| Revision as of 22:56, 11 August 2019 editInternetArchiveBot (talk | contribs)Bots, Pending changes reviewers5,380,770 edits Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0beta15)← Previous edit | Revision as of 05:29, 17 September 2019 edit undoGderrin (talk | contribs)Autopatrolled, Extended confirmed users, Page movers, New page reviewers58,360 edits expanded; headings as per WP:Plants/TemplateNext edit → | ||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
| {{speciesbox | {{speciesbox | ||
| |name = York gum | |name = York gum | ||
| |image=Eucalyptus loxophleba mallee roadside orig.jpg | |image = Eucalyptus loxophleba mallee roadside orig.jpg | ||
| ⚫ | |image_caption = Mallee form of ''Eucalyptus loxophleba'' near the ] | ||
| |image_caption = mallee habit | |||
| |status = | |status = | ||
| |status_system = | |status_system = | ||
| |genus = Eucalyptus | |genus = Eucalyptus | ||
| |species = loxophleba | |species = loxophleba | ||
| |authority = ]<ref name="APC">{{cite web |title=''Eucalyptus loxophleba'' |url=https://biodiversity.org.au/nsl/services/apc-format/display/77842|website=Australian Plant Census |accessdate=17 September 2019}}</ref> | |||
| |authority = ] | |||
| }} | }} | ||
| ⚫ | |||
| ⚫ | |||
| '''''Eucalyptus loxophleba''''', known as '''yandee''' or '''York gum''', is a species of tree which is endemic to ]. | |||
| '''''Eucalyptus loxophleba''''', commonly known as '''York gum''',<ref name="CANBR">{{cite web |title=''Eucalyptus loxophleba'' subsp. ''loxophleba'' |url=http://keyserver.lucidcentral.org:8080/euclid/data/02050e02-0108-490e-8900-0e0601070d00/media/Html/Eucalyptus_loxophleba_subsp._loxophleba.htm |publisher=Euclid: Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research |accessdate=17 September 2019}}</ref> '''daarwet''', '''goatta''', '''twotta''' or '''yandee''' is a species of tree or ] that is ] to Western Australia. It has rough bark on the trunk, smooth olive to brownish bark above, lance-shaped adult leaves, flowers buds in groups of between seven and eleven, white flowers and conical fruit.]] | |||
| == Taxonomy == | |||
| ⚫ | The ] |
||
| ⚫ | ==Description== | ||
| The description of the taxon was first published by English botanist ] in Volume 3 of '']'' in 1867.<ref name="Bentham 1867">{{cite book | author = Bentham, George | year = 1867 | url = https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/11160439 | title= Flora Australiensis | volume = 3 | pages = 252| location = London | publisher = L. Reeve & Co.}}</ref> A 1903 description by ] assigned the population to a ], '''''Eucalyptus foecunda'' var. ''loxophleba''''', although Bentham's description as a species was included in a 1985 census and the '']'' in 1988.<ref>Green, J.W. (1985), Census of the Vascular Plants of Western Australia Edn. 2: 126</ref><ref>Chippendale, G.M. in George, A.S. (ed.) (1988), Eucalyptus. Flora of Australia 19: 238, 240</ref> Records of hybridisation between this species and other eucalypts, '']'' and '']'' were confirmed in a later revision.<ref>{{APNI | name = ''Eucalyptus loxophleba Benth.| id = 23601}}</ref> | |||
| ''Eucalyptus loxophleba'' is a mallee or a tree that typically grows to a height of {{convert|5|to|15|m|ft|0}} and forms a ]. The has a diameter of about of {{convert|0.6|m|ft|0}} and varying amounts, depending on subspecies, of rough fibrous-flaky or smooth bark on the trunk and smooth grey-brown over copper bark above. Young plants and ] regrowth have more or less triangular, egg-shaped or almost round ] leaves that are {{cvt|45-100|mm}} long and {{cvt|35-90|mm}} wide. Adult leaves are lance-shaped to curved, the same glossy, dark green on both sides, {{cvt|70-155|mm}} long and {{cvt|10-20|mm}} wide tapering to a ] {{cvt|10-25|mm}} long. The flower buds are arraned in leaf axils in groups of seven, nine or eleven on an unbranched ] {{cvt|5-15|mm}} long, the individual buds on ] {{cvt|1-5|mm}} long. Mature buds are oval to pear shaped, {{cvt|5-8|mm}} long and {{cvt|3-4|mm}} wide with a rounded ]. Flowering has been observed in most months and the flowers are white. The fruit is a woody, conical ] {{cvt|4-8|mm}} long and {{cvt|4-6|mm}} wide with the valves below rim level.<ref name=FloraBase>{{FloraBase|name=''Eucalyptus loxophleba''|id=5702}}</ref><ref name="CANBR" /><ref name="ABRS">{{cite web |last1=Chippedale |first1=George M. |title=''Eucalyptus loxophleba'' |url=https://profiles.ala.org.au/opus/foa/profile/Eucalyptus%20loxophleba |publisher=Australian Biological Resources Study, Department of the Environment and Energy, Canberra |accessdate=17 September 2019}}</ref><ref name=fpc>{{cite web|url=http://www.fpc.wa.gov.au/about-us/publications/species/york-gum|title=York gum|accessdate=3 December 2016|publisher=Forest Products Commission}}</ref><ref name=florabank>{{cite web|url=http://www.florabank.org.au/lucid/key/species%20navigator/media/html/Eucalyptus_loxophleba.htm|title=Eucalyptus loxophleba|accessdate=3 December 2016|publisher=Florabank}}</ref> | |||
| ==Taxonomy and naming== | |||
| Four subspecies are recognised; | |||
| ''Eucalyptus loxophleba'' was first formally described in 1867 by ] in Volume 3 of '']''.<ref name=APNI>{{cite web|title=''Eucalyptus loxophleba''|url= https://id.biodiversity.org.au/instance/apni/455184|publisher=APNI|accessdate=17 September 2019}}</ref><ref name="Bentham 1867">{{cite book | author = Bentham, George | year = 1867 | url = https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/11160439 | title= Flora Australiensis | volume = 3 | pages = 252| location = London | publisher = L. Reeve & Co.}}</ref> | |||
| ⚫ | |||
| * ''Eucalyptus loxophleba'' subsp. ''lissophloia'' <small>] & ]</small> | |||
| * ''Eucalyptus loxophleba'' subsp. ''loxophleba'' <small>]</small> | |||
| * ''Eucalyptus loxophleba'' subsp. ''supralaevis''<ref>{{FloraBase|name=''Eucalyptus loxophleba'' subsp. ''supralaevis''|id=13038}}</ref> <small>] & ]</small> | |||
| In 1903 ] changed the name to ''Eucalyptus foecunda'' var. ''loxophleba'', but the name is not accepted by the ].<ref name="APC" /><ref>Chippendale, G.M. in George, A.S. (ed.) (1988), Eucalyptus. Flora of Australia 19: 238, 240</ref> | |||
| ⚫ | ==Description== | ||
| The ] or tree typically grows to a height of {{convert|5|to|15|m|ft|0}}<ref name=FloraBase/> and has a diameter of about of {{convert|0.6|m|ft|0}}.<ref name=fpc>{{cite web|url=http://www.fpc.wa.gov.au/about-us/publications/species/york-gum|title=York gum|accessdate=3 December 2016|publisher=Forest Products Commission}}</ref> It has rough fibrous-flaky or smooth bark that is persistent throughout. The bark is grey-brown over copper with a darker grey rough basal stocking. It blooms between July and February producing white flowers.<ref name=FloraBase>{{FloraBase|name=''Eucalyptus loxophleba''|id=5702}}</ref> Seed capsules form later and will persist until the following August or longer. Seed viability ranges from about 680 viable seeds per gram in subsp. ''loxophleba'' down to about 110 seeds per gram in subsp. ''gratiae''.<ref name=florabank>{{cite web|url=http://www.florabank.org.au/lucid/key/species%20navigator/media/html/Eucalyptus_loxophleba.htm|title=Eucalyptus loxophleba|accessdate=3 December 2016|publisher=Florabank}}</ref> | |||
| Hybrids with '']''<ref name=FloraBase1>{{FloraBase|name=''Eucalyptus absia × loxophleba''|id=16893}}</ref> and '']''<ref name=FloraBase2>{{FloraBase|name=''Eucalyptus absia × wandoo''|id=16886}}</ref> have been recorded. | |||
| ⚫ | ==Distribution== | ||
| ⚫ | Woodlands containing ''E. loxophleba'' is found across a broad swathe of Western Australia from the ] south through the ] and east into the ] region of the state. It is found among rocky outcrops and on flats, rises, slopes, hilltops, near salt lakes and along drainage lines. |
||
| ⚫ | The ] (''loxophleba'') is derived from the ] words ''loxos'' meaning "cross-wise" and ''phlebs, phlebos'' meaning "a vein".<ref name="Sharr">{{cite book |author=]|title=Western Australian Plant Names and their Meanings |date=2019 |publisher=Four Gables Press |location=Kardinya, Western Australia |isbn=9780958034180 |page=243}}</ref> ] peoples know the tree as daarwet, goatta, twotta or yandee,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kippleonline.net/bobhoward/plantsframe.html|title=Noongar names for plants|accessdate=3 December 2016|publisher=kippleonline.net|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161120071826/http://www.kippleonline.net/bobhoward/plantsframe.html|archive-date=20 November 2016|dead-url=yes}}</ref> the latter is noted as in popular use.<ref>APNI, citing Robson, Peter J. (1993), Checklist of Australian Trees: alphabetical listings of common and scientific names:</ref> | ||
| Associated species include '']'', salmon gum '']'', gimlet '']'', powderbark wandoo '']'', and jam '']''. It also occurs with other mallee eucalypts in populations further to the east.<ref name=florabank/> | |||
| In 1972, ] described the subspecies ''gratiae'' and ''loxophleba''<ref name="Nuytsia">{{cite journal |last1=Brooker |first1=M. Ian H. |title=Four new taxa of ''Eucalyptus'' from Western Australia |journal=Nuytsia |date=1972 |volume=1 |issue=3 |pages=248–251 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/223212#page/34/mode/1up |accessdate=17 September 2019}}</ref> and in 1992 ] and ] described subspecies ''lissophloia'' and ''supralaevis''.<ref name="Telopea">{{cite journal |last1=Hill |first1=Kenneth D. |last2=Johnson |first2=Lawrence A.S. |title=Systematic studies in the eucalypts - 5. New taxa and combination in ''Eucalyptus'' (Myrtaceae) |journal=Telopea |date=1992 |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=565–571}}</ref> All four names have been accepted by the Australian Plant Census. | |||
| * ''Eucalyptus loxophleba'' subsp. ''gratiae'' <small>Brooker</small><ref name="APC1">{{cite web |title=''Eucalyptus loxophleba'' subsp. ''gratiae'' |url=https://biodiversity.org.au/nsl/services/apc-format/display/77886|website=Australian Plant Census |accessdate=17 September 2019}}</ref> is a tree with smooth, shining bark and larger leaves, buds and fruit that the ], subsp. ''loxophleba'';<ref name="Telopea" /> | |||
| * ''Eucalyptus loxophleba'' subsp. ''lissophloia'' <small>L.A.S.Johnson & K.D.Hill</small><ref name="APC2">{{cite web |title=''Eucalyptus loxophleba'' subsp. ''lissophloia'' |url=https://biodiversity.org.au/nsl/services/apc-format/display/118928|website=Australian Plant Census |accessdate=17 September 2019}}</ref> is a mallee with only or mostly only smooth bark;<ref name="Telopea" /> | |||
| * ''Eucalyptus loxophleba'' subsp. ''loxophleba'' <small>Benth.</small><ref name="APC3">{{cite web |title=''Eucalyptus loxophleba'' subsp. ''loxophleba'' |url=https://biodiversity.org.au/nsl/services/apc-format/display/77906|website=Australian Plant Census |accessdate=17 September 2019}}</ref> is a tree with rough bark from the trunk to the smaller branches;<ref name="Telopea" /> | |||
| * ''Eucalyptus loxophleba'' subsp. ''supralaevis'' <small>L.A.S.Johnson & K.D.Hill</small><ref name="APC4">{{cite web |title=''Eucalyptus loxophleba'' subsp. ''supralaevis'' |url=https://biodiversity.org.au/nsl/services/apc-format/display/118929|website=Australian Plant Census |accessdate=17 September 2019}}</ref> is a tree with rough bark at the base of the trunk and smooth bark on the larger branches and often also the upper trunk.<ref name="Telopea" /> | |||
| ⚫ | <ref>{{FloraBase|name=''Eucalyptus loxophleba'' subsp. ''supralaevis''|id=13038}}</ref> <small>] & ]</small> | ||
| ⚫ | ==Distribution and habitat== | ||
| ⚫ | Woodlands containing ''E. loxophleba'' is found across a broad swathe of Western Australia from the ] south through the ] and east into the ] region of the state. It is found among rocky outcrops and on flats, rises, slopes, hilltops, near salt lakes and along drainage lines. The species will grow in a range of soil types such as red-brown or rocky loam, in sands or sandy clays over ], dolerite or ].<ref name=FloraBase/> The tree was recorded as common around the early settlement of ], whence the vernacular 'York gum' is derived, and areas near ], ], ] and from ] to ].<ref name="Lane-Poole1922">{{cite book |last1=Lane-Poole |first1=C. E. |authorlink1=Charles Lane-Poole |title=A primer of forestry, with illustrations of the principal forest trees of Western Australia|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/124161#page/92/mode/1up |date=1922 |publisher=F.W. Simpson, government printer |location=Perth |page=86 |language=en|doi=10.5962/bhl.title.61019 |hdl=2027/uiug.30112041668135 |accessdate=17 September 2019}}</ref> | ||
| Subspecies ''gratiae'' occurs between ] and ], subspecies ''loxophleba'' from near ] to Bruce Rock and Chillinup on the ], subspecies ''lissophloia'' further inland between ], ], Lake Minigwal, ] and ] and subspecies ''supralaevis'' in more northern areas between the ], ], ], the ] and ].<ref name="Nuytsia" /><ref name="Telopea" /> | |||
| ==Uses== | ==Uses== | ||
| ⚫ | Natural populations of ''E. loxophleba'' grows in areas affected by dryland ]. All four subspecies could possibly be used in the remediation of dryland salinity, but subspecies ''lissophloia'' has been more widely cultivated because of its potential as an ]. This subspecies has also been introduced to the eastern States in planting for ]. Historically, the wood of subspecies ''loxophleba'' was used by ]s and similar workers.<ref name=florabank/><ref name="Lane-Poole1922" /> | ||
| ⚫ | |||
| ⚫ | Natural populations of ''E. loxophleba'' grows in areas affected by dryland ]. All |
||
| The heartwood of the tree is yellow-brown, hard and tough with an interlocked grain. The wood has a green density of about 1185 kg/m<sup>3</sup> and an air-dried density about 1060 kg/m<sup>3</sup>. | The heartwood of the tree is yellow-brown, hard and tough with an interlocked grain. The wood has a green density of about 1185 kg/m<sup>3</sup> and an air-dried density about 1060 kg/m<sup>3</sup>. | ||
| <gallery> | |||
| Image:Eucalyptus loxophleba trunk murchison orig.jpg|thumb|trunk detail | |||
| ⚫ | Image:Eucalyptus loxophleba - Jardín Botánico de Barcelona - Barcelona, Spain - DSC08962.JPG|thumb|cultivated specimen in ] | ||
| ⚫ | Image:York Gum in Primer of Forestry Poole 1922.png|thumb|mature tree with man at roadside, circa 1920<ref name="Lane-Poole1922" /> | ||
| </gallery> | |||
| ==See also== | ==See also== | ||
| Line 52: | Line 62: | ||
| ] | ] | ||
| ] | ] | ||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | ] | ||
Revision as of 05:29, 17 September 2019
| York gum | |
|---|---|
| |
| Mallee form of Eucalyptus loxophleba near the Murchison River | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Rosids |
| Order: | Myrtales |
| Family: | Myrtaceae |
| Genus: | Eucalyptus |
| Species: | E. loxophleba |
| Binomial name | |
| Eucalyptus loxophleba Benth. | |
Eucalyptus loxophleba, commonly known as York gum, daarwet, goatta, twotta or yandee is a species of tree or mallee that is endemic to Western Australia. It has rough bark on the trunk, smooth olive to brownish bark above, lance-shaped adult leaves, flowers buds in groups of between seven and eleven, white flowers and conical fruit.
Description
Eucalyptus loxophleba is a mallee or a tree that typically grows to a height of 5 to 15 metres (16 to 49 ft) and forms a lignotuber. The has a diameter of about of 0.6 metres (2 ft) and varying amounts, depending on subspecies, of rough fibrous-flaky or smooth bark on the trunk and smooth grey-brown over copper bark above. Young plants and coppice regrowth have more or less triangular, egg-shaped or almost round glaucous leaves that are 45–100 mm (1.8–3.9 in) long and 35–90 mm (1.4–3.5 in) wide. Adult leaves are lance-shaped to curved, the same glossy, dark green on both sides, 70–155 mm (2.8–6.1 in) long and 10–20 mm (0.39–0.79 in) wide tapering to a petiole 10–25 mm (0.39–0.98 in) long. The flower buds are arraned in leaf axils in groups of seven, nine or eleven on an unbranched peduncle 5–15 mm (0.20–0.59 in) long, the individual buds on pedicels 1–5 mm (0.039–0.197 in) long. Mature buds are oval to pear shaped, 5–8 mm (0.20–0.31 in) long and 3–4 mm (0.12–0.16 in) wide with a rounded operculum. Flowering has been observed in most months and the flowers are white. The fruit is a woody, conical capsule 4–8 mm (0.16–0.31 in) long and 4–6 mm (0.16–0.24 in) wide with the valves below rim level.
Taxonomy and naming
Eucalyptus loxophleba was first formally described in 1867 by George Bentham in Volume 3 of Flora Australiensis.
In 1903 William Fitzgerald changed the name to Eucalyptus foecunda var. loxophleba, but the name is not accepted by the Australian Plant Census.
Hybrids with E. absita and E. wandoo have been recorded.
The specific epithet (loxophleba) is derived from the Latin words loxos meaning "cross-wise" and phlebs, phlebos meaning "a vein". Noongar peoples know the tree as daarwet, goatta, twotta or yandee, the latter is noted as in popular use.
In 1972, Ian Brooker described the subspecies gratiae and loxophleba and in 1992 Lawrie Johnson and Ken Hill described subspecies lissophloia and supralaevis. All four names have been accepted by the Australian Plant Census.
- Eucalyptus loxophleba subsp. gratiae Brooker is a tree with smooth, shining bark and larger leaves, buds and fruit that the autonym, subsp. loxophleba;
- Eucalyptus loxophleba subsp. lissophloia L.A.S.Johnson & K.D.Hill is a mallee with only or mostly only smooth bark;
- Eucalyptus loxophleba subsp. loxophleba Benth. is a tree with rough bark from the trunk to the smaller branches;
- Eucalyptus loxophleba subsp. supralaevis L.A.S.Johnson & K.D.Hill is a tree with rough bark at the base of the trunk and smooth bark on the larger branches and often also the upper trunk.
Distribution and habitat
Woodlands containing E. loxophleba is found across a broad swathe of Western Australia from the Mid West south through the Wheatbelt and east into the Goldfields-Esperance region of the state. It is found among rocky outcrops and on flats, rises, slopes, hilltops, near salt lakes and along drainage lines. The species will grow in a range of soil types such as red-brown or rocky loam, in sands or sandy clays over laterite, dolerite or granite. The tree was recorded as common around the early settlement of York, whence the vernacular 'York gum' is derived, and areas near Bolgart, Toodyay, Northam and from Narrogin to Broomehill.
Subspecies gratiae occurs between Dumbleyung and Lake King, subspecies loxophleba from near Moora to Bruce Rock and Chillinup on the Pallinup River, subspecies lissophloia further inland between Bencubbin, Merredin, Lake Minigwal, Coonana and Peak Charles and subspecies supralaevis in more northern areas between the Murchison River, Dongara, Lake Barlee, the Die Hardy Range and Wongan Hills.
Uses
Natural populations of E. loxophleba grows in areas affected by dryland salinity. All four subspecies could possibly be used in the remediation of dryland salinity, but subspecies lissophloia has been more widely cultivated because of its potential as an oil mallee. This subspecies has also been introduced to the eastern States in planting for carbon sequestration. Historically, the wood of subspecies loxophleba was used by wheelwrights and similar workers.
The heartwood of the tree is yellow-brown, hard and tough with an interlocked grain. The wood has a green density of about 1185 kg/m and an air-dried density about 1060 kg/m.
-
trunk detail
-
cultivated specimen in Jardín Botánico de Barcelona
-
mature tree with man at roadside, circa 1920
See also
References
- ^ "Eucalyptus loxophleba". Australian Plant Census. Retrieved 17 September 2019.
- ^ "Eucalyptus loxophleba subsp. loxophleba". Euclid: Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research. Retrieved 17 September 2019.
- ^ "Eucalyptus loxophleba". FloraBase. Western Australian Government Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions.
- Chippedale, George M. "Eucalyptus loxophleba". Australian Biological Resources Study, Department of the Environment and Energy, Canberra. Retrieved 17 September 2019.
- "York gum". Forest Products Commission. Retrieved 3 December 2016.
- ^ "Eucalyptus loxophleba". Florabank. Retrieved 3 December 2016.
- "Eucalyptus loxophleba". APNI. Retrieved 17 September 2019.
- Bentham, George (1867). Flora Australiensis. Vol. 3. London: L. Reeve & Co. p. 252.
- Chippendale, G.M. in George, A.S. (ed.) (1988), Eucalyptus. Flora of Australia 19: 238, 240
- "Eucalyptus absia × loxophleba". FloraBase. Western Australian Government Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions.
- "Eucalyptus absia × wandoo". FloraBase. Western Australian Government Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions.
- Francis Aubie Sharr (2019). Western Australian Plant Names and their Meanings. Kardinya, Western Australia: Four Gables Press. p. 243. ISBN 9780958034180.
- "Noongar names for plants". kippleonline.net. Archived from the original on 20 November 2016. Retrieved 3 December 2016.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|dead-url=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - APNI, citing Robson, Peter J. (1993), Checklist of Australian Trees: alphabetical listings of common and scientific names:
- ^ Brooker, M. Ian H. (1972). "Four new taxa of Eucalyptus from Western Australia". Nuytsia. 1 (3): 248–251. Retrieved 17 September 2019.
- ^ Hill, Kenneth D.; Johnson, Lawrence A.S. (1992). "Systematic studies in the eucalypts - 5. New taxa and combination in Eucalyptus (Myrtaceae)". Telopea. 4 (4): 565–571.
- "Eucalyptus loxophleba subsp. gratiae". Australian Plant Census. Retrieved 17 September 2019.
- "Eucalyptus loxophleba subsp. lissophloia". Australian Plant Census. Retrieved 17 September 2019.
- "Eucalyptus loxophleba subsp. loxophleba". Australian Plant Census. Retrieved 17 September 2019.
- "Eucalyptus loxophleba subsp. supralaevis". Australian Plant Census. Retrieved 17 September 2019.
- "Eucalyptus loxophleba subsp. supralaevis". FloraBase. Western Australian Government Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions.
- ^ Lane-Poole, C. E. (1922). A primer of forestry, with illustrations of the principal forest trees of Western Australia. Perth: F.W. Simpson, government printer. p. 86. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.61019. hdl:2027/uiug.30112041668135. Retrieved 17 September 2019.