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| '''''Desmodus draculae''''' is an extinct ] of ], leaf-nosed bats that inhabited ] and ] during the ], and possibly the early ]. It was 30% larger than the extant vampire bat '']''. Fossils and unmineralized subfossils have been found in ], ], ], ], ], ], and ].<ref name="iucn 2008" |
'''''Desmodus draculae''''' is an extinct ] of ], leaf-nosed bats that inhabited ] and ] during the ], and possibly the early ]. It was 30% larger than the extant vampire bat '']''. Fossils and unmineralized subfossils have been found in ], ], ], ], ], ], and ].<ref name="iucn 2008" /><ref name="Czaplewski 2003" /> | ||
| Most records of ''D. draculae'' are from the late ], but some are from the ]. The youngest fossil of this species, a single ] which was ] at 3,000 years old, was found in ].<ref name="Pardinas 2000"/> | Most records of ''D. draculae'' are from the late ], but some are from the ]. The youngest fossil of this species, a single ] which was ] at 3,000 years old, was found in ].<ref name="Pardinas 2000" /> | ||
| == Taxonomy and etymology == | == Taxonomy and etymology == | ||
| The first ''D. draculae'' fossil was located in ] in Venezuela in 1965 by Omar J. Linares. | The first ''D. draculae'' fossil was located in ] in Venezuela in 1965 by Omar J. Linares. | ||
| It wasn't ] as a new species until 1988, however. | It wasn't ] as a new species until 1988, however. | ||
| The authors gave it the ] ''draculae'', saying, "the specific epithet of this largest known chiropteran vampire commemorates ], the greatest human vampire of folklore."<ref name="Morgan 1988" |
The authors gave it the ] ''draculae'', saying, "the specific epithet of this largest known chiropteran vampire commemorates ], the greatest human vampire of folklore."<ref name="Morgan 1988" /> | ||
| The species has been occasionally called the '''giant vampire bat''' in reference to its size.<ref name="Pardinas 2000" /> | The species has been occasionally called the '''giant vampire bat''' in reference to its size.<ref name="Pardinas 2000" /> | ||
| == Description == | == Description == | ||
| It is the largest-known ] to have ever lived. The length of its skull is {{convert|31.2|mm|in|abbr=on}}, and its humerus length was approximately {{convert|51|mm|in|abbr=on}}, as compared to the extant ] at {{convert|32.4-42.4|mm|in|abbr=on}}. Its skull was long and narrow, and its face had an upturned ].<ref name="Morgan 1988"/> | It is the largest-known ] to have ever lived. The length of its skull is {{convert|31.2|mm|in|abbr=on}}, and its humerus length was approximately {{convert|51|mm|in|abbr=on}}, as compared to the extant ] at {{convert|32.4-42.4|mm|in|abbr=on}}. Its skull was long and narrow, and its face had an upturned ].<ref name="Morgan 1988" /> | ||
| Based on its skull dimensions, it may have had a wingspan of approximately {{convert|50|cm|in|abbr=on}} and a body mass of {{convert|60|g|oz|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Naith 2013" |
Based on its skull dimensions, it may have had a wingspan of approximately {{convert|50|cm|in|abbr=on}} and a body mass of {{convert|60|g|oz|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Naith 2013" /> | ||
| Its braincase was {{convert|14.5-14.8|mm|in|abbr=on}} wide and {{convert|13.4-14.8|mm|in|abbr=on}} high.<ref name="Suarez 2005" |
Its braincase was {{convert|14.5-14.8|mm|in|abbr=on}} wide and {{convert|13.4-14.8|mm|in|abbr=on}} high.<ref name="Suarez 2005" /> | ||
| == Biology == | == Biology == | ||
| Some researchers believe that ''D. draculae'' would have preyed on ],<ref name="Trajano 1991" |
Some researchers believe that ''D. draculae'' would have preyed on ],<ref name="Trajano 1991" /> while others believe that they would have preyed on ].<ref name="Crespo 1961" /> Other potential prey items that would have been available to ''D. draculae'' include ], ], and ]s.<ref name="Pardinas 2000" /> | ||
| == Range and habitat == | == Range and habitat == | ||
| Fossils of ''D. draculae'' have been found in Mexico, Belize, Venezuela, Brazil, and Argentina, in six caves total.<ref name="Czaplewski 2003"/> | Fossils of ''D. draculae'' have been found in Mexico, Belize, Venezuela, Brazil, and Argentina, in six caves total.<ref name="Czaplewski 2003" /> | ||
| The discovery of a vampire bat fossil in Argentina also represents the southernmost point that they have been recorded by {{convert|600|km|mi|abbr=on}}, possibly indicating that this region was at least {{convert|2|C-change}} warmer during this time.<ref name="Pardinas 2000" |
The discovery of a vampire bat fossil in Argentina also represents the southernmost point that they have been recorded by {{convert|600|km|mi|abbr=on}}, possibly indicating that this region was at least {{convert|2|C-change}} warmer during this time.<ref name="Pardinas 2000" /> | ||
| Though there are no fossils to corroborate this, it is believed that its range might have included Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, and Ecuador.<ref name="iucn 2008"/> | Though there are no fossils to corroborate this, it is believed that its range might have included Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, and Ecuador.<ref name="iucn 2008" /> | ||
| The species was likely widely distributed throughout South America.<ref name="Trajano 1991"/> | The species was likely widely distributed throughout South America.<ref name="Trajano 1991" /> | ||
| == Current status == | == Current status == | ||
| The species is regarded as probably extinct, as only bones of it have been documented and it has not been reported in surveys. However, its extinction is assumed to be relatively recent, as some of its remains discovered were not yet fossilized. The date and reason for its extinction are currently unknown.<ref name="iucn 2008"/> One hypothesis for its extinction states that it was that it was highly specialized on megafauna mammals as prey which became extinct in the ] and ''D. draculae'' was unable to switch to smaller prey. | The species is regarded as probably extinct, as only bones of it have been documented and it has not been reported in surveys. However, its extinction is assumed to be relatively recent, as some of its remains discovered were not yet fossilized. The date and reason for its extinction are currently unknown.<ref name="iucn 2008" /> One hypothesis for its extinction states that it was that it was highly specialized on megafauna mammals as prey which became extinct in the ] and ''D. draculae'' was unable to switch to smaller prey. | ||
| Anecdotal reports of "large bats attacking cattle and horses" in Brazil are likely first-hand exaggerations of bat species whose behaviour is recorded as interacting with these animals.<ref name="Trajano 1991"/><ref name=" |
Anecdotal reports of "large bats attacking cattle and horses" in Brazil are likely first-hand exaggerations of bat species whose behaviour is recorded as interacting with these animals.<ref name="Trajano 1991" /><ref name="Vivo 1991" /> | ||
| == In culture == | == In culture == | ||
| It has been speculated that ''D. draculae'' was part of the inspiration for the Mayan bat-god ]. ''D. draculae'' could have also inspired legends of the ], an indigenous people in Brazil, about the Caoera—a blood-eating bat the size of a vulture.<ref name="Naish 2007" |
It has been speculated that ''D. draculae'' was part of the inspiration for the Mayan bat-god ]. ''D. draculae'' could have also inspired legends of the ], an indigenous people in Brazil, about the Caoera—a blood-eating bat the size of a vulture.<ref name="Naish 2007" /> | ||
| == External links == | == External links == | ||
| Line 47: | Line 47: | ||
| == References == | == References == | ||
| {{reflist|refs= | |||
| {{Reflist}} | |||
| <ref name="Crespo 1961">Crespo, J. A., Vanella, J. M., Blood, B. D., & De Carlo, J. M. (1961). Observaciones ecológicas del vampiro Desmodus r. rotundus (Geoffroy) en el norte de Córdoba. Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia" e Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones de las Ciencias Naturales, Buenos Aires, 4, 131-160.</ref> | |||
| <ref name="Czaplewski 2003">{{cite journal | last1 = Czaplewski | first1 = N. J. | last2 = Krejca | first2 = J. | last3 = Miller | first3 = T. E. | year = 2003 | title = Late quaternary bats from Cebada Cave, Chiquibul cave system, Belize | url = | journal = Caribbean Journal of Science | volume = 39 | issue = 1| pages = 23–33}}</ref> | |||
| <ref name="iucn 2008">{{cite journal |title=Desmodus draculae (Giant Vampire Bat) |last=Turvey| first= S. |date=2008 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T136451A4293610.en |journal=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species}}</ref> | |||
| <ref name="Morgan 1988">{{cite journal| first1=G. S.| last1= Morgan| first2= O. J.| last2= Linares| first3= C. E.| last3= Ray| date= 1988| title= New species of fossil vampire bats (Mammalia, Chiroptera, Desmodontidae) from Florida and Venezuela| journal= Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington| volume= 101| issue=4| pages=912–928| url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/34646609#page/946/mode/1up}}</ref> | |||
| <ref name="Naish 2007">{{cite web |url=http://scienceblogs.com/tetrapodzoology/2007/02/12/camazotz-and-the-age-of-vampir-1/ |title=Camazotz and the age of vampires |last=Naish |first=Darren |date=February 12, 2007 |website=Scienceblogs.com |publisher=ScienceBlogs, LLC |access-date=November 18, 2017}}</ref> | |||
| <ref name="Naith 2013">{{cite web |url=https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/tetrapod-zoology/what-did-giant-extinct-vampire-bats-eat/ |title=What did giant extinct vampire bats eat? |last=Naish |first=Darren |date=July 14, 2013 |website=ScientificAmerican.com |publisher=Scientific American, a Division of Nature America, Inc. |access-date=November 18, 2017}}</ref> | |||
| <ref name="Pardinas 2000">{{cite journal | last1 = Pardiñas | first1 = U. F. J. | last2 = Tonni | first2 = E. P. | year = 2000 | title = A giant vampire (Mammalia, Chiroptera) in the Late Holocene from the Argentinean pampas: paleoenvironmental significance | url = | journal = Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology | volume = 160 | issue = 3| pages = 213–221 | doi=10.1016/s0031-0182(00)00067-5 | bibcode=2000PPP...160..213P}}</ref> | |||
| <ref name="Suarez 2005">{{cite journal|last=Suárez| first= W.| date= 2005| title= Taxonomic status of the cuban vampire bat (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae: Desmodontinae: Desmodus)| journal= Caribbean Journal of Science| volume= 41| issue=4| pages=761–767| url=http://www.redciencia.cu/geobiblio/paper/2005_Suarez,%20W._Taxonomic%20Status%20of%20the%20Cuban%20Vampire%20Bat.pdf}}</ref> | |||
| <ref name="Trajano 1991">{{cite journal| last1=Trajano| first1= E.| last2=De Vivo| first2= M.| date=1991| title= Desmodus draculae Morgan, Linares, and Ray, 1988, reported for southeastern Brasil, with paleoecological comments (Phyllostomidae, Desmodontinae)|doi=10.1515/mamm.1991.55.3.433 | journal= Mammalia| volume= 55| issue=3| pages= 456–459| url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263389291_Desmodus_draculae_Morgan_Linares_and_Ray_1988_reported_from_southeastern_Brasil_with_paleoecological_comments_Phyllostomidae_Desmodontinae}}</ref> | |||
| <ref name="Vivo 1991">{{cite journal |last1=Vivo |first1=Marco de |last2=Trajano |first2=Eleonora |title=Desmodus draculae Morgan, Linares, and Ray, 1988, reported for southeastern Brasil, with paleoecological comments (Phyllostomidae, Desmodontinae) |journal=Mammalia |date=1991 |volume=55 |issue=3 |url=https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Desmodus-draculae-Morgan%2C-Linares%2C-and-Ray%2C-1988%2C-Trajano-Vivo/c954865bd1a5128af182ebc773bc1791d9d14589 |language=en}}</ref> | |||
| }} | |||
| {{Taxonbar|from=Q1992386}} | {{Taxonbar|from=Q1992386}} | ||
Revision as of 15:47, 27 May 2019
| Desmodus draculae Temporal range: Pleistocene (Uquian-Lujanian)-Holocene ~2.5–0.01 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓ | |
|---|---|
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Chiroptera |
| Family: | Phyllostomidae |
| Genus: | Desmodus |
| Species: | †D. draculae |
| Binomial name | |
| †Desmodus draculae Morgan et al. 1988 | |
Desmodus draculae is an extinct species of Phyllostomidae, leaf-nosed bats that inhabited Central and South America during the Pleistocene, and possibly the early Holocene. It was 30% larger than the extant vampire bat Desmodus rotundus. Fossils and unmineralized subfossils have been found in Argentina, Mexico, Ecuador, Brazil, Venezuela, Belize, and Bolivia.
Most records of D. draculae are from the late Pleistocene, but some are from the Holocene. The youngest fossil of this species, a single canine tooth which was radiometrically dated at 3,000 years old, was found in Argentina.
Taxonomy and etymology
The first D. draculae fossil was located in Cueva del Guácharo in Venezuela in 1965 by Omar J. Linares. It wasn't described as a new species until 1988, however. The authors gave it the species name draculae, saying, "the specific epithet of this largest known chiropteran vampire commemorates Count Dracula, the greatest human vampire of folklore."
The species has been occasionally called the giant vampire bat in reference to its size.
Description
It is the largest-known vampire bat to have ever lived. The length of its skull is 31.2 mm (1.23 in), and its humerus length was approximately 51 mm (2.0 in), as compared to the extant common vampire bat at 32.4–42.4 mm (1.28–1.67 in). Its skull was long and narrow, and its face had an upturned snout.
Based on its skull dimensions, it may have had a wingspan of approximately 50 cm (20 in) and a body mass of 60 g (2.1 oz).
Its braincase was 14.5–14.8 mm (0.57–0.58 in) wide and 13.4–14.8 mm (0.53–0.58 in) high.
Biology
Some researchers believe that D. draculae would have preyed on megafauna, while others believe that they would have preyed on Caviomorpha. Other potential prey items that would have been available to D. draculae include Plains viscacha, deer, and Camelids.
Range and habitat
Fossils of D. draculae have been found in Mexico, Belize, Venezuela, Brazil, and Argentina, in six caves total. The discovery of a vampire bat fossil in Argentina also represents the southernmost point that they have been recorded by 600 km (370 mi), possibly indicating that this region was at least 2 °C (3.6 °F) warmer during this time. Though there are no fossils to corroborate this, it is believed that its range might have included Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, and Ecuador. The species was likely widely distributed throughout South America.
Current status
The species is regarded as probably extinct, as only bones of it have been documented and it has not been reported in surveys. However, its extinction is assumed to be relatively recent, as some of its remains discovered were not yet fossilized. The date and reason for its extinction are currently unknown. One hypothesis for its extinction states that it was that it was highly specialized on megafauna mammals as prey which became extinct in the Quaternary extinction event and D. draculae was unable to switch to smaller prey. Anecdotal reports of "large bats attacking cattle and horses" in Brazil are likely first-hand exaggerations of bat species whose behaviour is recorded as interacting with these animals.
In culture
It has been speculated that D. draculae was part of the inspiration for the Mayan bat-god Camazotz. D. draculae could have also inspired legends of the Mura people, an indigenous people in Brazil, about the Caoera—a blood-eating bat the size of a vulture.
External links
References
- ^ Turvey, S. (2008). "Desmodus draculae (Giant Vampire Bat)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T136451A4293610.en.
- ^ Czaplewski, N. J.; Krejca, J.; Miller, T. E. (2003). "Late quaternary bats from Cebada Cave, Chiquibul cave system, Belize". Caribbean Journal of Science. 39 (1): 23–33.
- ^ Pardiñas, U. F. J.; Tonni, E. P. (2000). "A giant vampire (Mammalia, Chiroptera) in the Late Holocene from the Argentinean pampas: paleoenvironmental significance". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 160 (3): 213–221. Bibcode:2000PPP...160..213P. doi:10.1016/s0031-0182(00)00067-5.
- ^ Morgan, G. S.; Linares, O. J.; Ray, C. E. (1988). "New species of fossil vampire bats (Mammalia, Chiroptera, Desmodontidae) from Florida and Venezuela". Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. 101 (4): 912–928.
- Naish, Darren (July 14, 2013). "What did giant extinct vampire bats eat?". ScientificAmerican.com. Scientific American, a Division of Nature America, Inc. Retrieved November 18, 2017.
- Suárez, W. (2005). "Taxonomic status of the cuban vampire bat (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae: Desmodontinae: Desmodus)" (PDF). Caribbean Journal of Science. 41 (4): 761–767.
- ^ Trajano, E.; De Vivo, M. (1991). "Desmodus draculae Morgan, Linares, and Ray, 1988, reported for southeastern Brasil, with paleoecological comments (Phyllostomidae, Desmodontinae)". Mammalia. 55 (3): 456–459. doi:10.1515/mamm.1991.55.3.433.
- Crespo, J. A., Vanella, J. M., Blood, B. D., & De Carlo, J. M. (1961). Observaciones ecológicas del vampiro Desmodus r. rotundus (Geoffroy) en el norte de Córdoba. Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia" e Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones de las Ciencias Naturales, Buenos Aires, 4, 131-160.
- Vivo, Marco de; Trajano, Eleonora (1991). "Desmodus draculae Morgan, Linares, and Ray, 1988, reported for southeastern Brasil, with paleoecological comments (Phyllostomidae, Desmodontinae)". Mammalia. 55 (3).
- Naish, Darren (February 12, 2007). "Camazotz and the age of vampires". Scienceblogs.com. ScienceBlogs, LLC. Retrieved November 18, 2017.
| Taxon identifiers | |
|---|---|
| Desmodus draculae | |
- Desmodus
- Pleistocene bats
- Holocene extinctions
- Pleistocene mammals of South America
- Uquian
- Ensenadan
- Lujanian
- Pleistocene Argentina
- Fossils of Argentina
- Pleistocene Brazil
- Fossils of Brazil
- Pleistocene Venezuela
- Fossils of Venezuela
- Pleistocene mammals of North America
- Pleistocene Mexico
- Fossils of Mexico
- Fossil taxa described in 1988
- Mammals described in 1988