypocritical and think that depending on them for an ethical standard is ethically unsound.”

Independent Electoral Politics

Newman goes Mainstream

In 1979 Newman became one of the founders of the independent New Alliance Party (NAP). The party, whose first chairperson was then New York City Councilman , advocated positions less radical than those of the IWP, which continued to operate as a non-public Marxist organization. The Party's first candidate that year was a Democratic Party machine politician, Joe Galiber, who ran on the line as an independent candidate for Bronx borough president, following a defeat in the Democratic primary, ultimately finishing second ahead of the Republicans. Within a few months of its founding, NAP was proclaiming itself in the pages of the affiliated New York (later, National) Alliance newspaper as the Bronx' second party. It would continue to grow as a force in Bronx politics in coming years. The NAP also brought Newman's ideas to a much broader audience and ran election campaigns all over the country. By the mid-1980s, African American psychologist and activist Lenora Fulani had become the NAP's chief public spokesperson, while Newman served primarily as the party's tactician, campaign manager, and sometimes candidate.

In 1985, Newman ran for Mayor of New York. In 1986 he ran for United States Senator from New York and in 1990 for New York State Attorney General.

National Politics

NAP entered the national political scene in 1984, running African American trade union activist Dennis Serrette for President, with Ross as his running mate, achieving ballot status in 33 states. By 1987, as Fulani and her campaign manager newman were preparing for her historic independent Presidential run (becoming the first African American and first woman to achieve ballot status in all 50 states), the controversies emerged again in full swing, with a number of establishment left wing, lesbian and gay, African American and feminist organization leaders turning to the decade-old "cult" charges to attack Fulani, then a newcomer to the progressive scene, and her self-described Black-led, pro-gay entry into national politics.. In an issue that featured a series of essays denouncing NAP, the New Left magazine Radical America wrote "We have become convinced that ..are not just other legitimate groups with whom we must coexist" adding that the New Alliance Party is not "a legitimate political organization", that it fails the journal's "basic test" for one, that NAP threatens to "discredit the left" and urges its readers to do what is necessary to dissuade "anyone" who might be attracted to them, noting "we can't be liberal about this one, comrades." (Radical America, 1987; Vol. 21, No. 5).

The FBI and the "Cult" Claim

The reasserting of the “cult” charge took a more ominous turn for Newman and his political associates during Fulani's 1988 presidential campaign. FBI documents obtained through the Freedom of Information Act showed that in the midst of her groundbreaking national run, the Bureau, had classified her party as a ”political cult” which “should be considered armed and dangerous.” As described by investigative reporter Kelvyn Anderson in the Washington City Paper in 1992, “The 101-page FBI file, freed by an FOIA request, also contains media coverage of Fulani’s 1988 campaign, memos between FBI field offices on the subject of NAP, a letter from an Army Counterintelligence official about NAP, and a copy of Clouds Blur the Rainbow, a report issued in late 1987 by Chip Berlet of Political Research Associates (PRA). PRA, which studies fringe political groups and intelligence agency abuses, is a prominent critic of the NAP, and its research is frequently used to discredit NAP as a psycho-political cult with totalitarian overtones.”

Three years earlier, Chip Berlet, then the new editor of PRA's magazine The Public Eye, which, along with writer Dennis King,first charged Newman with being a cult leader in 1977, had announced that the magazine no longer held to that characterization:

As you will learn from a forthcoming article on Fred Newman and the IWP, the Public Eye no longer feels it is accurate to call Newman's political network a cult. We do feel that at one point in its development it was fair to characterize the group as a cult, and we still have strong criticisms of the group's organizing style and the relationship between Newman's Therapy Institute and his political organizing. (Editor's Note, Public Eye, 1984; Vol. 4, Nos. 3-4)

In 1987, however, PRA again charged Newman with "cultism" with the publication of Berlet's Clouds Blur the Rainbow: The Other Side of the New Alliance Party, which contained material originally published in Radical America directed against Fulani's presidential campaign.

Newman, Fulani and the New Alliance Party challenged the FBI in a 1993 lawsuit asserting the FBI "political cult" labeling had violated their constitutional rights, and was using private third-party organizations to evade federal guidelines prohibiting investigations of political organizations in the absence of evidence of criminal activity. In their suit, Newman et al. argued that

"Political intelligence reports like The New Alliance Party and Clouds Blur the Rainbow, could not constitutionally be funded by the FBI directly. Organizations like the ADL and PRA engage in political intelligence gathering and political attacks on plaintiffs which the defendants are barred from carrying out directly by the Guidelines. The FBI then distributes the results o£ those “private” studies to its agents, and gives credibility to the “private” findings by incorporating the reports into files that are then obtained through FOIA by journalists and others

The ADL had been investigating left wing political groups since at least the early 1970s, a number of whom were characterized as "anti-Semitic" based on their opposition to U.S. Middle East policy and support of Palestinian rights Leonard Zakim, the former New England Regional Director of the ADL acknowledged in 1993 Berlet and the PRA shared information with the ADL that "has been very useful."

In her ruling on the case, Federal judge Constance Baker Motley ruled that the "political cult" charge "could not be directly traced to the 1988 FBI investigation," and that "any stigmatization which NAP suffers could be traced to a myriad of statements and publications made by private individuals and organizations, many of which preceded the FBI investigation. Although the PRA report was thus found to be key in the characterization of the New Alliance Party as a “political cult,” Berlet claimed that the FBI characterizations were “not a protection of civil liberties but a smear of a group.” Anderson claimed that the FBI investigation “sends a chilling political message: Groups outside of the political norm operate at their own risk and should expect state-sanctioned surveillance and intrusion into their affairs.” A year later, the ADL became embroiled in a massive scandal when reports surfaced that the organization had conducted extensive surveillance of civil rights, progressive, and Central American solidarity organizations, and was sharing information with law enforcement officials and foreign governments.

The Berlet pamphlet remains in circulation on PRA’s website, although minus Berlet’s original statement in Radical America, written in the midst of her campaign, that Fulani “deserves tremendous credit for apparently gaining ballot status in a majority of states.” The cult charges continue to surface, and have extended beyond Newman and Fulani to include guilt by association to other independent political challengers, most recently, 2004 independent presidential candidate Ralph Nader. The Nation magazine, a leading liberal weekly which had supported Nader in 2000, asked, citing Berlet’s report, “what in the world is Ralph Nader doing in bed with the ultrasectarian cult-racket formerly known as the New Alliance Party?” In it’s introduction to an article later that year by political writer Christopher Hitchens, the magazine Vanity Fair noted, “Democrats are furious that Ralph Nader, whose last presidential bid helped put George W. Bush in office, is running again. Equally dismaying, the author finds, is Nader's backing from a crackpot group with ties to Pat Buchanan, Lyndon LaRouche, and Louis Farrakhan.” Echoing Berlet (who had attacked Nader in 2000 for working with figures like conservative industrialist Roger Millikan), Hitchens charged that “the Newman-Fulani group is a fascistic zombie cult outfit.” Nader also came under fire from the ADL that year for his own Middle East views

In the 2003 New Therapist interview, Newman was asked about charges that former participants in social therapy—both clients and therapists—“were forcefully encouraged to engage in performing the role of recruiters of others to the political causes to which the institute is linked.” Newman responded that “if they performed the role of recruiters, this was because they were voluntarily part of a Marxist group and recruiting is an activity of Marxist groups. So, yes, they were encouraged to recruit, but not by virtue of being in therapy.”

Independence Party of New York

The New Alliance Party was dissolved in 1994, and many of its members and supporters, including Newman and Fulani, immersed themselves in the national, and more centrist, independent political movement that had arisen in the wake of Ross Perot's 1992 Presidential bid on the Reform Party. Newman, Fulani and a number of former NAP activists eventually became leaders in the Independence Party of New York (IPNY), and local offshoot of the Perot movement, and were frequently at the center of factional quarrels that have characterized the party from the time of its founding, and which continue. In September 2005, the New York State Executive Committee of the Independence Party--under the leadership of IPNY State Chairman Frank MacKay, a one-time Newman and Fulani ally, cited the earlier charges as the basis for a vote to remove several Newman associates, including Fulani, from the party's Excecutive Committee. Notably, the majority of the Newman-affiliated Executive Committee members who were targeted were themselves either African American or Jewish.

In the following months, MacKay initiated proceedings to have close to 200 Independence Party members in New York City whom he identified as being sympathetic to Fulani disenrolled from the party. This attempt was dismissed in each effort MacKay brought before the New York State Supreme Court. Despite the claims of MacKay that charges of anti-Semitism underlied his attempts at mass disenrollment of party members he claimed were affiliated with Newman, Manhattan Supreme Court Justice Emily Jane Goodman in dismissing the case wrote that the charges were "more political than philosophical." Albany Times-Union reporter Elizabeth Benjamin noted that the failed attempt by MacKay likely had the "at least tacit support" of Senator Clinton and New York State Attorney General Elliot Spitzer, who had both accepted nomination to the IPNY ballot line.

Endnotes

1. Holzman , L. (2004) Psychological Investigations: An Introduction to Social Therapy A talk given at the University of California, Berkeley, as part of the UC system-wide Education for Sustainable Living Program.
2. Eastside Institute for Group and Short Term Therapy, official site. Accessed 16 October 2006.
3. Social Therapy Group website Retrieved Oct 2006
4. Social Therapy Group website Retrieved Oct 2006
5. Brenner, Eva. (1992) Theatre of the Unorganized: The Radical Independence of the Castillo Cultural Center. The Drama Review. 36, 3:28–60.
6. Cook, Sean. Walking the Talk. Castillo Theatre of 2002. (2003). The Drama Review. 47, 3:78-98.
7. Newman, Fred. Explanation Sketches. (1965) Philosophy of Science, Vol. 32, No. 2 : 168-172
8. Newman, F. (1968). Explanation by description: An essay on historical methodology. The Hague: Mouton.
9. Why I'm Still a Marxist, A Seminar with Fred Newman
10. Newman, F. and Holzman, L. (1997). The end of knowing: A new developmental way of learning. London: Routledge.
11. Holzman L. Activating Postmodernism. Theory & Psychology, Vol. 16, No. 1, 109-123 (2006)
12. Fred Newman, Preface to Power and Authority: the Inside View of the Class Struggle (1974).
13. Holzman, L. and Newman, F. (1979). The practice of method: An introduction to the foundations of social therapy. New York: New York Institute for Social Therapy and Research.
14. Vygotsky, Lev, The Historical Meaning of the Crisis in Psychology: A Methodological Investigation; original publication 1927; online version translated by Rene Van Der Veer, Plenum Press, 1987. Accessed online 17 October 2006.
15. Program and schedule, International Conference:L.S.Vygotsky and the Contemporary Human Sciences, Moscow, September, 5-8, 1994. Accessed online 16 October 2006
16. Holzman, L. What Kind of Theory is Activity Theory?: Introduction. Theory & Psychology. 2006;16:5-11
17. Nissen M, Axel E, Bechmann Jensen T. The Abstract Zone of Proximal Conditioning. Theory & Psychology, Vol. 9, No. 3, 417-426 (1999).
18. Theatre for the Whole City: the All Stars Project Performs New York City, eNewsletter of All Stars Project, Inc. Accessed 28 October 2006
19. Newman, Fred. (1992). Surely Castillo is left but is it right or wrong? Nobody knows. The Drama Review. Vol. 36, No. 3:24-27
20. Newman, F. and Holzman, L. (2000). The relevance of Marx to therapeutics in the 21st century. New Therapist, 3, 24-27.
21. Friedman, Dan. A Performance Community Onstage and on the Street Castillo Theatre and Heiner Müller's Germania 3. (2003). The Drama Review 47, 3:99-112.
22. Robert Wilson and Fred Newman. A Dialogue on Politics and Therapy, Stillness and Vaudeville, moderated by Richard Schechner. (2003). The Drama Review 47, 3:113-128.
23. Otto Awards, Castillo Theatre site. Accessed October 2006
24. Cook, Sean. Walking the Talk. Castillo Theatre of 2002: Newman vs. the Anti-Defamation League. (2003). The Drama Review 47, 3:78-98.
25. ADL Says "Crown Heights" Distorts History and Refuels Hatred, ADL press release, January 27, 2004. Accessed October 2006
26. Abby Ranger, Youth Theatre, ‘Crown Heights,’ Seeks to Soothe Racial Tensions. Brooklyn Daily Eagle. January 26, 2004. Reproduced online on the All Stars Project, Inc. site, accessed 24 October 2006.
27. Institute for Urban and Minority Education, Teachers College, Columbia University. (2003). Changing the Script for Youth Development: An Evaluation of the All Stars Talent Show Network and the Joseph A. Forgione Development School for Youth. Available online on the site of the Education Resources Information Center, Institute of Education Sciences (IES) of the U.S. Department of Education. Accessed October 2006.
28. All Stars Project, Inc. - Programs, All Stars Project, Inc. official site. Accessed 24 October 2006.
29. New York Voices/WNET Thirteen New York Video Gallery: The All Stars. Available online on the site of New York Voices, WNET (PBS station in New York). Accessed October 2006
30. Newman resigns from All Stars Project, The New York Sun, December 7, 2005. Accessed online October 2006
31. CFC—A Collection of Liberation Centers. CFC Press. (1972)
32. Newman, Fred. Power and Authority: The Inside View of Class Struggle. Centers For Change (1974)
33. Fred Newman, assisted by Hazel Daren, A Manifesto on Method: A study of the transformation from the capitalist mind to the fascist mind, International Workers Party (1974). Accessed online on ex-iwp.org, 17 October 2006.
34. Fred Newman, An Open Letter to the NCLC (1974). Accessed online on ex-iwp.org, 17 October 2006.
35. Tourish, Dennis and Wohlforth, Tim. On the Edge: Political Cults Right and Left:Lenin as Therapist. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 2000.
36. Harvey Kahn, NCLC and Its Extended Political 'Community', Public Eye, Fall 1977. Accessed online 29 October 2006.
37. New Alliance Party. Games the New Alliance Party Won't Play (1982).
38. Conason, Joe. Psycho-Politics: What Kind of Party Is This, Anyway? Village Voice. June 1, 1982).
39. "Culture shock." New Therapist 24 (March/April 2003)
40. "Culture shock." New Therapist 24 (March/April 2003)
41. Anderson, Kelvyn. Capitolism: The FBI’s Spying Campaign against Candidate Lenora Fulani’s New Alliance Party. Washington City Paper, March 6, 1992
42. King, Dennis. West Side "Therapy Cult" Conceals Its True Aims. Heights and Valley News, November 1977
43. Chip Berlet, 1987, Clouds Blur the Rainbow: The Other Side of the New Alliance Party, Cambridge, MA: Political Research Associates, online.
44. New Alliance Party vs. Federal Bureau of Investigation, 93 CIV 3490 (1993)
45. Forster, Arnold & Epstein, Benjamin. The New Anti-Semitism. McGraw-Hill (1974).
46. Miller, Dale. Blown cover. Forward, January 22, 1993
47. New Alliance Party vs. Federal Bureau of Investigation, 93 CIV 3490 (1993)
48. Anderson, Kelvyn. Capitolism: The FBI’s Spying Campaign against Candidate Lenora Fulani’s New Alliance Party. Washington City Paper, March 6, 1992.
49. Friedman, Robert I. The Enemy Within. The Village Voice, May 11, 1993.
50. Hitchens, Christopher. Unsafe On Any Ballot Vanity Fair, May 2004.
51. Ireland, Doug. Nader and the Newmanites The Nation. January 26, 2004.
52. By Faler, Brian. Nader vs. the ADL. Washington Post, August 12, 2004.
53. "Culture shock." New Therapist 24 (March/April 2003)

Publications

• Newman, F. and Holzman, L. (in press). All Power to the Developing. To appear in the Annual Review of Critical Psychology.

• Holzman, L. and Newman, F. (2004). Power, authority and pointless activity (The developmental discourse of social therapy.) In T. Strong and D. Paré (Eds.), Furthering talk: Advances in the discursive therapies . Kluwer Academic/Plenum, pp. 73-86.

• Newman, F. (2003). Undecidable emotions (What is social therapy? And how is it revolutionary?). Journal of Constructivist Psychology, 16: 215-232.

• Power, authority and pointless activity (The developmental discourse of social therapy).*Newman, F. and Holzman, L. (2001). La relevancia de Marx en la Terapeutica del siglo XXI. Revista Venezolana de Psicologia Clinica Comunitaria, No. 2, 47-55.

• Newman, F. (2001). Therapists of the world, unite. New Therapist. No. 16.

• Newman, F. (2001). Rehaciendo el pasado: Unas cuantas historias exitosas en materia de Terapia Social y sus moralejas. Revista Venezolana de Psicologia Clinica Comunitaria, No. 2, 57-70.

• Newman, F. (2000) Does a story need a theory? (understanding the methodology of narrative therapy). In D. Fee (Ed.) Pathology and the postmodern: mental illness as discourse and experience. London: Sage.

• Newman F. and Holzman, L. (2000). Against Against-ism. Theory & Psychology, 10(2), 265-270.

• Newman, F. and Holzman, L. (2000). Engaging the alienation. New Therapist, 10(4).

• Newman, F. and Holzman, L. (2000). The relevance of Marx to therapeutics in the 21st century. New Therapist, 5, 24-27.

• Newman, F. (1999). One dogma of dialectical materialism. Annual Review of Critical Psychology, 1. 83-99.

• Newman, F. and L. Holzman. (1999). Beyond narrative to performed conversation (in the beginning comes much later). Journal of Constructivist Psychology, 12, 1, 23-40.

• Newman, F. and Holzman, L. (1997). The end of knowing: A new developmental way of learning. London: Routledge.

• Newman, F. (1996). Performance of a lifetime: A practical-philosophical guide to the joyous life. New York: Castillo.

• Newman, F. and Holzman, L. (1996). Unscientific psychology: A cultural-performatory approach to understanding human life. Westport, CT: Praeger.

• Newman, F. (1994). Let's develop! A guide to continuous personal growth. New York: Castillo International.

• Newman, F. and Holzman, L. (1993). Lev Vygotsky: Revolutionary scientist. London: Routledge.

• Newman, F. (1992). Surely Castillo is left but is it right or wrong? Nobody knows. The Drama Review. Fall (T135), pp. 24- 27.

• Newman, F. (1991). The myth of psychology. New York: Castillo International.

• Holzman, L. and Newman, F. (1979). The practice of method: An introduction to the foundations of social therapy. New York: New York Institute for Social Therapy and Research.

• Newman, F. (1977). Practical-critical activities. New York: Institute for Social Therapy.

• Newman, F. (1974). Power and authority: The inside view of the class struggle. New York: Centers for Change.

• Newman, F. (1968). Explanation by description: An essay on historical methodology. The Hague: Mouton.

External links

Websites

• Eastside Institute for Group and Short-term Psychotherapy
• The Social Therapy Group
• West Coast Center for Social Therapy
• Atlanta Center for Social Therapy
• DC Center for Social Therapy
• Castillo Theatre
• All Stars Project
• Committee for a Unified Independent Party
• Performing the World

Lois Holzman's Website

• Lois Holzman, PhD

• American dramatists and playwrights
• Living people
• 1935 births
• Marxist theorists
• American psychologists
• 20th century philosophers