Misplaced Pages

Origins of Asian martial arts: Difference between revisions

Article snapshot taken from Wikipedia with creative commons attribution-sharealike license. Give it a read and then ask your questions in the chat. We can research this topic together.
Browse history interactively← Previous editNext edit →Content deleted Content addedVisualWikitext
Revision as of 00:06, 1 December 2006 editJagged 85 (talk | contribs)87,237 editsm →The Foreign influence: rearranged images← Previous edit Revision as of 11:21, 2 December 2006 edit undoFreedom skies (talk | contribs)4,714 edits added section removed sectionNext edit →
Line 13: Line 13:
===Bodhidharma=== ===Bodhidharma===
] (1839-1892)]] ] (1839-1892)]]
], who is credited with the establishment of the ] and ] sects of Buddhism, <ref> Concise Encyclopedia Brittanica Article on Bodhidharma</ref> arrived in ] during the 5th century. He stayed and taught for several years in the Shaolin temple. ] is credited with the establishment of the ] and ] sects of Buddhism. <ref> Concise Encyclopedia Brittanica Article on Bodhidharma</ref> Bodhidharma arrived in ] during the 5th century. He stayed and taught for several years in the Shaolin temple.


Grandmaster ], 4th generation successor of the Southern Shaolin Monastery writes <ref> Grandmaster ]'s Homepage</ref>:- Grandmaster ], 4th generation successor of the Southern Shaolin Monastery writes <ref>The Art of Shaolin Kung Fu: The Secrets of Kung Fu for Self-Defense, Health and Enlightenment by Grandmaster Wong Kiew Kit</ref>:-


<blockquote> <blockquote>
About 150 years later in CE 527 the great Bodhidharma, a prince-turned-monk, came from India to teach Zen at the Shaolin Monastery. Since then the Shaolin Monastery has become the fountainhead of Zen Buddhism, which is a major school of. Mahayana Buddhism. It was during this time that the Venerable Bodhidharma came from India to China to spread Buddhism. In 527 CE he settled down in the Shaolin monastary in Henan province, and inspired the development of Shaolin Kung Fu. This marked a watershed in the history of of Kung Fu, because it led to a change of course, as Kung Fu became institutionalized. Before this, martial arts were known only in general sense.

Bodhidharma left behind as a legacy three great sets of exercise, namely Eighteen Lohan Hands, Sinew Metamorphosis and Marrow Cleansing. Eighteen Lohan Hands became the forerunner of Shaolin Kungfu, and Sinew Metamorphosis the forerunner of Shaolin Chi Kung. "Bone Marrow" in Chinese medical terms is not just the bone marrow in Western terms, but figuratively refers to the nerves. The great Bodhidharma is honoured and worshipped as the First Patriarch of the Shaolin arts, as well as of Zen Buddhism.
</blockquote> </blockquote>


Line 28: Line 26:
Systematic study and training in ancient Chinese discipline of Shaolin Kung Fu Wushu for holistic health and self-defense, including the study of various aspects of Eastern philosophy and religions - International Curriculum Proposal </ref> Systematic study and training in ancient Chinese discipline of Shaolin Kung Fu Wushu for holistic health and self-defense, including the study of various aspects of Eastern philosophy and religions - International Curriculum Proposal </ref>


===Similarities===
Bodhidharma is associated with the idea that spiritual, intellectual and physical excellence are an indivisible whole necessary for enlightenment.
There exist many similarities between Chinese martial arts and arts of India. Practitioners have noted the similarities between the arts. <ref></ref>
Such an approach to enlightenment ultimately
<ref></ref>
proved highly attractive to the ] class in Japan, who made
] their way of life, following their encounter with the
martial-arts-oriented Zen ] introduced to Japan by
] in the ].


Around the 3rd century BC, ] wrote the '']'', which taught how to meditate single-mindedly on points located inside one's body, which was used in later martial arts, while various ] finger movements were taught in ] Buddhism. These ] elements, as well as finger movements in the ''nata'' dances, were later incorporated into various martial arts and called ''"]."'' <ref name=Svinth>J. R. Svinth (2002). ''Electronic Journals of Martial Arts and Sciences''.</ref>
⚫ ===Effect of stature within the Buddhist religion===
]."'' <ref name=Svinth>J. R. Svinth (2002). ''Electronic Journals of Martial Arts and Sciences''.</ref>]]
⚫ It must be also be noted that Bodhidharma was a religious figure. A measure of conflicting accounts, traditional and modern in nature, surrounds religious figures, including ], <ref>A Life of Jesus by Howard Nicholson Brown</ref><ref>On the trial of Jesus: on the Trial of Jesus 2a Stj 1 by Paul Winter</ref><ref>Theosophical Path Magazine (January to June 1931) edited by Gottfried De Purucker. Page 54</ref> ] <ref>Boddhisatva Doctrine in Buddhist Sanskrit Literature by H. Dayal</ref><ref>The Historical Buddha: The Times, Life, and Teachings of the Founder of Buddhism by Hans Wolfgang</ref> and ]. <ref>The Succession to Mohammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate by Wilferd Madelung</ref><ref>A Force Profonde: The Power, Politics, and Promise of Human Rights by Edward A. Kolodziej</ref> However the conflicting accounts, traditional or modern, in case of religion are usually made insignificant in comparision by views commonly held by the vast majority.

References to martial arts are found in early ]. In the '']'' (Chapter 14), ] (563-483 BC) refers to a ] art while speaking to ]. <ref name=Haines>Bruce A. Haines (1995). ''Karate's History and Traditions'' (p. 23-25). Tuttle Publishing. ISBN 0804819475.</ref> The ''Lotus Sutra'' also categorized combat techniques as ], ], ], and ],<ref> University Martial Arts Association.</ref> and also referred to a martial art with dance-like movements called ''Nara''.<ref>Tim Steinwachs. </ref> Another early Buddhist ] ''Hongyo-kyo'' describes a "strength contest" between Gautama Buddha's half-brother Prince ] and his cousin ].<ref name=Haines/> Other stories suggest that Siddhartha Gautama was a champion wrestler and archer before becoming the Buddha.<ref name=Svinth/>

Knowledge of these sutras and Yogacara were carried into China by Buddhist monks. Joyotpaul Chaudhuri notes that far too much attention is given to the Bodhidharma alone. Chan Buddhism is linked with other Indian Mahayana Buddhist schools including the Yogacara School through the Lankavatara Sutra, which was translated into Chinese around A.D. 440. <ref> 108 STEPS: The Sino-Indian Connection in the Martial Arts by Joyotpaul Chaudhuri
</ref>

In addition to being a master of ], Bodhidharma is also related to Yogacara. He is described as a "master of the Lankavatara Sutra", and an early history of Zen in China is titled "Record of the Masters and Disciples of the Lankavatara Sutra" (Chin. Leng-ch'ieh shih-tzu chi).

The Lankavatara Sutra repeatedly refers to the 108 steps. The 108 of the Yang long form and ], taught by the likes of ] having 108 movements are noted in this regard. The similarities between the posture of the ''"]"'' and bong sau and bong gurk in one hand and one foot position are also noted. The Lankavatara Sutra repeatedly refers to the 108 steps. <ref> 108 STEPS: The Sino-Indian Connection in the Martial Arts by Joyotpaul Chaudhuri
</ref>

Similarities were also recorded by the ] in a television documentary in 1981 titled ''"Kalari, the Indian way"'' which noted that a ] practitioner performed martial arts identical to one found in a branch lineage from the Wong-Hon-Wing line of Tibetan Hop-Gar Kung-Fu.

] also notes ''"Possibly the oldest martial art in the world, ] is still being practiced widely today in the Indian state of Kerala. Shaolin chuan is said to have evolved from Kalarippayattu."'' <ref> Kalaripayatta- Discovery Channel</ref>


⚫ ===Bodhidharma's stature in religion===
] ]
⚫ It must be also be noted that Bodhidharma was a religious figure. A measure of conflicting accounts, traditional and modern in nature, surrounds religious figures, including ], <ref>A Life of Jesus by Howard Nicholson Brown</ref><ref>On the trial of Jesus: on the Trial of Jesus 2a Stj 1 by Paul Winter</ref><ref>Theosophical Path Magazine (January to June 1931) edited by Gottfried De Purucker. Page 54</ref> ] <ref>Boddhisatva Doctrine in Buddhist Sanskrit Literature by H. Dayal</ref><ref>The Historical Buddha: The Times, Life, and Teachings of the Founder of Buddhism by Hans Wolfgang</ref> and ]. <ref>The Succession to Mohammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate by Wilferd Madelung</ref><ref>A Force Profonde: The Power, Politics, and Promise of Human Rights by Edward A. Kolodziej</ref> However the conflicting accounts, traditional or modern, in case of religion are usually made insignificant in comparision by views commonly held by the vast majority.


In case of Bodhidharma, it is generally believed: In case of Bodhidharma, it is generally believed:
Line 45: Line 56:
Bodhidharma (c. 6th century CE) was the ] ] traditionally credited as the founder both of ] and ] sects of Buddhism. He is commonly associated with the ] school of the ]. It is generally agreed that he was a ] monk—possibly from ]—who journeyed to ] during the ] (502–557), from which he subsequently relocated northwards. <ref> Concise Encyclopedia Brittanica Article on Bodhidharma</ref><ref>The Art of Shaolin Kung Fu: The Secrets of Kung Fu for Self-Defense, Health and Enlightenment by Grandmaster Wong Kiew Kit</ref> Bodhidharma (c. 6th century CE) was the ] ] traditionally credited as the founder both of ] and ] sects of Buddhism. He is commonly associated with the ] school of the ]. It is generally agreed that he was a ] monk—possibly from ]—who journeyed to ] during the ] (502–557), from which he subsequently relocated northwards. <ref> Concise Encyclopedia Brittanica Article on Bodhidharma</ref><ref>The Art of Shaolin Kung Fu: The Secrets of Kung Fu for Self-Defense, Health and Enlightenment by Grandmaster Wong Kiew Kit</ref>
</blockquote> </blockquote>

===The Shaolin Temple mural===
The Shaolin Temple in China contains fresco murals from the 17th century which depict dark-skinned (not black but similar in skin tone to Indians) monks teaching Chinese monks fighting forms. On the mural that survived three fires between 1644 to 1927, it says when translated from Chinese into Japanese script ''"Tenjiku Naranokaku"'' translating as ''"the fighting techniques to train the body which come from India."'' <ref> India and China </ref>

⚫ ] tombs are shown in the picture.]]


===Mesopotamia, Egypt and Greece=== ===Mesopotamia, Egypt and Greece===
⚫ ] tombs are shown in the picture.]]
Early martial arts can be traced to ] and ]. <ref> </ref> There was an extensive maritime trade network operating between the ] and Mesopotamian civilizations as early as the middle Harappan Phase, with much commerce being handled by the ''"middlemen merchants from Dilmun"''. <ref>Neyland, R.S. (1992) “The seagoing vessels on Dilmun seals”, in D.H. Keith & T.L. Carrell (ed.), ''Underwater archaeology proceedings of the Society for Historical Archaeology Conference at Kingston, Jamaica 1992'' pp. 68-74. Tucson (AZ): Society for Historical Archaeology.</ref> Ancient Egypt had trading relations with India. <ref> Archaeologists Uncover Ancient Maritime Spice Route Between India, Egypt. Publication: Popular-Science.Net. Date: April 1, 2004</ref><ref> New Proof Of Ancient India's Flourishing Trade With Rome by Anand Parthasarathy</ref> ] was in contact with India before ]. The Greek ] system was practiced by Alexander the Great's army.<ref> History and backgroud of Pankration</ref> It has been suggested that over time, concepts in primitive martial arts spread east to India, where they fell on fertile ground and began their development in relationship to ], ], and ], and were eventually transmitted to China.<ref> The Roots of Martial Arts</ref><ref> Martial Arts-Basic History by Rick Gill</ref> Early martial arts can be traced to ] and ]. <ref> </ref> There was an extensive maritime trade network operating between the ] and Mesopotamian civilizations as early as the middle Harappan Phase, with much commerce being handled by the ''"middlemen merchants from Dilmun"''. <ref>Neyland, R.S. (1992) “The seagoing vessels on Dilmun seals”, in D.H. Keith & T.L. Carrell (ed.), ''Underwater archaeology proceedings of the Society for Historical Archaeology Conference at Kingston, Jamaica 1992'' pp. 68-74. Tucson (AZ): Society for Historical Archaeology.</ref> Ancient Egypt had trading relations with India. <ref> Archaeologists Uncover Ancient Maritime Spice Route Between India, Egypt. Publication: Popular-Science.Net. Date: April 1, 2004</ref><ref> New Proof Of Ancient India's Flourishing Trade With Rome by Anand Parthasarathy</ref> ] was in contact with India before ]. The Greek ] system was practiced by Alexander the Great's army.<ref> History and backgroud of Pankration</ref> It has been suggested that over time, concepts in primitive martial arts spread east to India, where they fell on fertile ground and began their development in relationship to ], ], and ], and were eventually transmitted to China.<ref> The Roots of Martial Arts</ref><ref> Martial Arts-Basic History by Rick Gill</ref>


Line 78: Line 85:
The foreign influence has also been recognized by legendary martial arts practitioners and authorities, including ], <ref> Breathing In and Breathing Out The foreign influence has also been recognized by legendary martial arts practitioners and authorities, including ], <ref> Breathing In and Breathing Out
In Accordance With "Go" and "Ju": A Miscellaneous Essay on Karate by Chojun Miyagi In Accordance With "Go" and "Ju": A Miscellaneous Essay on Karate by Chojun Miyagi
</ref> ], <ref> Okinawa Kata Classification: An Historical Overview by Mario McKenna</ref> ], <ref>The Art of Shaolin Kung Fu: The Secrets of Kung Fu for Self-Defense, Health and Enlightenment by Grandmaster Wong Kiew Kit</ref> ], <ref>Karate: Technique and Spirit by Tadashi Nakamura</ref> ], <ref> Origins of Jiu-Jitsu at Carlosmachado.net</ref> and ]. <ref> History of Jiu-Jitsu</ref> </ref> ], <ref> Okinawa Kata Classification: An Historical Overview by Mario McKenna</ref> ], <ref>The Art of Shaolin Kung Fu: The Secrets of Kung Fu for Self-Defense, Health and Enlightenment by Grandmaster Wong Kiew Kit</ref><ref> Grandmaster ]'s Homepage</ref> ], <ref>Karate: Technique and Spirit by Tadashi Nakamura</ref> ], <ref> Origins of Jiu-Jitsu at Carlosmachado.net</ref> and ]. <ref> History of Jiu-Jitsu</ref>


In addition, reputed organizations such as the ], <ref> How Hong Kong took Hollywood- BBC</ref> the ], <ref> So Many Paths. Which Shaolin Is Real? The Reply: Yes. by Howard W. French</ref><ref> Of Monks and martial arts by Christopher Wren. Published: September 11, 1983</ref> ] <ref> Journey to self-discovery</ref><ref> Art most ancient by Karthi Sekar </ref><ref> The story of Bodhidharma</ref><ref> Zen and the art of storytelling</ref> and the ] <ref> Kalaripayatta- Discovery Channel</ref> to name a few, have also taken a note of the foreign influences. In addition, reputed organizations such as the ], <ref> How Hong Kong took Hollywood- BBC</ref> the ], <ref> So Many Paths. Which Shaolin Is Real? The Reply: Yes. by Howard W. French</ref><ref> Of Monks and martial arts by Christopher Wren. Published: September 11, 1983</ref> ] <ref> Journey to self-discovery</ref><ref> Art most ancient by Karthi Sekar </ref><ref> The story of Bodhidharma</ref><ref> Zen and the art of storytelling</ref> and the ] <ref> Kalaripayatta- Discovery Channel</ref> to name a few, have also taken a note of the foreign influences.

Revision as of 11:21, 2 December 2006

Foreign influence on Chinese martial arts, or more specifically, Shaolin Kung Fu, is endorsed by the traditional Shaolin temple claims and the claims of a majority of martial arts historians. Both versions agree that the foreign influence was vital on Shaolin temple's approach to institutionalized martial arts.

Main gate of the Shaolin temple in Henan

In an article by published in the New York Times Travel section in 1983, Christopher Wren asserts that organised martial traditions predate the establishment of the Shaolin Monastery by centuries.

The Foreign influence

Establishment of the Shaolin temple

The Indian dhyana master Buddhabhadra was the founding abbot and patriarch of the Shaolin temple.

According to the Deng Feng County Recording (Deng Feng Xian Zhi), Bátuó came to China in 464 CE to preach Nikaya (小乘) Buddhism. Thirty-one years later, in 495, the Shaolin Monastery was built by the order of Emperor Xiaowen of Northern Wei for Batuo's preaching. The temple originally consisted of a round dome used as a shrine and a platform where Indian and Chinese monks translated Indian Buddhist scriptures into native Chinese languages.

Bodhidharma

Bodhidharma by Tsukioka Yoshitoshi (1839-1892)

Bodhidharma is credited with the establishment of the Chan and Zen sects of Buddhism. Bodhidharma arrived in China during the 5th century. He stayed and taught for several years in the Shaolin temple.

Grandmaster Wong Kiew Kit, 4th generation successor of the Southern Shaolin Monastery writes :-

It was during this time that the Venerable Bodhidharma came from India to China to spread Buddhism. In 527 CE he settled down in the Shaolin monastary in Henan province, and inspired the development of Shaolin Kung Fu. This marked a watershed in the history of of Kung Fu, because it led to a change of course, as Kung Fu became institutionalized. Before this, martial arts were known only in general sense.

Chinese martial arts, like martial arts of Greece and India, have existed before the arrival of Bodhidharma. Bodhidharma's status in martial arts is due to his role in the institutionalization of Chinese martial arts, presumably by introducing excercises, meditation, discipline, newer techniques etc. to the native fighting methods during his tenure at the Shaolin monastery.

It has also been suggested that these techniques which are the foundation for many martial arts today were never originally intended to be utilized as methods of fighting but were a manner in which the monks could attain enlightenment while preserving their bodies' health.

Similarities

There exist many similarities between Chinese martial arts and arts of India. Practitioners have noted the similarities between the arts.

Around the 3rd century BC, Patanjali wrote the Yoga Sutras, which taught how to meditate single-mindedly on points located inside one's body, which was used in later martial arts, while various mudra finger movements were taught in Yogacara Buddhism. These Yoga elements, as well as finger movements in the nata dances, were later incorporated into various martial arts and called "Kata."

Indian pose of "Nataraja" from Indian dance "Nata", which later incorporated into various martial arts and called "Kata."

References to martial arts are found in early Buddhist texts. In the Lotus Sutra (Chapter 14), Gautama Buddha (563-483 BC) refers to a boxing art while speaking to Manjusri. The Lotus Sutra also categorized combat techniques as joint locks, fist strikes, grapples, and throws, and also referred to a martial art with dance-like movements called Nara. Another early Buddhist sutra Hongyo-kyo describes a "strength contest" between Gautama Buddha's half-brother Prince Nanda and his cousin Devadatta. Other stories suggest that Siddhartha Gautama was a champion wrestler and archer before becoming the Buddha.

Knowledge of these sutras and Yogacara were carried into China by Buddhist monks. Joyotpaul Chaudhuri notes that far too much attention is given to the Bodhidharma alone. Chan Buddhism is linked with other Indian Mahayana Buddhist schools including the Yogacara School through the Lankavatara Sutra, which was translated into Chinese around A.D. 440.

In addition to being a master of Dhyana, Bodhidharma is also related to Yogacara. He is described as a "master of the Lankavatara Sutra", and an early history of Zen in China is titled "Record of the Masters and Disciples of the Lankavatara Sutra" (Chin. Leng-ch'ieh shih-tzu chi).

The Lankavatara Sutra repeatedly refers to the 108 steps. The 108 of the Yang long form and Wing Chun, taught by the likes of Yip Man having 108 movements are noted in this regard. The similarities between the posture of the "Nataraja" and bong sau and bong gurk in one hand and one foot position are also noted. The Lankavatara Sutra repeatedly refers to the 108 steps.

Similarities were also recorded by the British Broadcasting Corporation in a television documentary in 1981 titled "Kalari, the Indian way" which noted that a Southern Kalaripayattu practitioner performed martial arts identical to one found in a branch lineage from the Wong-Hon-Wing line of Tibetan Hop-Gar Kung-Fu.

Discovery Channel also notes "Possibly the oldest martial art in the world, Kalarippayattu is still being practiced widely today in the Indian state of Kerala. Shaolin chuan is said to have evolved from Kalarippayattu."

Bodhidharma's stature in religion

A painting on a wall in the temple showing lighter skinned Chinese monks and darker skinned monks, similar in skin tone to Indians

It must be also be noted that Bodhidharma was a religious figure. A measure of conflicting accounts, traditional and modern in nature, surrounds religious figures, including Jesus Christ, Gautama Buddha and Prophet Mohammed. However the conflicting accounts, traditional or modern, in case of religion are usually made insignificant in comparision by views commonly held by the vast majority.

In case of Bodhidharma, it is generally believed:

Bodhidharma (c. 6th century CE) was the Buddhist monk traditionally credited as the founder both of Chán and Zen sects of Buddhism. He is commonly associated with the Shaolin kung fu school of the Chinese martial arts. It is generally agreed that he was a South Indian monk—possibly from Kanchipuram—who journeyed to southern China during the Liang Dynasty (502–557), from which he subsequently relocated northwards.

Mesopotamia, Egypt and Greece

Some of the The oldest known records concerning combat techniques are hieroglyphic scrolls from Egyptian tombs, dating as far back as 4000 B.C. The Beni Hasan tombs are shown in the picture.

Early martial arts can be traced to Mesopotamia and ancient Egypt. There was an extensive maritime trade network operating between the Indus Valley and Mesopotamian civilizations as early as the middle Harappan Phase, with much commerce being handled by the "middlemen merchants from Dilmun". Ancient Egypt had trading relations with India. Ancient Greece was in contact with India before Alexander the Great's Invasion. The Greek Pankration system was practiced by Alexander the Great's army. It has been suggested that over time, concepts in primitive martial arts spread east to India, where they fell on fertile ground and began their development in relationship to Yoga, dharma, and dharmic religions, and were eventually transmitted to China.

Extent of acknowledgement of the foreign influence

Conflicting theories

Further information: Bodhidharma, the martial arts, and the disputed India connection

Many accounts of Bodhidharma's life are largely legendary. A minority of historians within the martial arts community have attempted to present various theories, conflicting in nature, in order to revise history associated with Bodhidharma.

Historian Matsuda Ryuchi dates the Yi Jin Jing, a text often associated with Bodhidharma, to 1827. His claim is rejected by another historian, Lin Boyuan, whose research dates it to 1624.

Ling Tingkan concluded that the author of the Yì Jīn Jīng must have been an "ignorant village master." This claim has also been rejected by Lin Boyuan who attributes the Yì Jīn Jīng to the Taoist priest Zining writing in 1624.

Historian Paul Pelliot presents a version claiming that Bodhidharma did not exist at all, he is an entirely fictional creation, a proposal which conflicts with revisionist versions as presented by Matsuda Ryuchi, Lin Boyuan and Ling Tingkan.

Most accounts of martial arts history have credited the foreign influence, disregarding the conflicting theories.

The views from the martial arts community

Martial arts authors across the world, including June Lordi, Charles C. Goodin, Hidetaka Nishiyama, Cezar Borkowski, Simmone Kuo, Robin L. Rielly, Howard Reid, Liow Kah Joon and Kah Joon Liow, Annellen M Simpkins and C Alexander Simpkins, Bruce Thomas, Thomas D. Seabourne and Yeon Hwan Park, Steve De Masco, Stephen Kuei, Pat Zukeran, Ervin de Castro, BJ Oropeza and Ron Rhodes, Christopher Wren, Howard W. French, Prof. J. Roe, P. E. Katzer, Joyotpaul Chaudhari, Dr. William Durbin and Tony Sims have noted foreign influence on Chinese martial arts.

The foreign influence has also been recognized by legendary martial arts practitioners and authorities, including Chojun Miyagi, Funakoshi Gichin, Wong Kiew Kit, Tadashi Nakamura, Carlos Machado, and Rickson Gracie.

In addition, reputed organizations such as the British Broadcasting Corporation, the New York Times, The Hindu and the Discovery Channel to name a few, have also taken a note of the foreign influences.

Claims that that Chinese martial arts are independent of any foreign influence have also been rejected by prestigious martial arts institutions, including the Gracie Barra, International Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Federation, Florida Federation of Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu and the Shaolin temple.

See also

Further reading

References

  1. Shaolin.cn.com
  2. The Art of Shaolin Kung Fu: The Secrets of Kung Fu for Self-Defense, Health and Enlightenment by Grandmaster Wong Kiew Kit
  3. ^ "Of Monks and Martial Arts"; Sept. 11, 1983; New York Times
  4. Faure, Bernard. Chan Insights and Oversights: an epistemological critique of the Chan tradition, Princeton University Press, 1993. ISBN 0-691029-02-4
  5. The Founder Of Shaolinsi The founder of Shaolinsi
  6. Kungfu History at EasternMartialArts.com
  7. Legacy of Shaolin Fighting Monks by Salvatore Canzonieri
  8. Concise Encyclopedia Brittanica Article on Bodhidharma
  9. The Art of Shaolin Kung Fu: The Secrets of Kung Fu for Self-Defense, Health and Enlightenment by Grandmaster Wong Kiew Kit
  10. The Art of Shaolin Kung Fu: The Secrets of Kung Fu for Self-Defense, Health and Enlightenment by Grandmaster Wong Kiew Kit
  11. The five holy mountains
  12. Our Martial Arts History and Tradition: A Brief History Of Kempo by Prof. J. Roe
  13. Systematic study and training in ancient Chinese discipline of Shaolin Kung Fu Wushu for holistic health and self-defense, including the study of various aspects of Eastern philosophy and religions - International Curriculum Proposal
  14. Kalari Payatt: Martial Art Of India by Steve Richards 2002
  15. Kalari Payatt: Martial Art Of India by Steve Richards 2002
  16. ^ J. R. Svinth (2002). A Chronological History of the Martial Arts and Combative Sports. Electronic Journals of Martial Arts and Sciences.
  17. ^ Bruce A. Haines (1995). Karate's History and Traditions (p. 23-25). Tuttle Publishing. ISBN 0804819475.
  18. History of Taekwondo. University Martial Arts Association.
  19. Tim Steinwachs. History of Karate.
  20. 108 STEPS: The Sino-Indian Connection in the Martial Arts by Joyotpaul Chaudhuri
  21. 108 STEPS: The Sino-Indian Connection in the Martial Arts by Joyotpaul Chaudhuri
  22. Kalaripayatta- Discovery Channel
  23. A Life of Jesus by Howard Nicholson Brown
  24. On the trial of Jesus: on the Trial of Jesus 2a Stj 1 by Paul Winter
  25. Theosophical Path Magazine (January to June 1931) edited by Gottfried De Purucker. Page 54
  26. Boddhisatva Doctrine in Buddhist Sanskrit Literature by H. Dayal
  27. The Historical Buddha: The Times, Life, and Teachings of the Founder of Buddhism by Hans Wolfgang
  28. The Succession to Mohammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate by Wilferd Madelung
  29. A Force Profonde: The Power, Politics, and Promise of Human Rights by Edward A. Kolodziej
  30. Concise Encyclopedia Brittanica Article on Bodhidharma
  31. The Art of Shaolin Kung Fu: The Secrets of Kung Fu for Self-Defense, Health and Enlightenment by Grandmaster Wong Kiew Kit
  32. African Martial Arts Homepage
  33. Neyland, R.S. (1992) “The seagoing vessels on Dilmun seals”, in D.H. Keith & T.L. Carrell (ed.), Underwater archaeology proceedings of the Society for Historical Archaeology Conference at Kingston, Jamaica 1992 pp. 68-74. Tucson (AZ): Society for Historical Archaeology.
  34. Archaeologists Uncover Ancient Maritime Spice Route Between India, Egypt. Publication: Popular-Science.Net. Date: April 1, 2004
  35. New Proof Of Ancient India's Flourishing Trade With Rome by Anand Parthasarathy
  36. History and backgroud of Pankration
  37. The Roots of Martial Arts
  38. Martial Arts-Basic History by Rick Gill
  39. Concise Encyclopedia Brittanica Article on Bodhidharma
  40. Matsuda Ryuchi 松田隆智 (1986). Zhōngguó wǔshù shǐlüè 中國武術史略 (in Chinese). Taipei 臺北: Danqing tushu.
  41. Lin 1996:183
  42. Lin 1996:183
  43. In his "Notes on some artists of the Six Dynasties and the Tang," Paul Pelliot asserts that all accounts of Bodhidharma are legendary.
  44. A Historical Prespective: The Origins of Kwon Bup, Chuan Fa, Kempo, Kuntao by Ian A. Cyrus, 9th Dan, Headmaster, Choson Kwon Bup International Chosondo Federation
  45. Tai Chi by June Lordi
  46. Daruma: Determination and Zen training in Budo by Charles C. Goodin
  47. Karate: The Art of Empty-Hand Fighting By Richard C. Brown, Hidetaka Nishiyama
  48. The Complete Idiot's Guide to Martial Arts By Cezar Borkowski, Marion Manzo
  49. Long Life, Good Health Through Tai-Chi Chuan by Simmone L. Kuo
  50. Yin-Yang in Tai-Chi Chuan and Daily Life by Simmone Kuo
  51. Karate for Kids by Robin L. Rielly
  52. The Book of Soft Martial Arts: Finding Personal Harmony with Chi Kung, Hsing I, Pa Kua and T'ai Ch'i by Danny Connor and Howard Reid
  53. A Musical Journey: from the Great Wall of China to the water towns of Jiangnan by liow kah Joon, Kah Joon Liow
  54. Zen in Ten: Easy Lessons for Spiritual Growth by C. Alexander Simpkins, Annellen M. Simpkins
  55. Bruce Lee: Fighting Spirit: A Biography by Bruce Thomas
  56. Tae Kwon Do Techniques & Tactics by Thomas D. Seabourne, Yeon Hwan Park
  57. An American's Journey to the Shaolin Temple by Steve De Masco
  58. Beginning Qigong: Chinese secrets for health and longevity by Stephen Kuei, Stephen Comee
  59. Martial Arts by Pat Zukeran
  60. Patrick Zukeran: The Origins and Popularity of the Martial Arts
  61. Enter the Dragon? Wrestling with the martial arts phenomenon. Part I: The historical-philosophical backdrop by Ervin de Castro, BJ Oropeza and Ron Rhodes
  62. So Many Paths. Which Shaolin Is Real? The Reply: Yes. by Howard W. French
  63. Our Martial Arts History and Tradition... by Prof. J. Roe
  64. History of Shotokan Karate by P. E. Katzer
  65. 108 STEPS: The Sino-Indian Connection in the Martial Arts by Joyotpaul Chaudhuri
  66. The History of Teaching Methods used in the Martial Arts by Dr. William Durbin
  67. Kempo Jitsu – Pre 1900 Martial Art System by Tony Sims
  68. Breathing In and Breathing Out In Accordance With "Go" and "Ju": A Miscellaneous Essay on Karate by Chojun Miyagi
  69. Okinawa Kata Classification: An Historical Overview by Mario McKenna
  70. The Art of Shaolin Kung Fu: The Secrets of Kung Fu for Self-Defense, Health and Enlightenment by Grandmaster Wong Kiew Kit
  71. Grandmaster Wong Kiew Kit's Homepage
  72. Karate: Technique and Spirit by Tadashi Nakamura
  73. Origins of Jiu-Jitsu at Carlosmachado.net
  74. History of Jiu-Jitsu
  75. How Hong Kong took Hollywood- BBC
  76. So Many Paths. Which Shaolin Is Real? The Reply: Yes. by Howard W. French
  77. Of Monks and martial arts by Christopher Wren. Published: September 11, 1983
  78. Journey to self-discovery
  79. Art most ancient by Karthi Sekar
  80. The story of Bodhidharma
  81. Zen and the art of storytelling
  82. Kalaripayatta- Discovery Channel
  83. The history of Brazillian Jiu Jitsu - Gracie Barra
  84. Phoenix International Academy of Mixed Martial Arts
  85. The History of Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu at Gracie Barra
  86. The History of Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu: International Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Federation
  87. The beginning: Florida Federation of Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu
  88. History Facts: The Founder Of Shaolinsi
Categories: