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'''Turkish Croatia''' ({{lang-hr|Turska Hrvatska}}), was a ] term and ] which appeared, periodically, during the ] between the late 16th to late 18th century, and which can also be viewed as ]. It was invented by the ], who worked for the ''Austrian-Ottoman Border Commission'', set up by peace treaties from 1699 (]) and 1718 (]), and consisted of number of Austrians, Venetians and one Croat (Vitezović). It was used more consistently since that time in maps produced for the part of the territory in present day Bosnia and Herzegovina,<ref name="Županc-Bjeliš">{{cite journal |last1=Županc |first1=Ivan |last2=Fuerst-Bjeliš |first2=Borna |title=Images of the Croatian Borderlands: Selected Examples of Early Modern Cartography |journal=Hrvatski geografski glasnik |date=1 September 2007 |volume=69 |issue=1 |pages=5–19 |doi=10.21861/HGG.2007.69.01.01 |publisher=hrcak.srce.hr |language=en |issn=1331-5854}}</ref><ref name="Magas-Zanic">{{cite book |last1=Magaš |first1=Branka |last2=Žanić |first2=Ivo |title=The War in Croatia and Bosnia-Herzegovina 1991-1995 |date=5 September 2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781136340925 |page=11 |chapter-url=https://books.google.ba/books?redir_esc=y&id=vZO0AAAAQBAJ&q=Turkish+Croatia#v=onepage&q=Turkish%20Croatia&f=false |accessdate=28 August 2019 |ref=1 |language=en |chapter=Obsession with the divission of Bosnia (Footnote 11 at page 11)}}</ref> specifically region of ] ''(Krajina = {{lang-en|]}}; during ] known as '']'' ({{lang-en|Lower Ends}}) and ''Zapadne Strane'' ({{lang-en|Westward Sides}}))''. '''Turkish Croatia''' ({{lang-hr|Turska Hrvatska}}), was a ] term{{cn|date=February 2020}} and ]{{cn|date=February 2020}} which appeared, periodically, during the ] between the late 16th to late 18th century{{cn|date=February 2020}}, and which can also be viewed{{cn|date=February 2020}} as ]{{cn|date=February 2020}}. It was invented{{cn|date=February 2020}} by the ]{{cn|date=February 2020}}, who worked for the ''Austrian-Ottoman Border Commission''{{cn|date=February 2020}}, set up by peace treaties from 1699 (]){{cn|date=February 2020}} and 1718 (]){{cn|date=February 2020}}, and consisted of number of Austrians{{cn|date=February 2020}}, Venetians{{cn|date=February 2020}} and one Croat (Vitezović){{cn|date=February 2020}}. It was used more consistently since that time in maps produced for the part of the territory{{cn|date=February 2020}} in present day Bosnia and Herzegovina,<ref name="Županc-Bjeliš">{{cite journal |last1=Županc |first1=Ivan |last2=Fuerst-Bjeliš |first2=Borna |title=Images of the Croatian Borderlands: Selected Examples of Early Modern Cartography |journal=Hrvatski geografski glasnik |date=1 September 2007 |volume=69 |issue=1 |pages=5–19 |doi=10.21861/HGG.2007.69.01.01 |publisher=hrcak.srce.hr |language=en |issn=1331-5854}}</ref><ref name="Magas-Zanic">{{cite book |last1=Magaš |first1=Branka |last2=Žanić |first2=Ivo |title=The War in Croatia and Bosnia-Herzegovina 1991-1995 |date=5 September 2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781136340925 |page=11 |chapter-url=https://books.google.ba/books?redir_esc=y&id=vZO0AAAAQBAJ&q=Turkish+Croatia#v=onepage&q=Turkish%20Croatia&f=false |accessdate=28 August 2019 |ref=1 |language=en |chapter=Obsession with the divission of Bosnia (Footnote 11 at page 11)}}</ref> specifically region of ] ''(Krajina = {{lang-en|]}}; during ] known as '']''{{cn|date=February 2020}} ({{lang-en|Lower Ends}}) and ''Zapadne Strane''{{cn|date=February 2020}} ({{lang-en|Westward Sides}}))''.


This territory was usually depicted as roughly comprising the land area between the river ] in the east, the ] in the northeast, the ] in the northwest, as well as ] mountain in the south, including the '']'' pocket in the far west. Parts of ], ] and northern ] were also mapped as part of "Turkish Croatia" when its borders went further west. This territory was usually depicted as roughly comprising the land area{{cn|date=February 2020}} between the river ] in the east, the ] in the northeast, the ] in the northwest{{cn|date=February 2020}}, as well as ] mountain in the south, including the '']'' pocket in the far west{{cn|date=February 2020}}. Parts of ], ] and northern ] were also mapped as part of "Turkish Croatia" when its borders went further west.


The term started reappearing in recent times, since 1990's, only in Croatian far-right nationalist political discourse,<ref name="Magas-Zanic"/> without any real impact on mainstream politics or academic research. The term started reappearing{{cn|date=February 2020}} in recent times, since 1990's, only{{cn|date=February 2020}} in Croatian far-right{{cn|date=February 2020}} nationalist political discourse,<ref name="Magas-Zanic"/> without any real impact on mainstream politics or academic research{{cn|date=February 2020}}.


==History== ==History==
In Austro-Hungarian military maps from the 16th to 19th century, the so-called "Turkish Croatia" appeared as a borderland in the ], whose ]-controlled side, in present-day Croatia, was administered directly from ]'s military headquarters. In the 19th century, following the conclusion of the ], and the transfer of power in the ] from Ottomans to ] at the ] in 1878, the term became redundant, as it no longer served its purpose, and disappeared from official usage completely. The entire territory of ] came under a direct rule of the Viennese government, and since 1908 ] became a new ], thus making a term irrelevant in the eyes of its originators.<ref name="Županc-Bjeliš"/> In Austro-Hungarian military maps{{cn|date=February 2020}} from the 16th to 19th century, the so-called{{cn|date=February 2020}} "Turkish Croatia" appeared as a borderland in the ], whose ]-controlled side{{cn|date=February 2020}}, in present-day Croatia, was administered directly from ]'s military headquarters. In the 19th century, following the conclusion of the ]{{cn|date=February 2020}}, and the transfer of power in the ] from Ottomans to ] at the ] in 1878, the term became redundant, as it no longer served its purpose{{cn|date=February 2020}}, and disappeared from official usage completely{{cn|date=February 2020}}. The entire territory of ] came under a direct rule of the Viennese government, and since 1908 ] became a new ], thus making a term irrelevant{{cn|date=February 2020}} in the eyes of its originators.<ref name="Županc-Bjeliš"/>


The term started appearing in colloquial usage among some Austria-Hungarian military and political mapmakers, in correlation to Ottoman retreat and Austria-Hungarian expansion, and subsequently it was produced in military and ] maps<ref name="Magas-Zanic"/>. From here it found its way into narrative, peculiar to Croatian national revival movement, based on a paraphrase of so-called hrvatske "matere zemlje" ''({{lang-en|Croatian "mother-land"}})'' and "hrvatsko državno pravo" ''({{lang-en|Croatian state right}})''<ref name="anubih.ba-Lovrenovic-Kroatizacija">{{cite journal |author1=Dubravko Lovrenović |title=Sadrzaj - Dubravko Lovrenovic - Kroatizacija bosanskog srednjovjekovlja u svjetlu interkonfesionalnosti stecaka |journal=GODIŠNJAK/JAHRBUCH CBI ANUBiH (Yearbook of the Centre for Balkan Investigations) |date=2013 |issue=42 |url=http://www.anubih.ba/godisnjak/god42/sadrzaj-god42.htm |accessdate=30 August 2019 |at=104-113 / in pdf 2-11 |publisher=CEEOL Sarajevo for CBI Centar za balkanološka ispitivanja/Centre for Balkan Investigations of the ] |location=Frankfurt, M. |language=sh |format=pdf (full text) |issn=2232-7770 |oclc=780486455}}</ref> (similar to one in Serbia with an expression "Srpske zemlje" ''({{lang-en|Serb lands}})''), which is at the time propagated by political organization called ]. It was typically exploited for the geopolitical purpose and utterance of territorial ambitions and expansionist aspirations of both ] and later Croatia, via transposition of these "rights" on Bosnia and Herzegovina and its historic territory<ref name="anubih.ba-Lovrenovic-Kroatizacija"/>. The term started appearing in colloquial usage among some Austria-Hungarian military and political mapmakers{{cn|date=February 2020}}, in correlation to Ottoman retreat and Austria-Hungarian expansion, and subsequently it was produced in military and ] maps<ref name="Magas-Zanic"/>. From here it found its way{{cn|date=February 2020}} into narrative, peculiar to Croatian national revival movement, based on a paraphrase of so-called{{cn|date=February 2020}} hrvatske "matere zemlje" ''({{lang-en|Croatian "mother-land"}})'' and "hrvatsko državno pravo" ''({{lang-en|Croatian state right}})''<ref name="anubih.ba-Lovrenovic-Kroatizacija">{{cite journal |author1=Dubravko Lovrenović |title=Sadrzaj - Dubravko Lovrenovic - Kroatizacija bosanskog srednjovjekovlja u svjetlu interkonfesionalnosti stecaka |journal=GODIŠNJAK/JAHRBUCH CBI ANUBiH (Yearbook of the Centre for Balkan Investigations) |date=2013 |issue=42 |url=http://www.anubih.ba/godisnjak/god42/sadrzaj-god42.htm |accessdate=30 August 2019 |at=104-113 / in pdf 2-11 |publisher=CEEOL Sarajevo for CBI Centar za balkanološka ispitivanja/Centre for Balkan Investigations of the ] |location=Frankfurt, M. |language=sh |format=pdf (full text) |issn=2232-7770 |oclc=780486455}}</ref> (similar to one in Serbia with an expression "Srpske zemlje" ''({{lang-en|Serb lands}})''), which is at the time propagated by political organization called ]. It was typically exploited{{cn|date=February 2020}} for the geopolitical purpose and utterance of territorial ambitions and expansionist{{cn|date=February 2020}} aspirations of both ] and later Croatia, via transposition of these "rights" on Bosnia and Herzegovina and its historic{{cn|date=February 2020}} territory<ref name="anubih.ba-Lovrenovic-Kroatizacija"/>.


Although on rare occasions, the term was also used in romanticized historiography, as well as in the phantasmagoric politics of "National awakening" and "National integration and homogenization" of the Croatia of the late 19th to early 20th century. In the first half of 20th century with a rise of nationalist fervor, up to the time and establishment of fascist ] in 1940's, this term appeared sporadically again, concerning the resurrection of a Croatian statehood, within the romantic sloganeering of Nedeljko Mihanović, journalistic and political propagandistic fieldwork in regard to Bosnia and Herzegovina future by Frano Milobar and geopolitical contemplation by ] and Filip Lukas, eventually getting politically operationalized by ], and in 1940's, implemented by Frank and ] via occupation and incorporation of entire Bosnia and Herzegovina into Nazi puppet-state, NDH. Although on rare occasions{{cn|date=February 2020}}, the term was also used in romanticized historiography{{cn|date=February 2020}}, as well as in the phantasmagoric{{cn|date=February 2020}} politics of "National awakening"{{cn|date=February 2020}} and "National integration and homogenization"{{cn|date=February 2020}} of the Croatia of the late 19th to early 20th century. In the first half of 20th century with a rise of nationalist fervor{{cn|date=February 2020}}, up to the time and establishment of fascist ] in 1940's, this term appeared sporadically again{{cn|date=February 2020}}, concerning the resurrection of a Croatian statehood, within the romantic sloganeering{{cn|date=February 2020}} of Nedeljko Mihanović{{cn|date=February 2020}}, journalistic and political propagandistic fieldwork in regard to Bosnia and Herzegovina future by Frano Milobar{{cn|date=February 2020}} and geopolitical contemplation by ]{{cn|date=February 2020}} and Filip Lukas{{cn|date=February 2020}}, eventually getting politically operationalized by ]{{cn|date=February 2020}}, and in 1940's, implemented by Frank{{cn|date=February 2020}} and ] via occupation and incorporation of entire Bosnia and Herzegovina into Nazi puppet-state, NDH.


In more recent times, with a rise of ] and establishment of the Republic of Croatia in the 1990's, the term was revived and was preferred Tuđman's and his close associates' argument in reference to their political and military aims in Bosnia and Herzegovina,<ref name="Rudolf-book-feljton-Jutarnji">{{cite web |title=Činjenicama protiv histerije: Hrvatska je u BiH bila i agresor, a za to je kriv Franjo Tuđman |url=https://faktograf.hr/2017/11/30/cinjenicama-protiv-histerije-hercegbosanska-sestorka/ |website=Faktograf.hr |publisher=] in his book "Stvaranje hrvatske države 1991. – Ministarska sjećanja" (odlomci u feljtonu objavljenom u Jutarnjem listu) |accessdate=11 July 2019 |language=hr |date=30 November 2017}}</ref> which culminated in ].<ref name="Davorin Rudolf-Jutarnji-feljton-book">{{cite web |author1=Davorin Rudolf |title=Ministarska sjećanja: Misterij razgovora Miloševića i Tuđmana |url=https://www.jutarnji.hr/vijesti/hrvatska/ministarska-sjecanja-davorina-rudolfa-misterij-razgovora-milosevica-i-tudmana-u-karadordevu-nisu-se-dogovorili-o-podjeli-bih-da-jesu-ja-bih-to-znao/5562519/?fb_comment_id=1154415764668659_1154423104667925#f1d100de74cb44c |website=www.jutarnji.hr |publisher=Feljton - odlomci iz knjige: "Stvaranje hrvatske države 1991. – Ministarska sjećanja" |accessdate=11 July 2019 |language=hr |date=29 January 2017}}</ref> Encouraged with Tuđman's usage of the term as a mean to denigrate and devalue Bosnia and Herzegovina sovereignty and statehood<ref name="Magas-Zanic"/>, the term was adopted as part of Croatian far-right nationalist narrative and, although sparsely, as part of their official political discourse, however with little if any impact on mainstream international geopolitics, political geography and historiography, or on academic research for that matter. The term never took hold outside the scope of Croatian political extremism and academic fringes. In more recent times, with a rise of ] and establishment of the Republic of Croatia in the 1990's, the term was revived{{cn|date=February 2020}} and was preferred Tuđman's and his close associates'{{cn|date=February 2020}} argument in reference to their political and military aims{{cn|date=February 2020}} in Bosnia and Herzegovina,<ref name="Rudolf-book-feljton-Jutarnji">{{cite web |title=Činjenicama protiv histerije: Hrvatska je u BiH bila i agresor, a za to je kriv Franjo Tuđman |url=https://faktograf.hr/2017/11/30/cinjenicama-protiv-histerije-hercegbosanska-sestorka/ |website=Faktograf.hr |publisher=] in his book "Stvaranje hrvatske države 1991. – Ministarska sjećanja" (odlomci u feljtonu objavljenom u Jutarnjem listu) |accessdate=11 July 2019 |language=hr |date=30 November 2017}}</ref> which culminated in ].<ref name="Davorin Rudolf-Jutarnji-feljton-book">{{cite web |author1=Davorin Rudolf |title=Ministarska sjećanja: Misterij razgovora Miloševića i Tuđmana |url=https://www.jutarnji.hr/vijesti/hrvatska/ministarska-sjecanja-davorina-rudolfa-misterij-razgovora-milosevica-i-tudmana-u-karadordevu-nisu-se-dogovorili-o-podjeli-bih-da-jesu-ja-bih-to-znao/5562519/?fb_comment_id=1154415764668659_1154423104667925#f1d100de74cb44c |website=www.jutarnji.hr |publisher=Feljton - odlomci iz knjige: "Stvaranje hrvatske države 1991. – Ministarska sjećanja" |accessdate=11 July 2019 |language=hr |date=29 January 2017}}</ref> Encouraged with Tuđman's usage of the term as a mean to denigrate{{cn|date=February 2020}} and devalue{{cn|date=February 2020}} Bosnia and Herzegovina sovereignty and statehood<ref name="Magas-Zanic"/>, the term was adopted as part of Croatian far-right nationalist{{cn|date=February 2020}} narrative and, although sparsely, as part of their official political discourse{{cn|date=February 2020}}, however with little if any impact{{cn|date=February 2020}} on mainstream international geopolitics, political geography and historiography{{cn|date=February 2020}}, or on academic research{{cn|date=February 2020}} for that matter. The term never{{cn|date=February 2020}} took hold outside{{cn|date=February 2020}} the scope of Croatian political extremism{{cn|date=February 2020}} and academic fringes{{cn|date=February 2020}}.


== Maps == == Maps ==

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Turkish Croatia (Template:Lang-hr), was a geopolitical term and neologism which appeared, periodically, during the Ottoman–Habsburg wars between the late 16th to late 18th century, and which can also be viewed as hapax. It was invented by the military cartographers, who worked for the Austrian-Ottoman Border Commission, set up by peace treaties from 1699 (Treaty of Karlowitz) and 1718 (Treaty of Požarevac), and consisted of number of Austrians, Venetians and one Croat (Vitezović). It was used more consistently since that time in maps produced for the part of the territory in present day Bosnia and Herzegovina, specifically region of Bosanska Krajina (Krajina = Template:Lang-en; during Medieval Bosnia known as Donji Kraji (Template:Lang-en) and Zapadne Strane (Template:Lang-en)).

This territory was usually depicted as roughly comprising the land area between the river Vrbas in the east, the Sava in the northeast, the Una in the northwest, as well as Dinara mountain in the south, including the Cazinska krajina pocket in the far west. Parts of Lika, Banovina and northern Dalmatia were also mapped as part of "Turkish Croatia" when its borders went further west.

The term started reappearing in recent times, since 1990's, only in Croatian far-right nationalist political discourse, without any real impact on mainstream politics or academic research.

History

In Austro-Hungarian military maps from the 16th to 19th century, the so-called "Turkish Croatia" appeared as a borderland in the Croatian Military Frontier, whose Habsburg Empire-controlled side, in present-day Croatia, was administered directly from Vienna's military headquarters. In the 19th century, following the conclusion of the Ottoman–Habsburg wars, and the transfer of power in the Bosnia Vilayet from Ottomans to Austrian rule at the Berlin Congress in 1878, the term became redundant, as it no longer served its purpose, and disappeared from official usage completely. The entire territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina came under a direct rule of the Viennese government, and since 1908 annexation became a new Crown land, thus making a term irrelevant in the eyes of its originators.

The term started appearing in colloquial usage among some Austria-Hungarian military and political mapmakers, in correlation to Ottoman retreat and Austria-Hungarian expansion, and subsequently it was produced in military and geostrategic maps. From here it found its way into narrative, peculiar to Croatian national revival movement, based on a paraphrase of so-called hrvatske "matere zemlje" (Template:Lang-en) and "hrvatsko državno pravo" (Template:Lang-en) (similar to one in Serbia with an expression "Srpske zemlje" (Template:Lang-en)), which is at the time propagated by political organization called Party of Rights. It was typically exploited for the geopolitical purpose and utterance of territorial ambitions and expansionist aspirations of both Austria-Hungary and later Croatia, via transposition of these "rights" on Bosnia and Herzegovina and its historic territory.

Although on rare occasions, the term was also used in romanticized historiography, as well as in the phantasmagoric politics of "National awakening" and "National integration and homogenization" of the Croatia of the late 19th to early 20th century. In the first half of 20th century with a rise of nationalist fervor, up to the time and establishment of fascist NDH in 1940's, this term appeared sporadically again, concerning the resurrection of a Croatian statehood, within the romantic sloganeering of Nedeljko Mihanović, journalistic and political propagandistic fieldwork in regard to Bosnia and Herzegovina future by Frano Milobar and geopolitical contemplation by Ivo Pilar and Filip Lukas, eventually getting politically operationalized by Ante Starčević, and in 1940's, implemented by Frank and Ante Pavelić via occupation and incorporation of entire Bosnia and Herzegovina into Nazi puppet-state, NDH.

In more recent times, with a rise of Franjo Tuđman and establishment of the Republic of Croatia in the 1990's, the term was revived and was preferred Tuđman's and his close associates' argument in reference to their political and military aims in Bosnia and Herzegovina, which culminated in Croat-Bosniak war. Encouraged with Tuđman's usage of the term as a mean to denigrate and devalue Bosnia and Herzegovina sovereignty and statehood, the term was adopted as part of Croatian far-right nationalist narrative and, although sparsely, as part of their official political discourse, however with little if any impact on mainstream international geopolitics, political geography and historiography, or on academic research for that matter. The term never took hold outside the scope of Croatian political extremism and academic fringes.

Maps

  • "Turkish Croatia" (Türkisch Croatien) on a Austro-Hungarian military map from 1813. "Turkish Croatia" (Türkisch Croatien) on a Austro-Hungarian military map from 1813.
  • An 1827 map of the Ottoman conquest in Europe - A. Finley ("Turkish Croatia" in yellow). An 1827 map of the Ottoman conquest in Europe - A. Finley ("Turkish Croatia" in yellow).
  • Turkish Croatia (marked by green border line and words "Türkisch Kroatien") on a military map from 1791 made by Austrian cartographer Franz J.J. von Reilly. Turkish Croatia (marked by green border line and words "Türkisch Kroatien") on a military map from 1791 made by Austrian cartographer Franz J.J. von Reilly.

See also

References

  1. ^ Županc, Ivan; Fuerst-Bjeliš, Borna (1 September 2007). "Images of the Croatian Borderlands: Selected Examples of Early Modern Cartography". Hrvatski geografski glasnik. 69 (1). hrcak.srce.hr: 5–19. doi:10.21861/HGG.2007.69.01.01. ISSN 1331-5854.
  2. ^ Magaš, Branka; Žanić, Ivo (5 September 2013). "Obsession with the divission of Bosnia (Footnote 11 at page 11)". The War in Croatia and Bosnia-Herzegovina 1991-1995. Routledge. p. 11. ISBN 9781136340925. Retrieved 28 August 2019.
  3. ^ Dubravko Lovrenović (2013). "Sadrzaj - Dubravko Lovrenovic - Kroatizacija bosanskog srednjovjekovlja u svjetlu interkonfesionalnosti stecaka" (pdf (full text)). GODIŠNJAK/JAHRBUCH CBI ANUBiH (Yearbook of the Centre for Balkan Investigations) (in Serbo-Croatian) (42). Frankfurt, M.: CEEOL Sarajevo for CBI Centar za balkanološka ispitivanja/Centre for Balkan Investigations of the ANUBiH. 104-113 / in pdf 2-11. ISSN 2232-7770. OCLC 780486455. Retrieved 30 August 2019.
  4. "Činjenicama protiv histerije: Hrvatska je u BiH bila i agresor, a za to je kriv Franjo Tuđman". Faktograf.hr (in Croatian). Davorin Rudolf in his book "Stvaranje hrvatske države 1991. – Ministarska sjećanja" (odlomci u feljtonu objavljenom u Jutarnjem listu). 30 November 2017. Retrieved 11 July 2019.
  5. Davorin Rudolf (29 January 2017). "Ministarska sjećanja: Misterij razgovora Miloševića i Tuđmana". www.jutarnji.hr (in Croatian). Feljton - odlomci iz knjige: "Stvaranje hrvatske države 1991. – Ministarska sjećanja". Retrieved 11 July 2019.

External links

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