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	====Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth====		====Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth====

	In 1568, the local ] asked the ] to open an academy either in ] or ]. The following year ], the ] of Wilno (Vilnius), purchased several houses in the city centre and started the Vilnian Academy (''Akademia Wileńska''). Initially, the Academy had three divisions: ], ], and ]. The first students enrolled in the Academy in 1570. A university library was established in the same year; its books were mostly donated by the founder.		In 1568, the local ] ('']'') asked the ] to open an academy either in ] or ]. The following year ], the ] (Vilnius), purchased several houses in the city centre and started the Vilnian Academy (''Akademia Wileńska''). Initially, the Academy had three divisions: ], ], and ]. The first students enrolled in the Academy in 1570. A university library was established in the same year; its books were mostly donated by the founder.

	On ], ], ] ] upgraded the academy and granted it equal rights with the ] of ]. His edict was approved by Pope ]'s ] of ], ]. The first ] of the Academy was ]. He invited many notable scientists from all over Europe and expanded the library, with the sponsorship of many notable persons: ], Bishop ], and the Marshal of the Crown, ].		On ], ], ] ] upgraded the academy and granted it equal rights with the ] of ]. His edict was approved by ] ]'s ] of ], ]. The first ] of the Academy was ]. He invited many notable scientists from all over Europe and expanded the library, with the sponsorship of many notable persons: ], Bishop ], and the ], ].

	In 1575, Duke ] and ] sponsored a printing house for the academy, one of the first in the region. The printing house issued books in ] and ], and in 1595 the first book in the ] was released - ''Catechismusa Prasty Szadei'' (Simple Words of Catechism), by ].		In 1575, Duke ] and ] sponsored a printing house for the academy, one of the first in the region. The printing house issued books in ] and ], and in 1595 the first book in the ] was released - '']'' (Simple Words of Catechism), by ].

	The Academy's growth lasted until the 17th century. The following era, known as ], led to a dramatic ~~regression~~ in both the number of students that enrolled and in the quality of its programs. In the middle of the 18th century, educational authorities tried to restore the Academy. This led to the foundation of the first ] in the ], (the fourth such professional facility in Europe), in 1753, by ]. The ] took control of the Academy in 1773, and transformed it into a modern ]. Thanks to the ] of the Academy, ], the Academy was granted the status of ''Principal School'' (''Szkoła Główna'') in 1783. The ], the secular authority governing the academy after the dissolution of the ] order, drew up a new statute.		The Academy's growth lasted until the 17th century. The following era, known as ], led to a dramatic drop in both the number of students that enrolled and in the quality of its programs. In the middle of the 18th century, educational authorities tried to restore the Academy. This led to the foundation of the first ] in the ], (the fourth such professional facility in Europe), in 1753, by ]. The ], world's first ], took control of the Academy in 1773, and transformed it into a modern ]. Thanks to the ] of the Academy, ], the Academy was granted the status of ''Principal School'' (''Szkoła Główna'') in 1783. The ], the secular authority governing the academy after the dissolution of the ] order, drew up a new statute.

	====Partitions====		====Partitions====
	]		]
	After the ], ] (Wilno) was annexed by ]. However, the Commission of National Education retained control over the Academy until 1803, when Tsar ] accepted the new statute and renamed the Academy ''The Imperial University of Vilna''. The institution was granted the rights to the administration of all educational facilities in the former ]. Among the notable personae were the ''curator'' (governor) ], and Rector ].		After the ], ] (Wilno) was annexed by ]. However, the Commission of National Education retained control over the Academy until 1803, when Tsar ] accepted the new statute and renamed the Academy ''The Imperial University of Vilna''. The institution was granted the rights to the administration of all educational facilities in the former ]. Among the notable personae were the ''curator'' (governor) ], and Rector ].

	The University flourished. By 1823, it was one of the largest in Europe; the number of students exceeded that of ]. A number of students were arrested in 1823 for conspiracy against the Tsar. Among them was ], who later became one of the most important poets of his time. In 1832, after the ], the University was closed by Tsar ].		The University flourished. By 1823, it was one of the largest in Europe; the number of students exceeded that of ]. A number of students were arrested in 1823 for ] against the Tsar (membership in ]). Among them was ], who later became one of the most important poets of his time. In 1832, after the ], the University was closed by Tsar ].
	]		]
	Two of the faculties were turned into separate schools: the ''Medical and Surgical Academy'' (''Akademia Medyko-Chirurgiczna'') and the ''Roman Catholic Academy'' (''Rzymsko-Katolicka Akademia Duchowna''), but those were soon banned as well. The repression that followed the failed uprising included banning both the ] and ]s, and all education in those languages was halted. Finally, most of the property of the University was confiscated and sent to Russia (mostly to ]).		Two of the faculties were turned into separate schools: the ''Medical and Surgical Academy'' (''Akademia Medyko-Chirurgiczna'') and the ''Roman Catholic Academy'' (''Rzymsko-Katolicka Akademia Duchowna''), but those were soon banned as well. The repression that followed the failed uprising included banning both the ] and ]s, and all education in those languages was halted. Finally, most of the property of the University was confiscated and sent to Russia (mostly to ]).
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	====After 1919====		====After 1919====

	After the ] area was annexed by Poland, the Vilnian Academy was renamed ''] University'' (''Uniwersytet Stefana Batorego'') on ], ], by the act of ]. The University quickly recovered and gained international prestige, largely because of the presence of notable scientists such as ], ], and ]. Among the students of the University at that time was future ] winner ]. The University grew quickly, thanks to government grants and private donations.		After the ] area was annexed by Poland, the Vilnian Academy was renamed ''] University'' (''Uniwersytet Stefana Batorego'') on ], ], by the act of ]. The University quickly recovered and gained international prestige, largely because of the presence of notable scientists such as ], ], and ]. Among the students of the University at that time was future ] winner ]. The University grew quickly, thanks to government grants and private donations.

	In ] the University had:		In ] the University had:
Line 38:		Line 38:
	====World War II====		====World War II====

	Following the ] the University was closed. However, soon after the city was occupied by the ], most of the professors returned, and most of the faculties were reopened on ], ]. On ], ] was returned <ref name=End>D. Trenin. The End of Eurasia: Russia on the Border Between Geopolitics and Globalization. 2002, p.164 </ref> to ] ~~after~~ Polish occupation ~~since~~ ~~1920~~.<ref name=End/> On ], ] <ref name= Aktai >Collection of Lithuanian laws. ''Lietuvos Valstybės Teisės Aktai 1918-1940''</ref>, the new University Charter specified that Vilnius University was to be governed according to the statute of the ] of Kaunas, and that Lithuanian language programs and faculties would be established. Soon after the annexation of ] by the ], most of the professors were arrested and sent to prisons and ]s in ] and ].		Following the ] the University was closed. However, soon after the city was occupied by the ], most of the professors returned, and most of the faculties were reopened on ], ]. On ], ] was returned <ref name=End>D. Trenin. The End of Eurasia: Russia on the Border Between Geopolitics and Globalization. 2002, p.164 </ref> to ] which saw the previous 18 years as Polish occupation of its capital.<ref name=End/> On ], ] <ref name= Aktai >Collection of Lithuanian laws. ''Lietuvos Valstybės Teisės Aktai 1918-1940''</ref>, the new University Charter specified that Vilnius University was to be governed according to the statute of the ] of Kaunas, and that Lithuanian language programs and faculties would be established. Soon after the annexation of ] by the ], most of the professors were arrested and sent to prisons and ]s in ] and ].

	The city was occupied by ] in 1941, and all institutions of higher education for non-Germans were closed. However, the remaining professors organized a ] with lectures and exams held in private flats. The diplomas of the underground Universities were accepted by many ] Universities after the ]. In 1944, many of the students took part in ]. The majority of the ~~students~~ were later arrested by the ] and deported to the ]. With the expulsion of the Germans in 1944, the remnants of faculty and students of Polish heritage that survived the war were expelled from the city. Many of them joined various universities in Poland. In order not to lose contact with each other, the professors decided to transfer whole faculties. After 1945, most of the mathematicians, humanists and biologists joined the ] in ], while a number of the medical faculty formed the core of the newly-founded ].		The city was occupied by ] in 1941, and all institutions of higher education for non-Germans were closed. However, the remaining Polish professors organized a ] with lectures and exams held in private flats. The diplomas of the underground Universities were accepted by many ] Universities after the ]. In 1944, many of the students took part in ]. The majority of the them were later arrested by the ] and deported to the ].

	====After 1945====		====After 1945====

			Together with the ] in 1945-1948, the remnants of faculty and students of Polish heritage that survived the war were expelled from the city, as the entire Polish population of ] were ordered to relocate to the ]. Many of them joined various universities in Poland. In order not to lose contact with each other, the professors decided to transfer whole faculties. After 1945, most of the mathematicians, humanists and biologists joined the ] in ], while a number of the medical faculty formed the core of the newly-founded ].
⚫	After the war, the University was renamed ''The University of the Lithuanian SSR''. Though restrained by the Soviet system, Vilnius University grew and gained significance. Vilnius University began to free itself from Soviet ideology in 1988, thanks to the policy of ]. On ], ] ] declared independence, and the University regained autonomy. Since 1991, Vilnius University has been a signatory to the Magna Charta of the European Universities. The University is a member of the ] (EUA) and the Conference of Baltic University Rectors.

		⚫	After the war, the University was renamed ''The University of the ]''. Though restrained by the Soviet system, Vilnius University grew and gained significance. Vilnius University began to free itself from Soviet ideology in 1988, thanks to the policy of ]. On ], ] ] declared independence, and the University regained autonomy. Since 1991, Vilnius University has been a signatory to the ]. The University is a member of the ] (EUA) and the ].

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Revision as of 23:11, 28 November 2006

Universitas Vilnensis

Vilnius University (also known as Vilnius State University, The University of Vilnius, Template:Lang-lt, formerly Stefan Batory University), is one of the oldest Universities in Eastern Europe and the largest University in Lithuania.

The Grand Courtyard of Vilnius University and the Church of St. John.; drawing circa 1850.

History

Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth

In 1568, the local nobility (szlachta) asked the Jesuits to open an academy either in Vilnius (Wilno) or Kaunas. The following year Walerian Protasiewicz, the bishop of Wilno (Vilnius), purchased several houses in the city centre and started the Vilnian Academy (Akademia Wileńska). Initially, the Academy had three divisions: humanities, philosophy, and theology. The first students enrolled in the Academy in 1570. A university library was established in the same year; its books were mostly donated by the founder.

On April 1, 1579, King Stephen Báthory upgraded the academy and granted it equal rights with the Jagiellonian University of Kraków. His edict was approved by Pope Gregory XIII's bull of October 30, 1579. The first rector of the Academy was Piotr Skarga. He invited many notable scientists from all over Europe and expanded the library, with the sponsorship of many notable persons: Sigismund II Augustus of Poland, Bishop Walerian Protasewicz, and the Marshal of the Crown, Kazimierz Lew Sapieha.

In 1575, Duke Mikołaj Krzysztof Radziwiłł and Elżbieta Ogińska sponsored a printing house for the academy, one of the first in the region. The printing house issued books in Latin and Polish, and in 1595 the first book in the Lithuanian language was released - Catechismusa Prasty Szadei (Simple Words of Catechism), by Martynas Mažvydas.

The Academy's growth lasted until the 17th century. The following era, known as The Deluge, led to a dramatic drop in both the number of students that enrolled and in the quality of its programs. In the middle of the 18th century, educational authorities tried to restore the Academy. This led to the foundation of the first observatory in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, (the fourth such professional facility in Europe), in 1753, by Tomasz Żebrowski. The Commission of National Education, world's first ministry of education, took control of the Academy in 1773, and transformed it into a modern University. Thanks to the Rector of the Academy, Marcin Poczobutt-Odlanicki, the Academy was granted the status of Principal School (Szkoła Główna) in 1783. The Commission of National Education, the secular authority governing the academy after the dissolution of the Jesuit order, drew up a new statute.

Partitions

After the Partitions of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Vilnius (Wilno) was annexed by Russia. However, the Commission of National Education retained control over the Academy until 1803, when Tsar Alexander I of Russia accepted the new statute and renamed the Academy The Imperial University of Vilna. The institution was granted the rights to the administration of all educational facilities in the former Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Among the notable personae were the curator (governor) Adam Jerzy Czartoryski, and Rector Jan Śniadecki.

The University flourished. By 1823, it was one of the largest in Europe; the number of students exceeded that of Oxford University. A number of students were arrested in 1823 for conspiracy against the Tsar (membership in Filomaci). Among them was Adam Mickiewicz, who later became one of the most important poets of his time. In 1832, after the November Uprising, the University was closed by Tsar Nicholas I of Russia.

Two of the faculties were turned into separate schools: the Medical and Surgical Academy (Akademia Medyko-Chirurgiczna) and the Roman Catholic Academy (Rzymsko-Katolicka Akademia Duchowna), but those were soon banned as well. The repression that followed the failed uprising included banning both the Polish and Lithuanian languages, and all education in those languages was halted. Finally, most of the property of the University was confiscated and sent to Russia (mostly to St. Petersburg).

After 1919

After the Republic of Central Lithuania area was annexed by Poland, the Vilnian Academy was renamed Stefan Batory University (Uniwersytet Stefana Batorego) on August 20, 1919, by the act of Józef Piłsudski. The University quickly recovered and gained international prestige, largely because of the presence of notable scientists such as Władysław Tatarkiewicz, Marian Zdziechowski, and Henryk Niewodniczański. Among the students of the University at that time was future Nobel prize winner Czesław Miłosz. The University grew quickly, thanks to government grants and private donations.

In 1938 the University had:

7 Institutes
123 professors
104 different scientifical units (including two hospitals)
3110 students

The University's international students included 212 Russians, 94 Belarusians, 85 Lithuanians, 28 Ukrainians and 13 Germans.

World War II

Following the Invasion of Poland (1939) the University was closed. However, soon after the city was occupied by the Soviet Union, most of the professors returned, and most of the faculties were reopened on October 1, 1939. On October 28, Vilnius was returned to Lithuania which saw the previous 18 years as Polish occupation of its capital. On December 13, 1939 , the new University Charter specified that Vilnius University was to be governed according to the statute of the Vytautas Magnus University of Kaunas, and that Lithuanian language programs and faculties would be established. Soon after the annexation of Lithuania by the Soviet Union, most of the professors were arrested and sent to prisons and gulags in Russia and Kazakhstan.

The city was occupied by Germany in 1941, and all institutions of higher education for non-Germans were closed. However, the remaining Polish professors organized a system of secret education with lectures and exams held in private flats. The diplomas of the underground Universities were accepted by many Polish Universities after the War. In 1944, many of the students took part in Operation Ostra Brama. The majority of the them were later arrested by the NKVD and deported to the Soviet Union.

After 1945

Together with the expulsion of the Germans in 1945-1948, the remnants of faculty and students of Polish heritage that survived the war were expelled from the city, as the entire Polish population of Kresy were ordered to relocate to the Regained Territories. Many of them joined various universities in Poland. In order not to lose contact with each other, the professors decided to transfer whole faculties. After 1945, most of the mathematicians, humanists and biologists joined the Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, while a number of the medical faculty formed the core of the newly-founded Medical University of Gdańsk.

After the war, the University was renamed The University of the Lithuanian SSR. Though restrained by the Soviet system, Vilnius University grew and gained significance. Vilnius University began to free itself from Soviet ideology in 1988, thanks to the policy of glasnost. On March 11, 1990 Lithuania declared independence, and the University regained autonomy. Since 1991, Vilnius University has been a signatory to the Magna Charta of the European Universities. The University is a member of the European University Association (EUA) and the Conference of Baltic University Rectors.

Vilnius University Today

File:1 litas coin - Vilnius University.jpg

Vilnius University featured on a 1-litas commemorative coin released in 2004 to honor its 425th anniversary

In modern times, the University still offers studies with an internationally recognized content.

As of January 1, 2006 there were 23,126 students studying at Vilnius University.

The current University Rector is Professor Benediktas Juodka of the Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics.

Organization

There are 12 faculties:

The university has a number of semi-autonomous institutes:

There are also several study and research centers at Vilnius University:

A.J.Greimas Center of Semiotics
Environmental Studies Center
Center for Stateless Cultures
Center of Orientalistics
Center of Professional Improvement
Religious Studies and Research Centre
Sports Center
Center for Gender Studies
Vilnius Distance Education Study Center
Center of Excellence in Cell Biology and Lasers
International Center of Knowledge Economy and Knowledge Management

Projects

A complete list of research projects may be found at . Recent and ongoing projects at Vilnius University include:

"Laser Spectrometer for Testing of Coatings of Crystals and Optical Components in Wide Spectral and Angle Range". NATO Science for Peace programme project. NATO SfP-972534. 1999-2002.

"Cell biology and lasers: towards new technologies". Vilnius University - UNESCO Associated Centre of Excellence.

"Science and Society: Genomics and Benefit Sharing with Developing Countries - From Biodiversity to Human Genomics (GenBenefit)". Doc. E. Gefenas (Faculty of Medicine). 2006-2009.

"Citizens and governance in a knowledge-based society: Social Inequality and Why It Matters for the Economic and Democratic Development of Europe and Its Citizens. Post-Communist Central and Eastern Europe in Comparative Perspective (EUREQUAL)." Doc. A. Poviliūnas (Faculty of Philosophy). 2006-2009.

"Marie Curie Chairs: Centre for Studies and Training Experiments with Lasers and Laser Applications (STELLA)". A. Dubietis (Faculty of Physics). 2006-2009.

"Research Infrastructure Action: Integrated European Laser Laboratories (LaserLab-Europe)". Prof. A. Piskarskas (Faculty of Physics). 2004-2007.

"Nanotechnology and nanoscieces, knowledge-based multifunctional materials, new production processes and devices: Cell Programming by Nanoscaled Devices (CellPROM)". Prof. A. Kareiva (Faculty of Chemistry). 2004-2009.

Notable professors and alumni of Vilnius University

Sorted in alphabetical order

Michał Bobrowski
Ludwik Chmaj, historian and philosopher
Józef Michał Chomiński, musicologist
Adam Jerzy Czartoryski
Tadeusz Czeżowski, logician
Simonas Daukantas, historian
Ignacy Domeyko, founder of Santiago de Chile University
Henryk Elzenberg, historian and philosopher
Józef Gołuchowski, philosopher
Gottfried Erns Groddeck, medician
Johann Peter Frank, medician
Josef Frank, medician
Tomasz Hussarzewski, historian
Stanisław Bonifacy Jundziłł, biologist
Daniel Klein, reformer of the Lithuanian language grammar
Ludwik Kolankowski, historian
Józef Ignacy Kraszewski, writer
Zygimantas Liauksminas, philosopher
Joachim Lelewel, historian and politician
Henryk Łowmiański, historian
Adam Mickiewicz, poet
Czesław Miłosz, poet, Noble prize winner
Kazimierz Moszyński, ethnologist
Ignacy Żegota Onacewicz, Polish scientist and Belarusian national revival pioneer
Jan Szczepan Otrębski, philologist, professor of Lithuanian and German languages
Karol Podczaszyński, architect
Maciej Kazimierz Sarbiewski, famous Latin language poet
Jozef-Julian Sekowski, journalist
Piotr Skarga
Kazimierz Siemienowicz, artillery engineer, constructor and pioneer of rocketry
Juliusz Słowacki, poet
Stefan Srebrny, philologist
Jan Śniadecki, astronomer, mathematician, physicist
Jędrzej Śniadecki, chemist and medician
Martin Śmiglecki, logician
Witold Taszycki, linguist
Józef Trypućko, philologist
Tomas Venclova, poet, author and translator, Yale University professor
Albertas Vijūkas-Kojelavičius, historian, author of the first History of Lithuania
Vilenas Vadapalas, lawyer, Judge in the Court of First Instance
Stanislaw Warszewicki, writer
Jan Fryderyk Wolfgang, biologist
Jakub Wujek, first translator of the Bible into the Polish language
Tomasz Zan, poet
Zigmas Zinkevičius, professor, linguist-historian.

Honorary Doctorates Conferred by Vilnius University

Jan Safarewicz, Full Member of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Professor, Cracow Jagellonian University (1979)
Zdenek Češka, Associate Member of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Rector of Charles University, Prague (1979)
Werner Scheler, Professor, Germany (1979)
Valdas Adamkus, President of Lithuania (1989)
Czeslaw Olech, Director of International Mathematical Banach Centre, Member of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Professor, Warsaw University (1989)
Christian Winter, Professor, Frankfurt am Main University (Germany) (1989)
Vaclovas Dargužas (Andreas Hofer), Doctor of Medicine (Switzerland) (1991)
Edvardas Varnauskas, Doctor of Medicine, Professor (Sweden) (1992)
Martynas Yčas, Professor, New York State University (1992)
Paulius Rabikauskas, Professor, Gregorius University (Rome, Italy) (1994)
Tomas Remeikis, professor, Indiana Calumet College (USA) (1994)
William Schmalstieg, Professor, Pennsylvania University (USA) (1994)
Vladimir Toporov, Professor, Institute of Slavonic Languages, Russian Academy of Sciences (1994)
Václav Havel, President of the Czech Republic (1996)
Alfred Laubereau, Head of the Experimental Physics Department, Munich Technical University, Professor, Bairoit University (1997)
Nikolaj Bachalov, Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Head of the Computational Mathematics Department, Faculty of Mathematics, Moscow M. Lomonosov University (1997)
Rainer Eckert, Professor, Director of the Institute of Baltic Studies, Greifswald University (1997)
Juliusz Bardach, Professor, Warsaw University (Poland) (1997)
Theodor Hellbrugge, founder and Head of the Munich Children Centre, Institute of Social Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Professor, Munich University (Germany) (1998)
Friedrich Scholz, Director of the Interdisciplinary Institute of Baltic Studies, Professor, Munich University (Germany) (1998)
Zbigniew Brzezinski, Professor, Advisor of the government of USA (1998)
Maria Wasna, Doctor, Professor, psychologist, Rector of Münster University (Germany) (1999)
Ludwik Piechnik, Professor of History, Cracow Papal Theological Academy (Poland) (1999)
Sven Lars Caspersen, Professor of Economics, President of the World Rector's Association, Rector of Aalborg University (Denmark) (1999)
Wolfgang Schmid, Professor, Göttingen University (Germany) (2000)
Eduard Liubimskij, Professor, Moscow University (Russia) (2000)
Andrzej Zoll, Professor, Jagellonian University in Kraków (Poland) (2002)
Dagfinn Moe, Professor, Bergen University (Norway) (2002)
Jurij Stepanov, Professor, Moscow University (Russia) (2002)
Ernst Ribbat, Professor, Münster University (Germany) (2002)
Sven Ekdahl, Professor, Prussian Secret Archives in Berlin (Germany) (2004)
Peter Ulrich Sauer, Professor, Hanover University (Germany) (2004)
Peter Gilles, Professor, Johan Wolfgang Goethe University (Frankfurt am Main, Germany) (2004)
Francis Robicsek, Professor, Carolinas Heart Institute at Carolinas Medical Centre in Charlotte, North Carolina (USA) (2004)
Aleksander Kwaśniewski, President of the Republic of Poland (2005)
Vladimir P. Skulachev, Professor, Moscow M. Lomonosov University (Russia) (2005)
Vassilios Skouris, Professor, President of the European Court of Justice (2005)
Pietro Umberto Dini, Professor, University of Pisa (Italy) (2005)
Jacques Rogge, President of the International Olympic Committee (2006)
Gunnar Kulldorff, Professor, Umeå University (Sweden) (2006)

Bibliography:

Studia z dziejów Uniwersytetu Wileńskiego 1579–1979, K. Mrozowska, Kraków 1979
Uniwersytet Wileński 1579–1979, M. Kosman, Wrocław 1981
Vilniaus Universiteto istorija 1579–1803, Mokslas, Vilnius, 1976, 316 p.
Vilniaus Universiteto istorija 1803–1940, Mokslas, Vilnius, 1977, 341 p.
Vilniaus Universiteto istorija 1940–1979, Mokslas, Vilnius, 1979, 431 p.

References:

In-line:

^ D. Trenin. The End of Eurasia: Russia on the Border Between Geopolitics and Globalization. 2002, p.164
Collection of Lithuanian laws. Lietuvos Valstybės Teisės Aktai 1918-1940
http://www.lasercenter.vu.lt/projektai.php?numeris=1
http://ec.europa.eu/research/news-centre/en/pol/02-03-pol04.html#lituanie

External links

Categories:

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