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==== In Europe ==== ==== In Europe ====
In ] the government classified{{fact}} Landmark Education as a "]" in ] "Report of the Swedish Government's Commission on New Religious Movements (1998)".<ref>
''Report of the Swedish Government's Commission on New Religious Movements (1998)'', 1.6 The need for support ,
</ref>


In 2006 the government of ] listed Landmark Education as a ''Secte'' (cult), along with the ], the ], and other groups: In 2006 the government of ] listed Landmark Education as a ''Secte'' (cult), along with the ], the ], and other groups:

Revision as of 01:37, 19 November 2006

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Landmark Education
File:Landmark Education logo2.jpg
Company typePrivate LLC Corporation
IndustrySelf-help, Personal development
FoundedJanuary 1991
HeadquartersSan Francisco, California, USA
Key peopleHarry Rosenberg: Director; CEO

Mick Leavitt: President, Director
Steven Zaffron: Director; CEO, Landmark Education Business Development (LEBD)
Art Schreiber: General Counsel; Chairman, BOD; Director
Martin Leaf: Counsel
Joan Rosenberg: Vice President, Centers Division; Director
Nancy Zapolski: Vice President, Course Development
Laurel Scheaf: Director; Landmark-Forum Leader
Sanford Robbins: Director

Brian Regnier: Course Designer
ProductsThe Landmark Forum, associated coursework
RevenueIncrease8.6% to
USD$76 million (2005)
Net incomeIncreaseUSD$2.5 million (1997)
Number of employeesmore than 450 employees (2006);
722 volunteer leaders; several employed leaders (2006);
7,500 volunteers in "Assisting Program" (1998)
SubsidiariesLandmark Education Business Development (LEBD)
Landmark Education International, Inc.
Tekniko Licensing Corporation
LandmarkDating
Rancord Company, Ltd.
WebsiteLandmark Education homepage

Landmark Education LLC (LE), an international entity, delivers its training and deveopment programs in over 20 different countries. As an employee-owned for-profit private company headquartered in San Francisco, California, it offers personal development training. The company markets its introductory course as "The Landmark Forum."

Landmark Education purchased the intellectual properties of Werner Erhard and Associates, a successor to the Est Training, and since its foundation in 1991 has developed other courses.

Landmark Education markets its courses primarily to individuals. Its subsidiary Landmark Education Business Development (LEBD) provides training and consultancy to organizations.

Landmark Education and its methods sometimes evoke intense controversy. Supporters and detractors — of the organization, of its methods and of its course content — hold strong opinions and express their views passionately, as do third-party commentators.

Corporation

Origin and evolution

Landmark Education, known from May 7, 1991 to February 26, 2003 as "Landmark Education Corporation (LEC)", purchased certain rights to a presentation known as The Forum from Werner Erhard and Associates (WEA, the corporate successor of Erhard Seminars Training - est or EST). The new owners, including former staff of WEA, renamed the course The Landmark Forum and further developed its content.

The company originally registered itself as Transnational Education, as The Centers Network, and (in Japan) as Rancord Company, Ltd.,. Re-organization as "Landmark Education Corporation" (LEC) took place later in 1991. In February 2003, Landmark Education LLC succeeded LEC.

The coursework and pedagogy of WEA evolved from est/Erhard Seminars Training, founded by Werner Erhard in 1971. est/WEA/Landmark underwent multiple changes of name and curriculum after the founding of est. (For a time-line, see the article on Erhard Seminars Training.)

Landmark Education renamed its introductory course, the "Forum", as "The Landmark Forum"; and shortened the four-day, two-weekend WEA "Forum" to three full days. Landmark Education states that it made changes to the course content at that time, and that a major re-design of the Landmark Forum took place in 1999.

According to Landmark Education, Werner Erhard consults from time to time with its "Research and Design team". (See also) Erhard's younger brother (Harry Rosenberg) works as Landmark Education's Chief Executive Officer, and their sister (Joan Rosenberg) serves as the Vice President of Landmark Education's Centers Division.

According to statements made by Landmark Education CEO Harry Rosenberg in 2001:

...Erhard kept the Mexican and Japanese branches of the operation...Last year, Landmark had revenues of $58 million, and ... the company has bought outright Erhard's license and his rights to Japan and Mexico.

Succession of organizational names
Erhard Seminars Training October 1971 – February 1981
Werner Erhard and Associates February 1981 – January 16, 1991
Breakthrough Technologies January 16, 1991 – January 23, 1991
Transational Education Corp. January 23, 1991 – May 7, 1991
Landmark Education Corporation May 7, 1991 – February 2003
Landmark Education, LLC February 2003 – Present

As of 2006 Landmark Education maintains 52 offices in 21 countries, with more than half of its offices in North America.

Structure and financials

Landmark Education LLC operates as an employee-owned company. Landmark Education employees own all the stock of the corporation, with no individual holding more than 3%. The company does not distribute dividends; any profits go to increase the company's assets, to expand the operation, or to subsidize courses in developing countries. The shareholders elect a Board of Directors annually. A list of executive officers appears in the box above.

As of 2005, 70,000 to 80,000 people took the Landmark Forum annually, and around 50,000 take other courses offered.

Landmark Education reported revenues of $70 million for 2004 ; $76 million in 2005 . In 1997, Landmark had 451 employees, 7,500 volunteers in the United States alone, spent $13 million on employee salaries and bonuses, spent $4 million on travel, and made a profit of $2.5 million .

Since 1991, over 880,000 people have participated in the Landmark Forum.


Programs

Scope and claims

Landmark Education portrays itself as "a global enterprise whose purpose is to empower and enable people and organizations to generate and fulfill new possibilities. We create and provide programs, services, and paradigms that produce extraordinary results for our customers."

In studies and surveys commissioned by Landmark Education, "graduates” of Landmark's programs self-report positive results in the following areas:

  • The quality of their relationships.
  • The confidence with which they conduct their lives.
  • The level of their personal productivity.
  • The experience of the difference they make.
  • The degree to which they enjoy their "personal life". (see Assessments of Effectiveness below)

The education has as its basis ontological training rather than conventional knowledge as found in traditional educational contexts. For research and studies about Landmark Education compiled by Landmark Education on Landmark Education's corporate website, see "Independent Research"

Landmark Education trains its own course instructors intensively in Landmark's pedagogy (also known as "technology"). Presenters do not require traditional teaching credentials, education, or teaching experience to teach or lead Landmark courses.

Rules of the Landmark Forum

The Landmark Forum takes place over three consecutive days and an evening session (generally Friday, Saturday, Sunday, and Tuesday evening.) Each full day begins at 9:00 a.m. and ends at approximately 10:00 p.m. Breaks are approximately every 2-3 hours, with a 90-minute dinner break. The evening session generally runs from 7:00 p.m. to 10:15 p.m. (in certain locations, from 7:30 p.m. to 10:45 p.m.).

At the outset of the Landmark Forum course, the staff lays out a set of agreements and tips to get the most value out of the Landmark Forum. :

  • Participants are encouraged to wear comfortable clothing.
  • Bathroom breaks are discouraged.
  • Participants must be "seated at the exact starting times each morning and after each break".
  • Missing any portion of the course will jeapordise the chances for "transformation".
  • There will be homework assigned during breaks and after the course ends in the evening.
  • There will be half-hour breaks every 2-3 hours and one 90 minute dinner break each evening.
  • Notetaking is forbidden.
  • Unprescribed medications, tobacco and alcohol should not be taken throughout the entire weekend of the course.
  • Stand when you speak. Otherwise, remain seated.
  • Always have your name badge visible.
  • Do not eat in the room. Water is permissible.
  • Do not speak unless called on.

Memberships and accreditations

Landmark Education and its subsidiaries hold memberships in the following professional associations and organizations, as per their corporate website:

Courses

  1. The Landmark Forum, introductory course and pre-requisite for other courses
  2. Landmark Forum in Action Seminar, optional seminar included in tuition of the Landmark Forum
  3. The Landmark Advanced Course
  4. Self Expression and Leadership Program (SELP)
  • Note: For further information on other coursework, see Landmark Education's corporate website: About Graduate Programs

Other programs

Assisting Program

Chief Executive Officer Harry Rosenberg commented on the Assisting Program in a 1997 Harvard Business School case study now out of print:

In addition to our 420 staff members around the world, the people in the Assisting Program play a critical role at Landmark. We have a remarkable group of 7500 people participating on a weekly basis. They are both committed to our work, and to getting personal value out of the Assisting Program. They know we are a for-profit businesss and still they commit their time and effort.

According to this statement by Harry Rosenberg, as of 1997 the Landmark Education workforce consisted of 5.3% paid employees, and 94.7% volunteers from the Assisting Program.

The Introduction Leader Program (ILP)

The ILP consists of a six-month intensive leadership-training program that prepares participants to lead Introductions to the Landmark Forum and to apply the training they get to an area of life that matters to them (personal, professional or other). This course forms the foundation of the training for Program Leaders in all of Landmark's divisions.

Assessments of effectiveness

Landmark Education relies heavily on testimonials from customers to measure its effectiveness. Studies, surveys, and opinions vary in their reported outcomes though in general lean from neutral to very positive.

Academic studies

Fisher study

An academic study commissioned by Werner Erhard and Associates and conducted by a team of psychology professors (mostly associated with the University of Connecticut) concluded that attending a (pre-Landmark) Forum had minimal lasting effects, positive or negative, on participants' self-perception This study, arguably the most thorough investigation of any aspect of Landmark-like activities, won a 1989 American Psychological Association award.

Denison thesis

Charles Wayne Denison's 1994 Ph.D. research at the University of Denver involved interviewing participants in the Landmark Forum. It reported a "varied impact on participants" ranging from neutral to positive:

The observation and interview data suggest that these curricula have a varied impact on participants; some report a certain distinction as having personal impact, while other participants scarcely recall the concept.

Studies commissioned by Landmark Education

DYG study

An analysis done for Landmark Education by DYG, Inc. and interpreted by Daniel Yankelovich, chairman of DYG, Inc., ("Analysis of The Landmark Forum and Its Benefits") consisted of a survey conducted of more than 1300 people who completed The Landmark Forum during a three-month period at some undisclosed time. Some details of the study methodology, especially concerning sampling methods and demographics of study participants, remain undefined in what Landmark Education refers to as the "Full Study" . It remains unknown whether Yankelovich ever participated in any Landmark Education coursework, or whether he functioned in the role of a detached commentator. However, Landmark Education has presented a summary of the survey results under the heading "Independent Research, Case Studies, and Surveys" . On the other hand, Yankelovich himself personally endorses Landmark Education in his book The Magic of Dialog (2001, pages 143 - 144).

Yankelovich concluded from the survey that 90% to 95% self-reported "value" in taking the course.

Harris Interactive

A survey carried out by Harris Interactive for Landmark Education Corporation concluded that 1/3 of respondents who had "completed the Landmark Forum" self-reported an increase of 25% or more in their incomes, 70% worried less about money and assessed themselves as more effective in managing their finances, and an unspecified percentage reported working fewer hours. Landmark Education has not made it clear over what time-duration Harris Interactive conducted this study.

Other Studies

University of Southern California

The University of Southern California (USC) Marshall School of Business carried out a case study into the work of Landmark Education Business Development (LEBD) at BHP New Zealand Steel.

The report concluded that the set of interventions in the organization produced a 50% improvement in safety, a 15-20% reduction in key benchmark costs, a 50% increase in return on capital, and a 20% increase in raw steel production

The USC makes the full study available. A summary and more information appear here on Landmark Education's website.

International Society for Performance Improvement (2005)

The International Society for Performance Improvement (ISPI) website contains a report of Landmark Education Business Development (LEBD)'s involvement with improving safety at Minera Escondida Ltd., which ran the largest copper-mine in the world and employed 5,000 people. The ISPI report notes that when LEBD started working with Minera Escondida, the company had a total injury-frequency rate of 23.7 accidents per million man-hours worked. Five months later, after LEBD had finished its program with Minera Escondida, the injury rate had reduced by over 50% to 11.5 accidents per million man-hours worked. ISPI reported that Landmark "created" this environment of improved safety. The ISPI awarded LEBD a "Got Results" award for its actions.

The Talent Foundation

A study by the Talent Foundation, chaired by Sir Christopher Ball (Chancellor, University of Derby address), and led by Dr. Javier Bajer, concluded that: "Within two years of participating from Landmark's three-day program, individuals showed:

  • Significantly higher levels of self-esteem, motivation, and self-confidence.
  • More proactive attitudes related to their learning and ability to apply new skills at work.
  • More confidence in finding opportunities to apply their skills and make a difference at work."

Jargon

Further information: Landmark Education jargon

The company uses Landmark-specific jargon in its courses, such as "Rackets", "Formula for success" and "Distinguishing ourselves and our world through language".

Legal disputes

Further information: Landmark Education and the law

Landmark has participated in a range of legal disputes, with roles including that of a defendant (against course participants who have claimed psychological harm); and frequently of a plaintiff, alleging defamation against individuals or organizations who have published statements critical of its methods or content, etc.

Criticism and controversies

Several individuals and organizations have claimed that Landmark is a cult or is cult-like, and certain European countries have classified Landmark as either a "sect" or "new religious movement", as stated below. Landmark Education regards such statements as factually false and defamatory, and has brought legal action on at least seven occasions. Out of these seven, in the three cases where mainstream publications explicitly called Landmark a cult, retractions were issued; in two of the cases, the defendants denied that they ever claimed Landmark was a cult; and in two cases, not concering a "cult" allegation, Landmark Education's suit was dismissed. Details of some of the cases appear in the article Landmark Education and the law.

An Australian psychologist, Dr. Louise Samways, included material on Landmark Education in her book on personal development courses and cults: Dangerous Persuaders: An expose of gurus, personal development courses and cults, and how they operate. She had not conducted empirical observation of Landmark Education's programs, but rather relied on testimony from separate sources. Dr. Samways stated that her book:

evolved ... from thousands of personal stories told to me over many years by my patients and people attending my seminars and lectures. I have mentioned the names of groups and courses only where I have heard similar and consistent stories from many separate sources... t should not be assumed that the groups, courses or individuals mentioned in this book are necessarily the worst or biggest. I have only mentioned those that are well known and where my own patients have shared their personal experiences with me.

and:

The courses I worry about particularly are those attempting dramatic change in short periods of time, such as Landmark Education, EST, Forum, Money & You and Hoffman Process, for they are misusing the psychological techniques allied to hypnosis in order to make the behavioural changes.

In Europe

In 2006 the government of Austria listed Landmark Education as a Secte (cult), along with the Church of Scientology, the Unification Church, and other groups:

The vast majority of groups termed "sects" by the Government were small organizations with fewer than 100 members. Among the larger groups was the Church of Scientology, with between 5,000 and 6,000 members, and the Unification Church, with approximately 700 adherents throughout the country. Other groups found in the country included Divine Light Mission, Eckankar, Hare Krishna, the Holosophic community, the Osho movement, Sahaja Yoga, Sai Baba, Sri Chinmoy, Transcendental Meditation, Landmark Education, the Center for Experimental Society Formation, Fiat Lux, Universal Life, and The Family.

Dr. Norbert Nedopil, a forensic psychiatrist at the University of Munich, in a 2002 study excluded the possibility of Landmark Education as a cult, or as cult-like in any way. In that study he reported that: "On the basis of empirical investigation, it can be said that to the largest extent, Landmark Education does not present risks to the health, free will and legal integrity of its participants. Nor is there any evidence that the Landmark Forum is harmful."

Several journalists have also written about various aspects of the cult allegations; Amelia Hill, for a December 2003 article in the Guardian, states:

Landmark has faced accusations of being a cult, but I saw nothing of that. Far from working to separate us from our families and friends, we were told there was no relationship too dead to be revived, no love too cold to be warmed.

A report of the Senate Committee of the State of Berlin in Germany originally listed Landmark Education as espousing "a religious world view". The Berlin authorities subsequently revised that classification to "provider of life guidance" (Anbieter von Lebenshilfe) after Landmark Education sued.

In 1995 a committee of the French National Assembly included Landmark Education on a list of cults: see Parliamentary Commission on Cults in France The then Prime Minister of France Jean-Pierre Raffarin issued a circulaire in May 2005 indicating that the list of cults published on the parliamentary report had become less useful in identifying cults because of the feasability of movements concerned, especially with regard to new movements sprung up through use of the internet.

In France, Landmark Education assistants had the apparent French legal status of volunteer unpaid workers. On May 24, 2004, the France 3 show "Pièces à conviction" broadcast the investigative report (" Voyage to the land of the new gurus"), addressing (amongst other issues) the matter of volunteer labor. In June 2004, the French labor agency (L’Inspection du Travail) investigated labor practices regarding "volunteer workers". ". Shortly thereafter, Landmark Education ended its operations in France.


On June 6, 2004 Landmark Education ceased operating in Sweden. As in France, the causes of the closure included a diminishing public interest in participating, evinced in connection with very critical articles in the press and on television. The airing of two documentaries on national Swedish television by the broadcasting corporation TV4 on October 28, 2003 and March 15, 2004 called "Lycka till salu" (Happiness for sale) in the program series "Kalla Fakta" had contributed to the termination of the organization there.

Religious implications

Some commentators regard parts of Landmark's philosophy as religious in nature, or as in conflict with the doctrines of established religions. For example, Paul Derengowski, formerly of the Christian cult-watch group Watchman.org, states that Landmark "has theological implications". The Apologetics Index (an online Christian ministry providing research resources on what it considers cults, sects, other religious movements, doctrines, and practices) maintains a page on Landmark Education.

On the other hand, an article in the international Roman-Catholic weekly The Tablet states that:

Several Catholic priests and religious sisters have endorsed Landmark. The Trappist monk Basil Pennington has praised the Forum for bringing about a "full human enlivenment" which make people "more lively" in the practice of whatever faith they have.

Some examples of testimonials (as opposed to theological analysis) from clergy appear on the Landmark Education Website, as well as on ilovepossibility.info, a web-site set up by graduates of the Landmark Forum.

Allegations of brainwashing

Journalists, experts in psychology, experts in psychiatry, and court cases have addressed the issues of whether Landmark practises brainwashing and coercion.

In an article published in Time Magazine on 16 March 1998, Charlotte Faltermayer wrote:

Critics say Landmark is an elaborate marketing game that relies heavily on volunteers. Says Tom Johnson, an "exit counselor" often summoned by concerned parents to tend to alumni: "They tire your brain; they make you vulnerable." Says critic Liz Sumerlin: "The participants end up becoming recruiters. That's the whole purpose." Psychiatrists who speak on Landmark's behalf dispute these claims. But Sumerlin says a 1993 Forum turned her fiance (now her ex) into a robot. She organized an anti-Landmark hot line and publications clearinghouse. Landmark officials made sounds to sue her.

In 1996, Jill P. Capuzzo from The Philadelphia Inquirer, Weekend took the Landmark Forum and reported:

I made some eye-opening discoveries about myself and how I function in the world.

However, she also stated that:

One of the most irritating aspects of The Forum is the hard sell to sign up future participants.

In 1999 Landmark Education asked Dr. Raymond Fowler, a psychologist and past President of the American Psychological Association, to evaluate the effectiveness, safety, and appropriateness of the procedures in the Landmark Forum. Speaking on his own behalf, Fowler reported:

I saw nothing in the Landmark Forum I attended to suggest that it would be harmful to any participant. ... the Landmark Forum is nothing like psychotherapy ... has none of the characteristics typical of a cult ... does not place individuals at risk of any form of "mind control" "brainwashing" or "thought control."

Three court cases involving Landmark have centered around the claim of brainwashing; each with a different outcome. In Ney vs. Landmark Education et al. (1992), Stephanie Ney sued Landmark claiming she suffered a mental breakdown following participation in the Landmark Forum; the court ruled that while her participation may have played a part in her breakdown, Virginia law did not allow her to claim damages since she suffered no physical harm. In Been vs. Weed and Landmark Education (2002), Jason Weed claimed that the Landmark Advanced Course had caused him to experience a psychotic episode in which he killed a postal service employee; the court ruled that Landmark did not precipitate his psychosis. In Landmark Education vs. Lell, Landmark sued Martin Lell for using the word "Brainwashing" in the title of his book on Landmark Education (Das Forum: Protokoll einer Gehirnwäsche: Der Psycho-Konzern Landmark Education , Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag, Munich, 1997, ISBN 3-423-36021-6); the court ruled that "brainwashing" a matter of opinion, and let the title of the book remain.

See also

People associated with Landmark Education, past/present

Related topics

Media
Other

External links

Corporate websites

Mixed views on Landmark Education

Generally favorable opinions on Landmark Education

Generally unfavorable opinions on Landmark Education

References and footnotes

  1. "When it comes to Landmark Education Corporation, There's no meeting of the Minds", Steve Jackson , Westword, April 24, 1996.
  2. ^ Minutes of the General Meeting of The Board of Directors of Landmark Education Corporation, August 19, 2002, San Francisco, California.
  3. Landmark Education Settles Lawsuit with Cult Awareness Network, Business Wire, November 10, 1997.
  4. Landmark Education v. Cult Awareness Network, Cook County, Illinois, Martin N. Leaf, Esq., 1991
  5. Landmark Financial Information, Landmark Education Corporate Website
  6. The est of Friends, Metroactive Features, July 15, 1998 issue of Metro, Metro Publishing Inc.
  7. The Landmark Seminar Leader Program, Landmark Education website, 2006, states: "Seminar leaders are accomplished women and men who volunteer their time and talent..."
  8. "The est of Friends", Metroactive Features, July 15, 1998 issue of Metro, Metro Publishing Inc.
  9. See quote: "'This letter serves as the consent by Landmark Education Corporation for the use of the name "Landmark Education International, Inc." by our wholly-owned subsidiary, currently known as Werner Erhard and Associates International, Inc."., Articles of Incorporation, January 16, 1991
  10. Articles of Incorporation, May 7, 1991, "Amendment and Restated Articles of Incorporation", Brian Regnier, President.
  11. Limited Liability Company, incorporation, Legal Document, California Secretary of State, February 26, 2003, Agent for Service of Process, Arthur Schreiber, Esq.
  12. Pressman, Steven, Outrageous Betrayal: The dark journey of Werner Erhard from est to exile. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1993. ISBN 0-312-09296-2, p.254.
  13. Landmark Education, website, archived Japan - Rancord Co., Ltd.
  14. Secretary of State of California website, record: Landmark Education LLP Landmark Education registration
  15. Landmark Education, website, archived, controversy, Landmark Education, website
  16. Time Magazine article, Werner Erhard, Time Magazine
  17. Pay Money, Be Happy, New York Magazine, July 9, 2001, http://newyorkmetro.com/nymetro/news/culture/features/4932/index2.html
  18. Landmark Education website, retrieved 2006-10-25
  19. Better Business Bureau, June 19, 2006, report, Landmark Education Corporation, Better Business Bureau
  20. Revenues, 2004
  21. Landmark education, website, Revenues, 2005
  22. The est of Friends, Metroactive Features, July 15, 1998 issue of Metro, Metro Publishing Inc.
  23. fact sheet
  24. See Landmark Education's "Benefits" web site
  25. Landmark Forum logistics
  26. Landmark Forum course syllabus, accessed November 17, 2006
  27. I thought I'd be brainwashed. But how wrong could I be..., The Observer, December 14, 2003
  28. Tune up, tune in, transform?, The Independent Digital, December 5, 2003, Mary Braid.
  29. Do you believe in Miracles?, Elle Magazine, August 1998, Rosemary Mahoney.
  30. Defending Your Life, GQ Magazine, May 2005, James O’Brien
  31. Do you believe in Miracles?, Elle Magazine, August 1998, Rosemary Mahoney.
  32. Corporate Website, Landmark Education
  33. Harvard Business School study: Landmark Education Corporation: Selling a Paradigm Shift, Karen Hopper Wruck, Mikelle Fisher Eastley, 1997, case # 9-898-081, page 13., quote, CEO Harry Rosenberg.
  34. J.D. Fisher, R. C. Silver, J. M. Chinsky, B. Goff and Y. Klar, Evaluating a Large Group Awareness Training: A Longitudinal Study of Psychosocial Effects, Published by Springer-Verlag, October 1990, ISBN 0-387-97320-6.
  35. Charles Wayne Denison, Part 4--The Curriculum of The Forum, "The Children of EST: A study of the Experience and Perceived Effects of a Large Group Awareness Training (The Forum)", Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Denver, 1994, excerpt available online
  36. http://web.archive.org/web/20051225182849/www.landmarkeducation.com/display_content.jsp?top=21&mid=80&bottom=116&siteObjectID=114
  37. http://web.archive.org/web/20060525072320/www.landmarkeducation.com/menu.jsp?top=21&mid=80&bottom=116
  38. Daniel Yankelovich: The Magic of Dialog: Transforming Conflict into Cooperation. New York: Touchstone, 2001. ISBN 0684865661
  39. Landmark Education, website, Yankelovich Study, excerpted
  40. Landmark Education, website, quote, RE: Yankelovich Study
  41. International Society for Performance Improvement, award to LEBD, award, Landmark Education Business Development
  42. Landmark Education Corporate Website, The Talent Foundation, Study
  43. Louise Samways, Dangerous Persuaders: An expose of gurus, personal development courses and cults, and how they operate, Penguin Books: 1994, page vii; ISBN 0-14-023553-1
  44. Louise Samways, Dangerous Persuaders: An expose of gurus, personal development courses and cults, and how they operate, Penguin Books: 1994; currently out-of-print ISBN 0-14-023553-1
  45. International Religious Freedom Report 2006, Austria, Section I. Religious Demography. United States Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor. ,
  46. Berlin State Senate report: "Sects - their risks and consequences". http://www.ariplex.com/ama/amasenat.htm#7.4.2.
  47. Unofficial English translation
  48. Circulaire du 27 mai 2005 relative à la lutte contre les dérives sectaires
  49. A short timeline. Template:Fr icon
  50. Kalla Faktas Uppfoljning om Landmark Education, 2004, Lofgrens Analys AB.
  51. "Landmark Forum", The Skeptic's Dictionary, Robert T. Carroll, Published by John Wiley & Sons, August 15, 2003, ISBN 0-471-27242-6.
  52. Apologetics Index, page, Landmark Education
  53. Reproduced on the Landmark Education website at http://www.landmarkeducation.com/uploaded_files/694/BASIL-~1.PDF
  54. Jill P. Capuzzo, Philadelphia Enquirer, 1996, The Scoop About the Landmark Forum
  55. Landmark Education, website, Raymond Fowler, psychologist, personal statement
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