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| '''Palladium compounds''' are used as a '''catalyst''' in many coupling reactions, usually as a ]. Examples include: | |||
| {{R with history}} | |||
| * ] between ]s and aryl halides | |||
| * ] between aryl halides and ] | |||
| * ] between an ]s and ]s | |||
| * ] between aryl halides and ]s, with ] as a co-catalyst | |||
| * ] between an organohalide and an ] | |||
| Typical palladium catalysts used include the following compounds: | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| Unoptimized reactions typically use 10-15 mol% of palladium; where optimized, catalyst loadings can be on the order of 0.1 mol % or below. | |||
| With these reactions becoming ubiquitous, there has been interest in better techniques for removing the palladium catalyst. Metal scavenger columns such as QuadruPure<ref>http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/chemistry/drug-discovery/medicinal-chemistry/quadrapure.html</ref> and ISOLUTE<ref>http://www.biotage.com/DynPage.aspx?id=36161</ref> promise more efficient separation than ordinary ]. | |||
| ==References== | |||
| <references/> | |||
| ] | |||
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