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| '''Palladium compounds''' are used as a '''catalyst''' in many coupling reactions, usually as a ]. Examples include: | |||
| {{R with history}} | |||
| * ] between ]s and aryl halides | |||
| * ] between aryl halides and ] | |||
| * ] between an ]s and ]s | |||
| * ] between aryl halides and ]s, with ] as a co-catalyst | |||
| * ] between an organohalide and an ] | |||
| Typical palladium catalysts used include the following compounds: | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * palladium(II) dichloride]] | |||
| Unoptimized reactions typically use 10-15 mol% of palladium; where optimized, catalyst loadings can be on the order of 0.1 mol % or below. Many exotic ligands and chiral catalysts have been reported, but they are largely not available commercially, and do not find widespread use. Much work is being done on replacing the phosphine ligands with other classes, such as Arduengo-type ] complexes, as the phosphine ligands are typically oxygen sensitive (easily oxidized), and are labile (requiring additional free ligands). | |||
| With these reactions becoming ubiquitous, there has been interest in better techniques for removing the palladium catalyst. Metal scavenger columns such as QuadruPure<ref>http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/chemistry/drug-discovery/medicinal-chemistry/quadrapure.html</ref> and ISOLUTE<ref>http://www.biotage.com/DynPage.aspx?id=36161</ref> promise more efficient separation than ordinary ]. | |||
| ==References== | |||
| <references/> | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
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